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Biyo xireennada Inga

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Inga Dams
Biyo-xireenka Inga I, oo leh kanaalka quudinta ee Inga II oo ku yaalla dhinaca hore.
Inga Dams is located in Democratic Republic of the Congo
Inga Dams
Inga Dams
Location of Inga Dams in Democratic Republic of the Congo
DalkaJamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo
XaaladdaShaqaynaya
Bilowga dhismahaInga I: 1968
Inga II:
Taariikhda la furayInga I: 1972
Inga II: 1982
Dab dhaliye
TurbiinoInga I: 6 x 58.5 MW
Inga II: 8 x 178 MW
Awooda rakibkaInga I: 351 MW
Inga II: 1,424 MW

Biyo-xireennada Inga (Af-Faransiis: Barrages d'Inga; Af-Nederland: Ingadam) waa laba biyo-xireen oo koronto-biyood ah oo ku xiran mid ka mid ah biyo-dhacyada ugu waaweyn adduunka, ee Biyo-dhaca Inga. Waxay ku yaallaan galbeedka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo iyo 140 mayl koonfur-galbeed ka xigta Kinshasa.

Biyo-dhaca Inga ee ku yaalla Webiga Kongo waa koox xawaare sare leh (ama biyo-dhacyo) oo hoos u mara Biyo-dhaca Livingstone iyo Pool Malebo. Webiga Kongo wuxuu hoos u dhacaa ~96 metres (315 ft) gudaha xirmooyinkan biyo-dhacyada ah. Celceliska qulqulka sanadlaha ah ee Webiga Kongo ee Biyo-dhaca Inga waa ~42,000 cubic metres per second (1,500,000 cu ft/s). Marka la eego heerka qulqulka iyo 96-mitir oo dhac ah, Biyo-dhaca Inga kaligiis wuxuu leeyahay awood uu ku dhaliyo ~39.6 gigawatts (53,100,000 hp) oo tamar farsamo ah iyo ku dhawaad tamar koronto oo la mid ah.

Biyo-dhaca Inga ayaa hadda ah goobta ay ku yaallaan laba warshadood oo waaweyn oo koronto-biyood ah waxaana loo tixgelinayaa saldhig koronto-biyood oo aad uga weyn oo loo yaqaan Grand Inga. Mashruuca Grand Inga, haddii la dhammaystiro, wuxuu noqon lahaa saldhigga koronto-biyoodka ugu weyn adduunka. Baaxadda mashruuca hadda jira waxay ku baaqaysaa in la isticmaalo heerka qulqulka ~26,400 mitir cubic ilbiriqsikii iyada oo madaxa saafiga ah uu yahay ~150 mitir; tani waxay u dhigantaa awood dhalin oo dhan ~38.9 GW. Koronto-dhaliyahan koronto-biyoodka ah wuxuu ka badnaan lahaa laba jibaar qofka hadda haysta rikoorka adduunka, kaas oo ah Biyo-xireenka Saddexda Doox ee Webiga Yangtze ee Shiinaha.

Grand Inga waa mashruuc "run-of-the-river" hydroelectric ah oo lagu abuuri doono kayd biyo oo yar si loo taageero awoodda qulqulka webiga. Tani waxay noqon doontaa in madaxa saafiga ah ee matoorrada koronto-biyoodka uu u dhowaan karo 150 mitir.

Taariikh

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Dowladdii gumeysiga ee Belgian-ka ayaa ka fiirsanaysay inay bilowdo waxa ay ugu yeertay "Mashruuca Inga" xilligii gumeysi-baxa ee 1959.[1] Inga I waxaa la dhammaystiray 1972, iyo Inga II 1982.[2]

Daraasad horudhac ah

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Khariidadii 1890-meeyadii ee Biyo-dhaca Inga

Awoodda koronto-biyoodka ee Webiga Kongo waxaa la aqoonsaday goor hore, xilli uu maamulka gumeysiga ku fidayay Afrika oo webiyada markii ugu horreysay la xiray si loo dhaliyo koronto. Mid ka mid ah warbixinnadii hore ee ku saabsan awooddan ayaa soo maray United States Geological Survey 1921; natiijooyinkoodu waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in Dooxada Kongo ay gebi ahaanba haysatay "in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah awoodda biyaha ee adduunka". Marka la eego goobta Biyo-dhaca Inga gaar ahaan, tani waxaa lagu iftiimiyay afar sano ka dib askarigii Belgian-ka, xisaabiye, iyo ganacsade Kolonel Van Deuren. Wuxuu sii wadi doonaa shaqada sahaminta ee ku hareeraysan Biyo-dhaca Inga, iyo intii u dhaxaysay 1920-yadii iyo 1930-yadii waxaa jiray dhaqdhaqaaq loo qaaday daraasad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan awoodda aagga ee kooxda Syneba (1929–1939), haddana bilowgii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka iyo kala diristii Syneba waxay meesha ka saareen horumarkii goobta.[3]

Atlantropa, oo ah qorshe lagu midaynayo Yurub iyo Afrika oo uu uuraystay Herman Soergel 1920-yadii, ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa soo jeedin ah in la xiro Webiga Kongo. Qorshahan, biyaha waxaa loo isticmaali lahaa in lagu waraabiyo saxaraha Waqooyiga Afrika, iyo in la dhaliyo 22.5 ilaa 45 gigawatts oo koronto ah.[4]

Qorshaha Belgian-ka

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In kasta oo aysan jirin horumar intii lagu jiray iyo wixii ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, suurtagalnimada soo jiidashada leh ee uu bixiyay Biyo-dhaca Inga ayaa weli caan ku ahayd maskaxda injineerada. Buuggii 1954 Engineers' Dreams wuxuu liis gareeyay koox mashruucyo waaweyn ah oo aragti ahaan la dhammaystiri karo (oo ka mid ah Channel Tunnel-ka mustaqbalka), kii ugu weynaa waa Biyo-xireenka Inga oo abuuri lahaa haro ku fidaysa Saxaraha Sahara.[5]

Kahor madaxbannaanida Kongo, Belgian-ku weli waxay haysteen rajo ah inay dhisaan mashruuc horumarineed oo Inga ah si ay koronto u siiyaan warshadaha culus.[6] Warshadahaas laga wada hadlay waxaa ka mid ahaa "aluminium, ferro-alloys, daaweynta macdanta, warqad, iyo warshad loogu talagalay kala soocida isotopes."[7] Aragtidooda, ugu yaraan si dadweyne ah, waxay ahayd mid geesinnimo leh, iyadoo hal maamul uu barbar dhigay horumarinta warshadaha ee Kongo iyo Ruhr-ta Jarmalka.[7] Waxaa jiray xiriir muhiim ah oo Mareykan ah oo la xiriira mashruuca qaabkii Clarence E. Blee, mid ka mid ah shan ajnabi oo ka mid ahaa 10-qof oo daraasad ku sameeyay goobta Inga 1957 iyo injineerka ugu sarreeya ee Mareykanka ee korontada iyo horumarinta warshadaha federaalka, Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Daraasaddan ayaa door dhexe ka ciyaari doonta ku qancinta maamulka Belgian-ka inay dhaqaajiyaan biyo-xireenka Inga.

Mashruuc Inga ah, oo si dabacsan loo sheegay inuu ka kooban yahay "taxane saldhigyo koronto iyo biyo-xireenno", ayaa ugu dambeyntii waxaa ansixiyay Golaha Wasiirada Belgian-ka 13 Noofambar 1957, waxaana la qorsheeyay in la abuuro koox si ay u daraasayso isticmaalka suurtagalka ah ee korontada mashruuca iyo siyaabaha loo maalgelin karo. Qorshaha Golaha Wasiirada ayaa wakhtigaas lagu qiyaasay inuu ku kacayo US$3.16 bilyan waxaana la filayay inuu dhaliyo 25,000 MW.[8]

Warbixin ka soo baxday dabayaaqadii Abriil 1958 ayaa sheegtay in shaqada qodista la filayo inay bilaabato badhtamaha sanadka, iyadoo 1964/1965 uu yahay sanadka loo qorsheeyay in marxaladda koowaad la dhammaystiro. Qorshayaashu waxay ugu baaqayeen saddex marxaladood oo dhismo ah, laga bilaabo warshad 1,500 MW ah oo qiimaheedu yahay $320 milyan, ka dibna laba jibaar awooddaas, iyo ugu dambeyntii 25,000 MW oo asal ahaan la ansixiyay. Horumarinta warshadaha ayaa horay u socon doona, iyadoo ay caawisay qiimaha bilowga ah ee $0.002 halkii kwh, iyadoo la soo saarayo 500,000 oo tan oo aluminium ah dhismaha warshaddii ugu horreysay iyo ugu dambeyntii ujeeddadeedu tahay yoolka wax-soo-saarka ugu dambeeya oo lix jeer ka badan. Dallad caalami ah oo la yiraahdo Aluminga, oo ka kooban dhowr shirkadood oo Yurub iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika ah, ayaa durba abaabulaysay inay tan xaqiijiso. Maalgelintu waxay ahayd arrin, gaar ahaan markii Belgian-ku ay ogaadeen inaysan keligood ku dhammaystiri karin mashruuc noocaas ah. Maalgashadayaasha suurtagalka ah ee ay saxaafaddu soo xigatay waxaa ka mid ahaa International Bank for Reconstruction and Development iyo European Investment Bank.[9]

Bishii Febraayo 1959 koox ka mid ah maalgashadayaasha caanka ah ee Mareykanka oo uu ku jiro David Rockefeller ayaa booqday Biyo-dhaca Inga,[10] in kasta oo dhismaha si joogto ah looga riixayay qiyaasaha asalka ah, ka dibna loo qorsheeyay 1961 ama wixii ka dambeeya.[11]

Madaxbannaanida Kongo ee ka timid Belgium si lama filaan ah ugama tirtirin muhiimadda horumarinta Inga. Maamulka Belgian-ka ayaa weli riixayay mashruuca iyagoo kala hadlaya madaxbannaanida wafdiga Kongo, iyadoo Wasiir Raymond Scheyven uu soo jeediyay shirkad wadajir ah oo Kongo-Belgian ah oo maalgelin lahayd biyo-xireenka Inga. Tani ma ahayn fikrad yar, laakiin mashruuca ugu weyn ee qorshe horumarineed oo shan sano ah oo Kongo ah oo uu soo jeediyay.[12] Taladaas uma muuqan in la adeecay, maadaama Ra'iisul Wasaaraha cusub ee la doortay Patrice Lumumba uu saxiixay qandaraas konton sano ah oo la leh Shirkadda Maamulka Caalamiga ah ee Kongo ee fadhigeedu yahay Wall Street si loo horumariyo Kongo 22 Luulyo 1960, iyadoo mashruuca Inga iyo wax-soo-saarka aluminiumka ee la xiriira ay safka hore kaga jiraan liiska.[13] RW Lumumba ayaa markii dambe dib u laabtay oo sheegtay in heshiisku uu ahaa "kaliya heshiis mabda'a ah",[14] laakiin si kasta oo uu u xilka ka qaaday Taliyaha Ciidanka Mobutu Sese Seko wax ka yar laba bilood ka dib.

Inga I iyo Inga II

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Xarunta Inga I

In kasta oo ay jirtay xilligii xasillooni darrada, kacdoonnadii, iyo faragelintii Qaramada Midoobay ee qeybtii hore ee 1960-meeyadii, taasi kama yareyn rajada hoggaamiyeyaasha ee ah inay ka faa'iideystaan qulqulka Webiga Kongo. Burburkii ka dhashay bixitaankii Belgian-ka iyo qulqulatooyinkii xigay ayaa ka soo baxay Mobutu Sésé Seko, oo awood buuxda la wareegay Noofambar 1965 kaas oo ahaan lahaa madaxweynaha kali-taliska ah ee Kongo ilaa Maajo 1997. Waxay ahayd intii uu xukunka hayay in mashaariicdii ugu horreysay ee ilaa hadda kaliya la dhisay si koronto looga dhaliyo Biyo-dhaca Inga.

Inga I wuxuu ahaa mashruucii ugu horreeyay ee la dhammaystiro. Daraasad la xiriirta suurtagalnimada ayaa waxaa fulisay shirkadda Talyaaniga ee SICAI 1963, taas oo ku talisay in biyo-xireenku uu taageero warshadaha gudaha halkii laga eegi lahaa warshadaha loo dhoofiyo dibadda.[15] Inta badan waxaa maalgelisay dowladda, dhismaha wuxuu dhacay 1968 ilaa 1972, isagoo ka tagay warshad lix turbine ah oo dhalinaysa 351 MW.[16] Korontadan waxaa inta badan la siiyay aagagga dadku deggan yihiin ee ku hareeraysan iyo kuwa hoose; beddelkeedu wuxuu ahaa si cad u loogu talagalay hawlaha macdanta ee koonfurta.

Inga II wuxuu ahaa mashruucii labaad ee koronto ee laga dhisay goobta koonfurta ka xigta Inga I. Xitaa kaliya siddeed turbine, waxaa loo dhisay inay soo saarto 1,424 MW, waxaana la dhammaystiray toban sano ka dib Inga I.[16]

Khadka korontada ee Inga-Shaba

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Si loo isku xiro awoodda dhalinta korontada ee Inga iyo naxaasta iyo cobalt-ta ku yaalla meel u dhow xadka Zambia ee Gobolka Shaba (hadda Katanga), mashruuc cusub ayaa ujeedadiisu ahayd in la dhiso khad koronto oo ugu dheer ee high-voltage direct current ee jirta, iyadoo la dhaafayo bulshooyinka maxalliga ah oo loogu beddelayo alternating current meeshii ay ugu dambeyntii u socdeen. Kooxaha kala duwan ee ku lug lahaa waxay lahaayeen ajandayaal dhaqaale iyo kuwo siyaasadeed; halka maalgashadayaasha reer galbeedka iyo dowladda Kongo ay rabeen inay taageeraan macdanta Shaba intii lagu jiray muddo qiimaha naxaasta kor loo qaaday, dowladda waxay sidoo kale rabtay inay xoojiso awooddeeda gobolka koonfureed ee gooni-u-goosadka ah, iyo reer galbeedku waxay xiisaynayeen inay arkaan Kongo oo si adag ugu jirta xero-ka-soo-horjeedka shuuciga. Qiimaha mashruuca ayaa si joogto ah kor loogu qaaday, iyadoo ugu dambeyntii gaartay $500 milyan oo ka badan miisaaniyadda. Isku dar ah kooxaha gaarka loo leeyahay iyo kuwa dadweynaha ayaa bixiyay maalgelinta, gaar ahaan Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, iyo U.S. Export-Import Bank, waxayna ahayd shirkadda caanka ah ee Boise, Idaho-fadhigeedu yahay, Morrison-Knudsen, oo qandaraas lagu siiyay inay qabato shaqada.[17][18]

1980-kii, kharashka khadka korontada ee Inga-Shaba wuxuu wadar ahaan gaaray 24% daynta Kongo, taas oo ay weheliso musuqmaasuq, kharashyo kale oo qashin ah, iyo go'aan qaadasho xumo, waxay keentay dhibaato dayn iyo faragelinta khubarada shisheeye.[19] Sida 1999-kii, Kongo weli waxay ku lahayd U.S. Export-Import Bank in ka badan $900 milyan, taasoo ka tagtay cashuur bixiyeyaasha Mareykanka iyagoon la bixin.[20] Sida khadka Inga-Shaba uu u soo dhowaanayay dhammaystirka horraantii 1980-meeyadii, maqaallo badan oo wararka ah ayaa quudhsasho u shubay mashruuca. Mid ka mid ah Washington Post ayaa is barbar dhigay guuldaradiisa iyo mashruuc guulaystay oo Peace Corps ah si loo horumariyo cuntada Kongo, isagoo xusay in, "mashruuca weyn uu ilaa hadda u soo baxay inuu noqdo maroodi cad, halka dadaalka kalluun-dhaqashada ee hooseeya uu durba sameeyay horumar muuqda nolosha dhowr kun oo qof muddo la mid ah."[18] Gécamines, oo ah shirkadda macdanta ee dowladda ee Shaba oo la aasaasay 1906-dii Belgian-ka, ayaa ku dambeysay inay weli inta badan isticmaasho koronto-biyoodka ay keenaan maxalliga ah, sidaas darteed khadka Inga-Shaba wuxuu isku arkay inuu isticmaalayo kaliya saddex meelood meel awoodda. Intaa waxaa dheer, qaab-dhismeedka laftiisa ayaa la xumeeyay maadaama dadka maxalliga ah ay u isticmaaleen biraha biraha baahidooda guriga.[21]

Biyo-xireennada hadda

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Mashruucyada biyo-xireenka Inga, sida 2006.

Laba biyo-xireen oo koronto-biyood, Inga I iyo Inga II, ayaa hadda ku shaqeeya wax soo saar hooseeya. Inga I waxay leedahay awood wadar ahaan la rakibay oo dhan 351 MW iyo Inga II waxay leedahay 1424 MW.[22] Waxaa la dhisay intii lagu jiray madaxweynihii hore Mobutu Sese Seko iyadoo qayb ka ah mashruuca Inga–Shaba.

Dib-u-soo-celinta

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DRC waxay la kulantay dhibaatada dib-u-soo-celinta labada biyo-xireen ee hadda jira, kuwaas oo dayacmay oo ku shaqeeya aad uga hooseeya awooddii asalka ahayd qiyaastii 40%, ama wax yar ka badan 700 MW wadar ahaan.[16] Maajo 2001 Siemens ayaa la soo weriyay inay gorgortan kula jirto dowladda oo ku saabsan iskaashi bilyan-dollar ah oo ku lug yeelan doona soo celinta iyo casriyeynta shabakadda korontada ee DRC, oo ay ku jirto dib-u-soo-celinta labada saldhig ee korontada Inga ee jira,[23] in kasta oo shaqadii la dib u dhigay.[24] Badhtamihii 2003-dii waxaa sidoo kale jiray warbixin sheegaysa in Bangiga Adduunka uu la saxiixday qandaraas $450 milyan ah Siemens si loo horumariyo qaybinta biyaha iyo korontada ee DRC, oo ay ku jirto dib-u-soo-celinta labada mashruuc ee Inga (oo la soo weriyay wakhtigaas inay ku shaqeeyaan 30% awoodda) iyo khad koronto oo labaad oo ka imanaya Inga ilaa caasimadda.[25] Ma cadda waxa dhacay ee la xiriira qandaraasyadan.

Si gooni ah bishii Maajo 2005 shirkadda Canadian-ka MagEnergy ayaa la saxiixatay heshiis SNEL si ay u soo celiso qaar ka mid ah matoorrada Inga II, iyadoo yoolka dhammaystirka uu yahay 2009.[26] Shaqada dhabta ah ee lagu soo celinayo Inga II ayaa ugu dambeyntii bilaabatay 27 Abriil 2006, wax ka yar hal sano ka dib heshiiskii bilowga ahaa ee lala saxiixday MagEnergy.[27] Marxaladdan koowaad, oo ku lug lahayd hagaajinta hal 168 MW turbine iyo shaqo kale oo hagaajin degdeg ah, ayaa la soo weriyay 90% in la dhammaystiray Abriil 2009, iyo marxaladda labaad (afar matoor oo kale) waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay qaadan doonto shan sano oo kale.[28] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira shaki ku saabsan in dowladdu aqbasho ansaxnimada qandaraaska, iyo inta lagu jiro waqtigaas shirkadda Canadian-ka First Quantum ayaa loo shaqaaleysiiyay inay soo celiso laba matoor oo Inga II oo kala duwan.[29] Si loo fuliyo dayactirka, SNEL waxay heshay maalgelin ka timid Mashruuca Horumarinta Suuqyada Korontada Gobolka iyo Gudaha, kaas oo laftiisa ay taageerayaan Bangiga Adduunka, Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika, iyo European Investment Bank.[16]

Bishii Agoosto 2021, warbixinnada warbaahinta ayaa muujiyay in Société Nationale d'Électricité (Snel), shirkadda korontada qaranka ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo iyo Ivanhoe Mines Energy DRC, oo ah shirkad hoos timaada conglomerate macdanta ee Canadian-ka, Ivanhoe Mines, ay ku heshiiyeen in kan dambe uu soo celiyo turbine nambar 5 ee saldhigga korontada Inga II oo leh siddeed turbine. Tani waxay siin doontaa 162 megawatts oo ay isticmaali doonto Kamoa-Kakula Copper Mine, oo u dhow magaalada Kolwezi, ee Gobolka Lualaba, koonfurta DRC. Shaqadu waxay ku lug yeelan doontaa dib-u-soo-celinta Khadka Gudbinta Korontada ee Inga–Kolwezi.[30]

Qorshayaasha ballaarinta

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Saadaasha rasmiga ah ee Inga III iyo Grand Inga, sida 2006.

Waxaa jira qorshayaal ballaarin ah oo lagu abuurayo biyo-xireen saddexaad oo Inga ah, Inga III. Saadaashu waxay muujinaysaa in mar la dhammaystiro, Inga III ay dhalin doonto 4,500 MW oo koronto ah. Inga III waa xarunta iskaashiga Westcor kaas oo odorosa isku xirka shabakadaha korontada ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo (DRC), Namibia, Angola, Botswana, iyo Koonfur Afrika. Bangiga Adduunka, Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika, European Investment Bank, deeq-bixiyeyaasha labada dhinac, iyo shirkadaha korontada ee koonfurta Afrika, ayaa dhammaantood muujiyay xiisaha ay u qabaan raacitaanka mashruuca kaas oo lagu qiyaasay inuu ku kacayo US$80 bilyan.

Mid ka mid ah taageeraha xamaasadda leh ee horumarinta Inga ayaa ahaa Koonfur Afrika. Luulyo 1999, Madaxweynihii cusub ee Koonfur Afrika Thabo Mbeki ayaa khudbad u jeediyay Organisation of African Unity, isagoo iftiiminaya horumarinta Biyo-dhaca Inga ee koronto-biyoodka tusaale ahaan horumarinta lagama maarmaanka ah ee kaabayaasha dhaqaale ee Afrika.[31] Shirkadda dadweynaha ee Koonfur Afrika Eskom, Inga waxay ku habboonaatay qorshe ballaaran oo lagu beddelayo shabakad Afrikaan ah oo isku xiran awood koronto-dhoofin ah, ugu dambeyntii sahayda Yurub iyo Bariga Dhexe.[32] 2002 Inga waxaa iftiimiyay New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) ee AU[33] iyo Eskom waxaa la soo weriyay inay baarayso $6 bilyan oo nooca run-of-the-river mashruuca Inga kaas oo ay horumarin doonaan Eskom iyo Hydro-Québec- hogaamiyay dallad shirkadaha adeegga qaranka.[34]

Dallad noocaas ah, oo loo bixiyay Western Power Corridor (Westcor) ayaa ugu dambeyntii la abaabulay Febraayo 2003. Iyadoo ku lug leh shan ka mid ah shirkadaha adeegga waaweyn ee gobolka (Eskom, SNEL, Angola's Empresa Nacional de Electricidade, Namibia's NamPower, iyo Botswana Power Corporation) waxay saadaalisay kharashyada bilowga ah $1.5 bilyan iyo dhismaha ugu dambeyntii 44,000 MW run-of-the-river mashruuca.[35] Heshiis is-afgarad ah oo loogu talagalay Westcor ayaa ugu dambeyntii la saxiixay 22 Oktoobar 2004, dhismaha 3,400 MW Inga III.[36] Febraayo ku xigtay Eskom waxay daah-furtay $50 bilyan oo cusub oo run-of-the-river qorshe ah.[37] Sebtember 2005 heshiis saamilay ah oo loogu talagalay Westcor ayaa la saxiixay, iyadoo la siinayo xisbi kasta 20%.[38]

DRC waxay u muuqatay inay ka guurayso habka horumarinta gobolka ee uu bixiyay Westcor oo halkii ay ka maamuli lahayd dhismaha Inga III keligeed. Juun 2009 waxay furtay qandaraas-bixin $7 bilyan, 4320 MW Inga III mashruuca.[39] Isagoo diidaya Westcor, DRC waxay dooratay BHP, taas oo ujeeddadeedu ahayd inay isticmaasho 2,000 MW nafteeda, gaar ahaan aluminum smelter.

2017 soo jeedinta waxay ahayd biyo-xireen 10–12 GW ah, kor uga kacay 4.8 GW qorshayaashii hore, iyadoo suurtagalnimada dhammaystirka ay tahay goor uun ka dib 2024.[40] Oktoobar 2018, dowladda DRC waxay ku dhawaaqday saxiixa qandaraasyada lala galay dallad Sino-Spanish ah si loo bilaabo daraasaadka naqshadaynta dhismaha biyo-xireenka Inga III oo leh 11,000 MW iyo qiimo wadar ahaan ah $14 bilyan. Shirkadaha ugu waaweyn ee dalladdu waxay ahaayeen China Three Gorges Corporation, Sinohydro iyo ACS Group.[41] Iyadoo qorshayaasha dhismaha ee marxaladda III la soo weriyay inay ku jiraan wadadii saxda ahayd dabayaaqadii 2019,[42] xubin weyn oo suurtagal ah oo ka mid ah dalladda dhismaha, shirkadda Spanish-ka ACS Group, ayaa ka baxday Janaayo 2020, iyadoo ka tagtay hubaal la'aan lammaanaha Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka ee hartay.[43]

Grand Inga

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga, haddii uu ka faa'iideysto inta badan awoodda webiga, wuxuu dhalin karaa ilaa 39,000 MW – waxaana uu si weyn u kordhin karaa tamarta la heli karo ee qaaradda Afrika iyadoo qiimaheedu yahay in ka badan $80 bilyan. Isku xirka Inga iyo shabakad koronto oo qaaradda oo dhan ah oo loogu talagalay xarumaha dadweynaha ee ugu waaweyn waxay ku kacaysaa $10 bilyan oo kale (qiyaastii 2000), waxayna noqon lahayd mashruuca koronto-biyoodka ee ugu weyn adduunka. Dadka dhaliila waxay ku doodeen in qaddarka badan ee lacagta ah ee looga baahan yahay mashruuca ay ka wanaagsan tahay in lagu bixiyo mashruucyo tamar oo miisaan yar, maxalli ah oo si fiican u dabooli lahaa baahiyaha inta badan dadka saboolka ah ee Afrika. Daraasad ka socota Jaamacadda Oxford ayaa taageeraysa habkan taxaddarka leh iyadoo la muujinayo in celceliska kharashka kor u kaca ee 245 biyo-xireenno waaweyn oo ka mid ah 65 waddan oo ku yaalla lix qaaradood ay tahay 96% marka la eego dhabta ah.[44]

New Partnership for Africa's Development, iyadoo ay si weyn uga qayb qaadanayso shirkadda korontada ee Koonfur Afrika ESKOM, ayaa soo jeedisay 2003 inay bilowdo mashruuca Grand Inga 2010.[45][46] Marka la eego awoodda la rakibay ee 39,000 MW, Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga kaligiis wuxuu soo saari karaa 250 TWh sanadkiiba, ama wadar ahaan 370 TWh sanadkiiba goobta oo dhan. Marka la barbar dhigo, 2024 wax-soo-saarka korontada ee Kongo wuxuu ahaa 13.6 TWh.[47] 2005, wax-soo-saarka korontada ee Afrika sanadkiiba wuxuu ahaa 550 TWh (600 kWh qofkiiba).

Mashruuca ayaa la filayaa inuu ka sarreeyo US$100 bilyan oo wadarta kharashyada horumarinta.[48][49] Maajo 2016 dhismaha wuxuu u ekaa sida haddii uu bilaabi doono dhowr bilood gudahood.[50][51] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Luulyo 2016 Bangiga Adduunka ayaa kala baxay maalgelintiisii ka dib khilaafaadka ku saabsan mashruuca in kasta oo heshiisyada iibsiga korontada ay ka yimaadeen Koonfur Afrika iyo shirkadaha macdanta.[40] Deeqda marxaladda koowaad waxay wadar ahaan noqon lahayd US$73.1 milyan.[52]

Qaar ka mid ah kormeerayaasha ayaa ka shakisan mashruuca, iyagoo xusay kharashkiisa sare ee waddan lagu yaqaan musuqmaasuqa dabadheeraaday—isagoo halis u ah faa'iido yar oo dadka u soo baxda.[53][54]

Is-barbardhigga tamarta korontada ee Afrika

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Afrika waxay soo saartaa qaddar aad u hooseeya oo tamar koronto qofkiiba marka la barbar dhigo gobollada kale ee adduunka. Mashruucyada sida Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga, oo dhali kara 43.5 GW, waxay gacan ka geysan karaan xallinta yaraanta korontada ee Afrika. 2005, Koonfur Afrika iyo Waqooyiga Afrika waxay soo saareen 70% ka mid ah 550 TWh (63 GW) wax-soo-saarka korontada ee qaaradda.

Koonfur Afrika: 230 TWh sanadkiiba / 26.2 GW (4500 kWh sanadkiiba qofkiiba / 513 W qofkiiba)

Waqooyiga Afrika: 150 TWh sanadkiiba / 17.1 GW (1000 kWh sanadkiiba qofkiiba /114 W qofkiiba)

Afrika ka hoosaysa Saxaraha (Koonfur Afrika ayaa laga reebay): 170 TWh sanadkiiba / 19.4 GW (250 kWh sanadkiiba qofkiiba / 29 W qofkiiba)

Waxaa jira mala-awaal ah in Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga uu soo saari karo koronto ku filan qaaradda oo dhan. Taasi waxay ahayd run ka hor 1990-meeyadii.[55][56] Qaaraddu waxay leedahay koror dhaqaale iyo dadweyne sanadkiiba siday u kala horreeyaan 5% iyo 2.5%. 2005, isticmaalka korontadu wuxuu ahaa 600 kWh qofkiiba 910 milyan oo Afrikaan ah. Gobolka ay ka jiraan yaraanta korontada ee dabadheeraaday waa Afrika ka hoosaysa Saxaraha (Koonfur Afrika ayaa laga reebay), halkaas oo wax-soo-saarku ahaa kaliya 250 kWh qofkiiba 700 milyan oo qof. Celcelis ahaan Afrika oo ah ugu yaraan 1000 kWh qofkiiba waxay u baahan tahay wadar ahaan wax-soo-saarka qaaradda oo ka badan 1000 TWh sanadkiiba / 120 GW. Tani waxay u dhigantaa saddex jeer awoodda ugu badan ee Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga. Celceliska adduunka qofkiiba wuxuu ahaa 3044 kWh 2012 (Bangiga Adduunka: 2014 Buugga Xogta Yar).

Sida ay qabaan qaar, Grand Inga wuxuu noqon lahaa saamiga aad u weyn ee baahida Afrika (43.5 GW oo wax-soo-saar la isku daray marka la barbar dhigo culays dhan 63 GW) si uu u noqdo il koronto oo wax ku ool ah iyada oo aan la isku xirin wide area synchronous grid tusaale ahaan, iyo sidoo kale shabakadaha kale ee korontada.[xigasho u-baahan] Wixii guuldarro ballaaran oo biyo-xireenka ah, ama xiriirkiisa shabakadda, sida 2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout (17 GW), ama 2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya power station accident ee Siberia (6.4 GW), waxay ku ridi lahayd qaybo badan oo Afrika ka mid ah power failure oo leh cawaaqib xumo suurtagal ah. Guuldarada Siberia, tusaale ahaan, waxay saameyn musiibo leh ku yeelatay warshadaha aluminium-ka ee maxalliga ah. Dooddan, isticmaalka buuxa wuxuu u baahan yahay isku xirka Yurub, si korontada Yurub loo siin karo loona celin karo Afrika. Tani waxay kordhisaa xasilloonida labada nidaam waxayna hoos u dhigtaa kharashyada guud.[57][58]

Saddex dalladood oo caalami ah ayaa u tartamaya qandaraaska lagu dhisayo biyo-xireenka, oo loo yaqaan Inga III, iyo in lagu iibiyo korontada uu dhaliyo, oo lagu qiyaasay 4,800 MW. Tani waa ku dhawaad saddex jeer awoodda laga soo saaro labada biyo-xireen ee Inga ee hadda jira, kuwaas oo ah tobanaan sano jir oo ay curyaamiyeen dayac sababtoo ah daynta dowladda iyo maalgashadayaasha khatarta-ka-cabsi leh. Bangiga Adduunka ayaa sheegay, qorshaha hadda jira, Koonfur Afrika waxay ka iibsan lahayd 2,500 MW Inga III, iyo 1,300 MW kale ayaa la siin lahaa warshadaha macdanta ee Kongo oo koronto la'aantu haysato. 1000 megawatts ee hartay waxay aadi lahayd adeegga qaranka SNEL, taasoo ka caawinaysa bixinta koronto qiyaastii 7 milyan oo qof oo ku hareeraysan Kinshasa, caasimadda Kongo, iyo daboolida dhammaan baahiyaha korontada ee aan la daboolin ee halkaas marka la gaaro 2025.[59]

Sidoo kale eeg

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ Ameye, Louis (4 Juun 1959). "Dhibaatooyinka Dhaqaale ee Kongo". Royal African Society.
  2. ↑ Sanyanga, Rudo. "Kongo ma ka faa'iideysan doontaa Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga?". International Policy Digest. Retrieved 29 Juun 2013.
  3. ↑ Showers, Kate B. (2009). "Mashruuca koronto-biyoodka Grand Inga ee Webiga Kongo: isku xirka taariikhda deegaanka, siyaasadda iyo saameynta". Water History. 1 (1): 31–58. doi:10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8. S2CID 161089543.
  4. ↑ Lehmann, Philipp Nicolas (2016-02-01). "Awood aan xad lahayn oo lagu beddelayo adduunka: Koronto-biyoodka iyo isbeddelka cimilada ee mashruuca Atlantropa". The American Historical Review (in Ingiriisi). 121 (1): 70–100. doi:10.1093/ahr/121.1.70. ISSN 0002-8762.
  5. ↑ Leonard, Jonathan N. (30 May 1954). "Ilaha Cusub ee Korontada". The New York Times Book Review. p. 14.
  6. ↑ "Dhaqaalaha oo ka koraya Kongo-gii Belgian-ka". The New York Times. 28 Sebtember 1957. p. 27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. 1 2 3 Holz, Peter (Maarso 1958). "Koronto badan oo iftiiminaysa "Afrika-dii ugu madoobayd"". Popular Mechanics. 109 (3): 232.
  8. ↑ "Qorshaha Kongo oo la ansixiyay". The New York Times. 14 Noofambar 1957. p. 18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ Waggoner, Walter H. (26 Abriil 1958). "Belgium oo ku degdegaysa mashruuc koronto oo weyn oo Webiga Kongo ah". The New York Times. p. 24.
  10. ↑ Bracker, Milton (11 Febraayo 1959). "Bangiyada Mareykanka oo eegaya mashruuca Kongo". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ "Warshaddii Kongo-gii Belgian-ka oo dib u dhacday". The New York Times. 7 Abriil 1959.
  12. ↑ Gilroy, Harry (17 Febraayo 1960). "Kongo oo looga digay dhaqaalaheeda". The New York Times.
  13. ↑ Tanner, Henry (23 Luulyo 1960). "Kongo oo la saxiixatay heshiis shirkad Mareykan ah si ay u isticmaasho kheyraadka". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ↑ "KONGO: Xagee dagaalku ka dhacayaa?". Time. 8 Agoosto 1960. Archived from the original on 2010-10-08. Retrieved 19 Noofambar 2009. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  15. ↑ Young, Crawford; Turner, Thomas (1985). Kor u kaca iyo hoos u dhaca Gobolka Zairian. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 298–301. ISBN 9780299101138.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Biyo-xireennada Inga 1 iyo Inga 2". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 Noofambar 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  17. ↑ Randa, Jonathan C. (28 Abriil 1977). "Mobuto oo sare u kacaya, Laakiin waxaa la kiciyay suurtagalnimada dagaal guri". The Washington Post. p. A26.
  18. 1 2 Ross, Jay (25 Abriil 1982). "Sheeko laba mashruuc: Hal guuleyste, hal guuldareyste". The Washington Post. p. C5.
  19. ↑ Dash, Leon (1 Janaayo 1980). "Mobutu oo dammaanad u dhigaya mustaqbalka qaranka". The Washington Post. p. A1. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ↑ Mufson, Steven (16 Diseembar 1999). "Dibadda ee guriga: Bulshada Arrimaha Dibadda – Ex-Im Bank oo ujeeddadiisu tahay inay wax badan ka qabato Afrika". The Washington Post. p. A37.
  21. ↑ Winternitz, Helen (1987). Bariga oo la socda dhulbaraha: Safar kor u kaca Kongo iyo gudaha Zaire. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 175. ISBN 9780871131621.
  22. ↑ "Biyo-xireennada Inga 1 iyo Inga 2". International Rivers. Retrieved 2 Janaayo 2015. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  23. ↑ "Siemens oo qorsheynaysa inay $1 bilyan ku maalgeliso shabakadda elektiroonigga ee RDC". European Report. 24 Maajo 2001.
  24. ↑ "Qorshayaal Waaweyn oo Kongo ah". IT Week. 3 Febraayo 2004.
  25. ↑ Misser, Francois (1 Juun 2003). "Siemens oo calaamadeynaysa mashruuca weyn ee DRC". African Business.
  26. ↑ "MagEnergy oo gabagabaysay heshiiska dib-u-soo-celinta Inga II". Marketwire. 31 Maajo 2005.
  27. ↑ "MagEnergy oo ku dhawaaqday bilowga barnaamijka shaqada ee warshadda koronto-biyoodka Inga II". Marketwire. 1 Maajo 2006.
  28. ↑ "MagEnergy oo u dhow dhammaystirka dib-u-soo-celinta unugga ee 1,424-MW Inga 2 ee DR Kongo". Hydroworld.com. 20 Abriil 2009. Retrieved 22 Noofambar 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  29. ↑ "Qof kastaa wuxuu ku xiraa Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 Febraayo 2009.
  30. ↑ Jean Marie Takouleu (25 Agoosto 2021). "DRC: Warshadda koronto-biyoodka Inga II si ay u siiso koronto macdanta naxaasta ee Kamoa-Kakula". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Archived from the original on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 11 Sebtember 2021. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  31. ↑ Mbeki, Thabo (20 Luulyo 1999). "Podium: Caalamiyeynta Afrika". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 Noofambar 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  32. ↑ Hale, Briony (17 Oktoobar 2002). "Qorshayaasha dhoofinta korontada ee waaweyn ee Afrika". BBC News. Retrieved 17 Noofambar 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  33. ↑ "Hadalka Adag, Soo jiidashada ayaa qaadata maalinta NEPAD". All Africa. 13 Juun 2002.
  34. ↑ "Mashruuca Sirta ah ee Eskom". Africa Energy Intelligence. 19 Maajo 2002.
  35. ↑ "Dallad Pan African ah oo loogu talagalay Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 19 Febraayo 2003.
  36. ↑ Thomson, Alistair (22 Oktoobar 2004). "Afrika waxay qorshaynaysaa koronto-dhaliye cusub oo Kongo ah, waxay raadinaysaa maalgelin". Reuters.
  37. ↑ Vasagar, Jeevan (25 Febraayo 2005). "Qorshe $50bn ah oo lagu xakameynayo webigan xoogga badan ma keeni karaa koronto dhammaan Afrika?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 Noofambar 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  38. ↑ "Heshiis Taariikhi ah oo lagu qancinayo baahiyaha korontada ee gobolka". All Africa. 8 Sebtember 2005. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ↑ "Kongo waxay furtay qandaraas-bixin loogu talagalay maalgashadayaasha biyo-xireenka Inga 3". Reuters. 19 Juun 2009. Retrieved 17 Noofambar 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)[xiriiriye dhintay]
  40. 1 2 "GCR - Wararka - Biyo-xireenka Inga 3 ee DR Kongo si uu u laba jibaaro xajmiga ilaa 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 Luulyo 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ↑ "Inga 3: Qandaraas horumarineed oo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay shirkadaha Shiinaha iyo Yurub". International Rivers (in Ingiriisi). 17 Oktoobar 2018. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  42. ↑ Emmalogo555 (2019-11-05). "Dhismaha biyo-xireenka Grand Inga ee US$14bn ee Kongo oo ku jira wadada saxda ah". Construction Review Online (in Ingiriis Maraykan). Archived from the original on 2020-02-02. Retrieved 2020-01-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  43. ↑ "Biyo-xireenka weyn ee DRC ee Inga III: shirkadda Spanish-ka ACS oo tuurtay tuwaalka". The Africa Report.com (in Ingiriis Maraykan). 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2020-01-31.
  44. ↑ Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 Maarso 2014). "Ma dhisnaa biyo-xireenno waaweyn oo kale? Kharashyada dhabta ah ee Horumarinta Mashruuca Tamarta Biyaha". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.
  45. ↑ "IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: Warshad cusub oo keenta korontada gobolka socodka | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Dhaqaale | Deegaan | Kale". Irinnews.org. 14 Noofambar 2003. Retrieved 15 Sebtember 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  46. ↑ "businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Retrieved 15 Sebtember 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  47. ↑ "DR Kongo: Wax-soo-saarka Korontada oo sii kordhaya laakiin arrimaha muhiimka ah ayaa weli jira". Bankable.Africa. 2 Abriil 2025. Retrieved 3 Sebtember 2025. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  48. ↑ Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga
  49. ↑ Hill, Matthew; Wilson, Tom (7 Maajo 2016). "DR Kongo waxay u guurtay inay dhisto $100 bilyan oo Grand Inga biyo-xireenka, si ay u soo qaadato qandaraaslaha marxaladda 1-aad marka la gaaro Agoosto". mgafrica.com. Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 27 Agoosto 2016.
  50. ↑ John, Vidal (28 Maajo 2016). "Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ugu weyn adduunka ee DR Kongo wuxuu bilaabi karaa bilo gudahood". theguardian.com. Retrieved 27 Agoosto 2016.
  51. ↑ Tim, Cashion (23 Juun 2016). "Qorshe weyn oo lagu korontaynayo Kongo iyo Afrika". The Washington Times. Retrieved 27 Agoosto 2016.
  52. ↑ "Bangiga Adduunka ayaa hakiyay maalgelinta mashruuca korontada Inga 3 ee DR Kongo". africanews.com. Africanews. 26 Luulyo 2016. Retrieved 27 Agoosto 2016. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ↑ Horumarinta Grand Inga
  54. ↑ Tom, Nevin (13 Maajo 2016). "Qorshaha Grand Inga ee Kongo wuxuu wajahayaa qayb biyo-qaybsan". bdlive.co.za. Times Media. Archived from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 27 Agoosto 2016.
  55. ↑ Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "Isku xirka kaabayaasha korontada Afrika iyo isweydaarsiga korontada". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. doi:10.1109/60.900510.
  56. ↑ Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (Janaayo 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ↑ Andrews, Dave (1 Agoosto 2009). "Aragtida 2020 iyo wixii ka dambeeya – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Jaamacadda Kassell ayaa ka hadlay isku-dhafka wax-soo-saarka korontada Afrika gudaha iyo Yurub si buuxda looga faa'iideysto tamarta biyaha ee ballaaran ee laga heli karo goobta Inga Dam". Claverton-energy.com. Retrieved 13 Sebtember 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  58. ↑ Andrews, Dave (2009-08-01). "Aragtida 2020 iyo wixii ka dambeeya - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Jaamacadda Kassell ayaa ka hadlay isku-dhafka wax-soo-saarka korontada Afrika gudaha iyo Yurub si buuxda looga faa'iideysto tamarta biyaha ee ballaaran ee laga heli karo goobta Inga Dam | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
  59. ↑ "Bangiga Adduunka oo ansixiyay lacag lagu darso biyo-xireenka Inga ee Kongo". Reuters. 20 Maarso 2014. Retrieved 20 Febraayo 2015.

Xiriirinta dibadda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]


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