1992 abaartii Soomaaliya (Caga Barar)
Abaartii Caga Barar 1992 ee ka dhacday dhulka webiyada u dhexeeya ee Soomaaliya waxay ka dhalatay abaar aad u daran oo ay dagaal oogayaashu sababeen looguna magac daray “ Abaartii Caga barar” kaddib markii ay dadku maalmo u lugaynayeen Muqdisho si ay cunto u helaan. Abaartaas waxaa sababay boob ay sababeen kooxihii ku dagaallamay koonfurta Soomaaliya, oo ay ugu horeeyaan Dhaqdhaqaaqa Jabhadda Soomaaliyeed Somali National Front (SNF) oo ahayd jabhad daacad u ahayd soo celinta taliskii Siyaad Barre, jabhaddaas waxaa hoggaaminayay Omar Haji Mohamed , oo ka dhacay dhulka carrasanta iyo waxsoosaarka ee mara webiyada una dhexeeya webiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle . Macaluushii ka dhalatay boobkaas ayaa inta badan saameysay dadka deggan dhulka webiyada, gaar ahaan gobolka Baay, iyo kuwa ku barakacay dagaallada sokeeye.
Bishii Diseembar 1992, mashruucii qaramada midoobay ee UNITAF (Operation Restore Hope) ayaa la bilaabay si uu u guulaysto UNOSOM I, iyada oo in ka badan 30,000 oo ciidamo Mareykan ah u dirtay Soomaaliya iyada oo ujeedadii hore ay ahayd in ay sugaan ammaanka kooxaha gargaarka si looga ilaaliyo boobka dagaal oogayaasha ay ku wadeen gargaarka. [ 4 ] Tani waxay aad uga qayb qaadatay in la dedejiyo xallinta mashaqada ilaa hal bil. [1] Horraantii 1993kii, macluushii badankeeda way dhammaatay. Bishii Maarso 1993, UNITAF waxaa loo baddalay UNOSOM II. Ku dhawaad 100,000 oo nafood baa ku badbaadiyay noocyadii kala duwanaa ee gargaarka caalamiga ah ee ay fidisay, [ 4 ]
Abaartii Caga Bara waxay sababtay dhimashada in lagu qiyaaso ugu yaraan 200,000-300,000 oo nafood una badan gobolka Baay iyo agagaarihiisa.
Sababaha keenay abaartii Caga Barar
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Kahor inta uusan si buuxda u qarxin dagaakii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, cunto yaraantu waxayba sii bilaabatay xagaagii 1990kii oo ah sannadkii u dambeeyay ee taliskii Siyaad Barre . Bilowgii 1991kii, dhaqaalihii rasmiga ahaa ee waddanka wuu burburay ka dib dhowr sano oo hoos u dhac oo uu la daalaa dhacayay kaddib markii Jamhuuriyaddii Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya ay dagaallo ku wadeen jabhado kala duwan. [2] Intii u dhaxaysay 1991 iyo 1992 koonfurta Soomaaliya waxaa ku dhuftay abaar aad u daran. [3] [4] Sidoo kale, waxaa burburay habab dhaqameedkii lagula tacaali lahaa kaddib markii dagaalkii sokeeye uu ku fiday koonfurta, sharci fulintiina ay kala dareereen. Balse arrinta ugu weyn ee ka dambeysay macluusha ayaa ahayd burburkii ka soo gaaray beeralayda, kaabeyaasha dhaqaalaha, iyo dhul-beereedkaba boobkii ay dagaal oogayaasha ka gaysteen gobollada u dhexeeya labada webi. [ 10 ] [ 11 ]
Ka dib markii Janaayo 1991kii madaxweynihii hore Barre ay Muqdisho ka saareen ciidamadii United Somali Congress (USC) , kooxdii uu dhawaan sameeyay ee Dhaqdhaqaaqa Jabhadda Soomaaliyeed Somali National Front (SNF), ayaa u ruqaansatay dhanka koonfureed ee magaalada iyagoo galay dhulka carrasanta ah ee labada webi. [ 12 ] Iyaga oo ahaa sahay la'aan markii ay dhulkaas gaareen, waxa ay ciidamadii Siyaad Barre iyo kooxihii la socday bilaabeen gumaadka, boobka, iyo burburinta bakaarradii (bakhaarradii) dalagyada ee beeralayda daggan dhulka u dhexeeya webiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle . [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Muddadan gudaheeda sidoo kale ciidamada SNF waxay burburiyeen bamamkii biyaha soo dallici jiray iyo qalabkii beeraha! taasoo keentay in gebi ahaanba ay istaagaan wax soo saarka beeraha. Waxaa aad la isugu Waafaqsanyahay in Dhaqdhaqaaqa Jabhadda Soomaaliyeed Somali National Front (SNF) ay ka dambayso, qaadaysana mas'uuliyadda koowaad ee macluushii Caga Barar iyo dhibtii ka dhalatayba. [ 2 ] [ 11 ] Xaaladdii quusta ahayd ee cunto yarida waxaa sii cakiray dagaaladii u dhexeeyey SNF iyo jabhaddihii ka soo horjeeday Barre ee ku dagaalamayey gobalada barwaaqada ah, dagaaladaas oo ay ugu xooga badnaayeen kuwii Somali Liberation Army Ciidanka xoreynta Soomaaliyeed (oo ah isbahaysi jabhaddeed lagaga soo horjeeday Siyaad Barre oo ka horeysey Somali National Alliance Isbaheysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ) uuna hoggaaminayey Jeneraal Maxamed Faarax Ceydiid . [ 11 ]
Saamaynta bililiqada
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Qiyaasta cadadka cuntada gargaarka ah ee la dhacay aad bay u kala duwan tahay, oo u dhaxaysa 10-80%. [ 43 ]
Laanqeyrta cas, oo ah qaybiyaha koowaad ee gargaarka Soomaaliya, ayaa sheegtay in 10-15% raashinka gargaarka la keeno ay yihiin "khasaare aan la ogeyn", kaas oo inta badan ay ku xiran tahay bililiqo . Professor Alex de Waal ayaa xusay in tani ay tahay qiimeyn rajo leh oo ay u badan tahay in tiradu ay intaas ka badan tahay, balse waxa uu sheegay in inta badan waxa lagu tiriyay tirada aysan ahayn afduub ama dhac. Qayb muhiim ah oo cuntada ka mid ah oo loo arkay dalladda "khasaare aan la ogeyn" ayaa dhab ahaantii lagu bixiyay heshiisyo dhexmaray ICRC iyo 24,000 shaqaalaheeda/qandaraas-hoosaadyada Soomaaliya, kuwaas oo inta badan lagu bixin jiray cunto. Marka cuntada la xado waxay inta badan u mari jirtay habab aan rabshad lahayn sida diiwaan gelinta "jikada rooxaanta" ama "tuulooyinka rooxaanta" oo aan jirin. [ 44 ]
Markii ugu sarreysey, tirada ugu badan ee bililiqada waxay ahayd meel ka yar 50% gargaarka iyo sida ay sheegtay Laanqayrta Cas, badi badi waxay gaadheen meeshii loogu talo galay. [ 45 ] Bishii Oktoobar 1992 Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan Soomaaliya Mohamed Sahnoun waxa uu ku qiyaasay in inta badan la bililiqaystay 15%, laakiin tiradaasi ay korodhay ilaa 40% alaab tayo sare leh. [ 46 ] Wareysi uu la yeeshay weriyaha dagaalka Mareykanka Scott Peterson Sahnoun ayaa ka faallooday bililiqada ay geystaan maliishiyaadka isagoo sheegay, "Waxaan aragnaa in ay jirto xaddid ku aaddan awoodda Aidid iyo kuwa kale, inkastoo aysan rabin inay qirtaan awood la'aanta ay ku xakameynayaan, awood-la'aantooda," [ 47 ] Rony Brauman wuxuu caddeeyay in weecintu celcelis ahaan 20 ilaa 30% 'la sii daayay [ .
Qaar ka mid ah Hay’adaha Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan Cunnada Adduunka iyo Saraakiisha UNOSOM ayaa ku dheeraaday in 80% la bililiqeysto dhammaan shixnadaha gargaarka ee raashinka mucaawinada ah, taasoo ah mid si weyn loogu muransan yahay. [ 38 ] [ 3 ] [ 37 ] Tiradan ayaa markii dambe uu isticmaalay Madaxweyne George HW Bush si uu ugu marmarsiiyoodo ciidammadii Maraykanka ee la geeyey Soomaaliya bishii December 1992. [ 43 ] Qiyaasta waxaa si toos ah uga dooday Sarreeye Guuto Imtiaz Shaheen oo u dhashay Pakistan (Madaxa Ciidamadii ugu horeeyay ee Qaramada Midoobay u jooga Soomaaliya) mar uu wareysi la yeeshay saxafi British ah Mark Hubd oo Hawlgalka Rajo soo celinta Muqdisho ka bilowday. General Shaheen waxa uu ku andacoodey in la buun buuninayo lacagta gargaarka ah ee la dhacayo si loo caddeeyo in la balaadhiyo baaxada howlgalka, waxaana qiyaas ahaan 80% gabi ahaanba la been abuuray . [ 38 ]
Tirada dhimashada
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Tirada dadkii ku dhintay macluushii Caga Barar ee 1992 ayaa aad u adag in la qiyaaso marka la barbar dhigo macluulaha kale badankooda, taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay saameynta aadka u weyn ee gaajada iyo barakaca ballaaran ee ka dhashay dagaalladii sokeeye. [ 1 ]
Sida ay sheegtay BBC-da 220,000 oo Soomaali ah ayaa ku dhintay abaartii Caga Barar ee 1992-kii. Dhimashada intaa la eg waxaa kaliya oo ka badnayd abaartii Bariga Afrika ee 2011, oo ay ku dhinteen 260,000 oo qof taas oo iyadana inta ugu badan saamaysay isla bulshooyinka ay ku dhacday dhibaatadii 1992. [5]
Sidoo kale eeg
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- 1983-1985 abaartii Itoobiya
- 2011 Abaartii Bariga Afrika
- ↑ Seybolt, Taylor B. (2012). Humanitarian military intervention: the conditions for success and failure (PDF) (Repr ed.). Solna, Sweden: Sipri, Stockholm International Peace Research Inst. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-19-955105-7.
- ↑ Andersen, L.; Møller, B.; Stepputat, F. (2007-08-06). Fragile States and Insecure People?: Violence, Security, and Statehood in the Twenty-First Century (in Ingiriisi). Springer. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-230-60557-2.
- ↑ Hilaire, Max (2015). Waging Peace: The United Nations Security Council and Transnational Armed Conflicts (in Ingiriisi). Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. p. 219. ISBN 978-3-8325-4000-5.
- ↑ Poole, Walter S. (2005). The Effort to Save Somalia, August 1992-March 1994 (in Ingiriisi). Joint History Office, Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-16-075594-1.
- ↑ Maxwell, Daniel G.; Majid, Nisar (2016). Famine in Somalia: Competing Imperatives, Collective Failures, 2011-12. C. Hurst & Co. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9780190499389.