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Blue Nile

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Webiga Abay
Abay
Webiga Abay ee Itoobiya
WadamadaItoobiya, Suudaan
Baasin
Ilaha Ugu MuhiimsanGish Abay at Sekela, Itoobiya
2,560 m (8,400 ft)
Afka WabigaKhartoum, Suudaan
373 m (1,224 ft)
Socodka WabigaNiil → Bada Dhexe
Nidaamka WabigaNiil
Baaxadda Basinka Biyaha325,000 km2 (125,000 sq mi)
Astaamaha Jirka
Dhererka1,450 km (900 mi)
Socodka Biyaha
  • Average rate:
    1,548 m3/s (54,700 cu ft/s)
Astaamaha
Laamo Wabi

Webiga Abay[note 1] waa wabi ka soo askuma Harada Tana ee Itoobiya. Waxa uu u safrayaa qiyaastii 1,450 km (900 mi) isagoo dhex mara Itoobiya iyo Suudaan. Isagoo ay weheliso Niilka Cad, waxa uu ka mid yahay labada wabi laamood ee ugu waaweyn Niil wuxuuna siiyaa qiyaastii 85.6% biyaha Niil xilliga xilli-roobaadka.

Marin-biyoodka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Masaafada wabiga laga bilaabo isha ilaa isku darka ayaa si kala duwan loogu soo wariyay inta u dhaxaysa 1,460 and 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Hubanti la'aantan ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka dhalatay xaqiiqda ah in wabigu u qulqulo taxane ka mid ah guryo aan la dhex mari karin oo ku yaal Buuraleyda Itoobiya ilaa qoto dheer oo qiyaastii 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). Sida ku cad agabka ay daabacday Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe, oo ah wakaalad dawladeed oo Itoobiya ah, Abay wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), oo ka mid ah 800 kilometres (500 mi) ay ku yaallaan gudaha Itoobiya.[1]

Gudaha Itoobiya

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Abay waxa uu ka soo askumaa Gish Abay oo ku taal Sekela ee Itoobiya (halkaas oo loogu yeero Webiga Abay). Wabigu wuxuu u qulqulaa guud ahaan koonfurta ka hor inta uusan gelin dooxad qiyaastii 400 km (250 mi) dherer ah, qiyaastii 30 km (19 mi) Harada Tana, taas oo ah caqabad weyn oo dhanka safarka iyo isgaarsiinta u dhaxaysa waqooyiga iyo koonfurta Itoobiya. Dooxada waxaa markii ugu horreysay loogu yeeray "Grand Canyon" 1968 koox Ingiriis ah oo fulisay markii ugu horreysay ee wabiga laga soo dejiyo Harada Tana ilaa dhammaadka dooxada; xisbiyada wabiga ee rafaadka ah ayaa ugu yeeray "Grand Canyon of the Nile".[2] Biyo-dhaca Abay (Amxaari: Tis Abay, macno ahaan "qiiq weyn"), oo ah mid ka mid ah goobaha ugu waaweyn ee dalxiiska ee Itoobiya, ayaa ku yaal bilowga dooxada.

Wabigu wuxuu ku wareegaa waqooyi-galbeed Itoobiya ka hor inta uusan quudin wabi laamoodyo badan oo u dhexeeya Harada Tana iyo xuduudka Itoobiya iyo Suudaan. Kuwa ku yaal bangiga bidix, oo u kala horreeya qulqulka, waxaa ka mid ah Webiga Wanqa, Webiga Bashilo, Webiga Walaqa, Webiga Wanchet, Webiga Jamma, Webiga Muger, Webiga Guder, Webiga Agwel, Webiga Nedi, Webiga Didessa iyo Webiga Dabus. Kuwa ku yaal dhanka midig, sidoo kale u kala horreeya qulqulka, waxaa ka mid ah Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, Muga, Gulla, Temcha, Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter iyo Beles.[3]

Gudaha Suudaan

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka halka Niilka Cad iyo Abay ay isugu tagaan

Abay kadib wuxuu u sii jeedaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Suudaan. Wuxuu u safrayaa qiyaastii 650 km (400 mi), isagoo dhaafaya Er Roseires oo uu ku helayo Webiga Dinder dhanka midig ee bangiga at Dinder. Magaalada Khartoum, Abay wuxuu ku biiraa Niilka Cad iyo, sida Niil, wuxuu u qulqulaa Masar ilaa Bada Dhexe ee Aleksandriya.

Qulqulka biyaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Isku darka webiyada Abay iyo Niilka Cad meel u dhow Khartoum, caasimadda Suudaan

Qulqulka Abay wuxuu gaaraa mugga ugu badan xilli-roobaadka laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar, markaas oo uu bixiyo 80–86% biyaha Niilka saxda ah. Wabigu wuxuu ahaa il weyn oo ka mid ah daadadka Niil ee Masar taas oo gacan ka geysatay bacriminta Dooxada Niil iyo kor u kaca ka dhashay Masar-tii Hore iyo Khuraafaadka Masar. Iyada oo la dhammaystiray Biyo-xireenka Aswan 1970, daadadkan ayaa joogsaday inay ka dhacaan koonfurta Masar. Inta lagu jiro xilliga monsoon ee xagaaga, Abay wuxuu nabaad-guuriyaa xaddi badan oo ciid bacrin ah oo ka timaada Buuraleyda Itoobiya wuxuuna u qaadaa qulqulka hoose sida dhoobo, taas oo biyaha ka dhigaysa mid bunni madow ama ku dhow madow.[4]

Abay wuxuu muhiim u yahay nolosha dadka Masar: isagoo ah wabi laamoodka ugu muhiimsan ee Niil, wuxuu ku kordhiyaa in ka badan 85% qulqulka Niil.[5] Inkasta oo uu ka gaaban yahay Niilka Cad, 59% biyaha gaara Masar waxay ka yimaadaan buuraleyda Itoobiya iyada oo loo marayo Abay. Wabigu sidoo kale waa il muhiim u ah Suudaan, halkaas oo Biyo-xireenka Roseires iyo Biyo-xireenka Sennar ay ku kordhiyaan 80% korontada dalka laga dhaliyo koronto-biyoodka. Biyo-xireenadan ayaa sidoo kale gacan ka geysta waraabinta Gezira Scheme, oo ugu caansan cudbi-ga tayada sarreeya, iyo sidoo kale sarreen iyo wax soo saarka dalagga cuntada xoolaha ee aagga.

Nofeembar 2012, Itoobiya waxay bilowday dhismaha Biyo-xireenka Weyn ee Itoobiya, biyo-xireen koronto-biyood oo 6000-megawatt ah oo ku yaal wabiga. Biyo-xireenka ayaa la filayaa inuu noqdo mid kor u qaada dhaqaalaha Itoobiya. Suudaan iyo Masar, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay muujiyeen welwelkooda ku saabsan dhimista biyaha la heli karo.[6] Koronto dhalintu waxay bilaabatay Febraayo 2022.[7]

Taariikh

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Buundada ganaaxa ee Webiga Abay. Waa buundada kaliya ee lugta lagu maro ee ganaaxa ee Abay ee Itoobiya.
Dooxada Abay ee Itoobiya.

Cabsi Masar ay ka qabto in Itoobiya ay xannibi karto Abay waxay ahayd arrin weyn oo ku saabsan xiriirka dheer iyo kan adag ee Itoobiya iyo Masar. Inkasta oo Masar ay Itoobiya u tiirsanayd biyaha, Itoobiya waxay ku tiirsanayd Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria awoodda baadari iyo magacaabista magaalo-madaxeeda. Isku tiirsanaantan ayaa qaabaysay dhacdooyinka tan iyo qarnigii 11-aad. Qarniyo badan, hanjabaadda ah in la xannibo Abay waxay ahayd istaraatiijiyad wax ku ool ah oo lagu hubinayo magacaabista magaalo-madaxyada Masar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ficil ahaan, marna lama isku dayin leexinta ama isticmaalka ballaaran ee biyaha wabiga.[8]

Dhibaato hore ayaa soo baxday intii lagu jiray boqortooyadii Zagwe King Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, kaas oo Masriyiintu ka shakiyeen inuu isku dayayo inuu leexiyo wabiga, inkasta oo boqortooyadiisu aysan waligeed gaarin Abay. Waxa uu ahaa Boqor Amda Seyon I kii ugu horreeyay ee qabsaday bassin-ka Abay oo bilaabay faafinta Masiixiyadda halkaas.[9]

Boqorradii Solomonic, gaar ahaan Dawit II, Yeshaq I, iyo Zara Yaqob, waxay sii wadeen inay ku adkaystaan xakamaynta Itoobiya ee wabiga ahaan qalab diblomaasiyadeed. Waxay kaloo xoojiyeen fikraddan dhanka diinta, iyagoo aqoonsanaya Abay oo leh Gihon-kii Baybalka iyo la qabsiga Tammera Maryam si ay u sharciyeeyaan awooddooda biyaha. Khuraafaadkii Yurub ee qarniyadii dhexe ee ku saabsanaa Itoobiya Masiixi ah oo awood leh oo gacan ka geysanaysa burburinta Islaamka ayaa sii kordhiyay muhiimadda Abay ee xiriirka Itoobiya iyo Masar.[10]

Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurubiyaan ah oo la ogaa inuu arkay Abay ee Itoobiya iyo isha wabiga wuxuu ahaa Pedro Páez, oo ahaa Jesuit Isbaanish ah oo gaaray isha wabiga 21 Abriil 1618.[11] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Bortaqiiskii João Bermudes, oo isku tilmaamay "Baadari Itoobiya", ayaa bixiyay sharraxaaddii ugu horreysay ee Tis Abay River Falls oo ku jirta xusuus-qorkiisa oo la daabacay 1565, iyo qof kasta oo Yurubiyaan ah oo ku noolaa Itoobiya qarnigii 15-aad sida Pêro da Covilhã ayaa arki karay wabiga muddo dheer ka hor Páez, laakiin uusan gaarin ishiisa. Isha Niilka saxda ah ayaa sidoo kale waxaa gaaray 1629 adeegaha Jesuit ee Boortaqiiska Jerónimo Lobo iyo 1770 sahamiyihii Scottish-ka James Bruce.

In kasta oo sahamiyayaasha Yurub ay ka fekereen inay raacaan waddada Niilka laga bilaabo isku darka Abay iyo Niilka Cad ilaa Harada Tana, Dooxada Abay waxay niyad-jabisay dhammaan isku dayadii tan iyo isku daygii Frédéric Cailliaud ee 1821. Isku daygii ugu horreeyay ee halis ah oo qof aan maxalli ahayn uu sahamiyo waddadan wabiga waxaa fuliyay Maraykanka W.W. Macmillan 1902, iyadoo la kaashanayo sahamiyihii Norway B.H. Jenssen; Jenssen wuxuu u socday kor ilaa Khartoum halka Macmillan uu u safrayay hoos ka yimid Harada Tana. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, doonyaha Jenssen waxaa xannibay qulqulka at Famaka gaaban xuduudka Suudaan-Itoobiya, iyo doonyaha Macmillan ayaa burburay wax yar ka dib markii la bilaabay. Macmillan wuxuu ku dhiirigeliyay Jenssen inuu isku dayo inuu markale kor u safrayo Khartoum 1905, laakiin waxaa lagu qasbay inuu joojiyo 500 km (300 mi) gaaban Harada Tana.[12] Robert Cheesman, oo diiwaangeliyay yaabkiisa markuu gaaray Itoobiya markuu ogaaday in biyaha sare ee "mid ka mid ah wabiyada ugu caansan ee adduunka, iyo mid magaciisu si fiican loogu yaqaanay qadiimiga" uu ku jiray noloshiisa "lagu calaamadeeyay khariidadda khadad dhibco leh", wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu khariidado waddada sare ee Abay intii u dhaxaysay 1925 iyo 1933. Wuxuu tan sameeyay ma aha iyadoo la raacayo wabiga bangiyadiisa iyo dooxadiisa aan la dhex mari karin laakiin iyadoo la raacayo buuraleyda sare, u safraya qiyaastii 8,000 km (5,000 mi) baqlo dalka deriska ah.[13]

1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii, dhowr qof oo ku safraya doonniyaal ayaa ku dhex mareen qaybo ka mid ah dooxada. 1968, codsi ka yimid Haile Selassie, koox ka kooban 60 askari iyo saynisyahanno Ingiriis iyo Itoobiyaan ah ayaa sameeyay markii ugu horreysay ee si buuxda loogu dego wabiga laga bilaabo Harada Tana ilaa barta u dhow xuduudka Suudaan oo uu hoggaaminayo sahamiyaha John Blashford-Snell.[14] Kooxdu waxay isticmaashay Avon Inflatables si gaar ah loo dhisay iyo Royal Engineers assault boats oo wax laga beddelay si ay u maraan qulqulka cabsida leh. Sahaminta rafaadka ee xigay 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii guud ahaan waxay daboolayeen oo kaliya qaybo ka mid ah dooxada wabiga.

1999, qoraa Virginia Morell[15] iyo sawir qaade Nevada Wier ayaa safarka ku maray rafd laga bilaabo Harada Tana ilaa Suudaan, iyagoo daabacay dukumentiyo ku saabsan safarkooda ka dib.[16] 2000, Maraykan iyo akhristaha National Geographic, Kenneth Frantz, ayaa arkay sawir ay qaadday Nevada Wier oo loogu talagalay National Geographic kaas oo u horseedi doona inuu aasaaso samafalka Bridges to Prosperity. Sawirkani wuxuu muujiyay buundada jabtay intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, iyadoo 10 nin ay ku sugnaayeen labada dhinac ee qaybta jabtay ay isku jiidayaan iyagoo adeegsanaya xadhig. Buundadan taariikhiga ah waxaa dhisay Boqor Fasilides qiyaastii 1660 iyadoo la adeegsanayo tignoolajiyada buundada Roomaanka ee loo keenay Itoobiya askarta Bortaqiiska intii lagu jiray dagaalkii lala galay duullaankii Muslimiinta 1507.[17] Labada 2001 iyo 2009, tabaruceyaasha Bridges to Prosperity ayaa u safrayay Maraykanka si ay u dayactiraan buundada jabtay ee Abay ka dibna waxay dhisteen buundada ganaaxa cusub oo aan u nugulayn fatahaadda.[18]

28 Abriil 2004, juqraafi Pasquale Scaturro iyo lammaanihiisa, kayaker iyo agaasimaha dukumentiyada Gordon Brown, ayaa noqday dadkii ugu horreeyay ee la ogaa ee ku dhex mara Abay gebi ahaanba. In kasta oo safarkoodu uu ku jiray dhowr qof oo kale, Brown iyo Scaturro waxay ahaayeen kuwa kaliya ee ku hadhay safarka intii lagu jiray safarka oo dhan. Waxay ku qoreen tacaburkooda kamarad IMAX iyo laba kamaradood oo fiidiyoow ah, iyagoo sheekadooda ku wadaagaya filimka Mystery of the Nile iyo buug isla magacaas ah.[19]

29 Janaayo 2005, Kanadiyaan Les Jickling iyo saaxiibkiis New Zealander Mark Tanner ayaa dhammaystiray markii ugu horreysay ee si buuxda aadanaha u socdaalayo ee Abay oo dhan iyo Niilka ee Suudaan iyo Masar. Safarkooda oo ka badan 5,000 km (3,100 mi) ayaa qaatay shan bilood waxayna u safrayeen Itoobiya, Suudaan, iyo Masar. Waxay dib u xusuustaan inay ku dhex mareen aagagga khilaafaadka dagaalka sokeeye, gobollada looga yaqaanay burcadka, waxayna la kulmeen khataro iyo qulqullo badan.[20]

Sidoo kale eeg

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Xusuusin

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Template:Notefoot

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)" , Shaxda A.1. Website-ka Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe (la helay 26 Diseembar 2009)
  2. ↑ Engelking, Marina; McPherson-Ramirez, Gloria (15 Abriil 2008). Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542738-7 – via Google Books.
  3. ↑ Liisaskan waxay ku salaysan yihiin isku dubbaridka G.W.B. Huntingford, Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704 (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34
  4. ↑ "Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge". Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour. Archived from the original on 20 Agoosto 2015. Retrieved 11 Oktoobar 2015.
  5. ↑ Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa ElsanabaryElsanabary, Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa (2012), Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Canada: Jaamacadda Alberta, doi:10.7939/R3377641M, hdl:10402/era.28151
  6. ↑ Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point, Afrika: Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2012, archived from the original on 14 Luulyo 2015, retrieved 9 Luulyo 2015 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |archive-date= (help)
  7. ↑ "Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam". BBC News. 20 Febraayo 2022.
  8. ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. p. 27.
  9. ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. p. 27.
  10. ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. p. 27.
  11. ↑ R. E. Cheesman, Geographical Journal, 71 (1928), p. 361
  12. ↑ Alan Moorehead, The Blue Nile, daabacaaddii dib loo eegay (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp. 319f
  13. ↑ Cheesman, pp. 358–374.
  14. ↑ Snailham, Richard. 1970. The Blue Nile Revealed. London: Chatto and Windus.
  15. ↑ "Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com". bookreporter.com. Archived from the original on 8 Juun 2011. Retrieved 3 Maajo 2018.
  16. ↑ "Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com". Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 6 Oktoobar 2012. Retrieved 27 Janaayo 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  17. ↑ Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1838). "Abyssinia". The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 (Sagaaraad ed.). Henry G. Allen and Company. p. 65.
  18. ↑ "Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists". Bridges to Prosperity. Archived from the original on 12 Janaayo 2013. Retrieved 27 Janaayo 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |archive-date= (help)
  19. ↑ Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, Mystery of the Nile. New York: New American Library, 2005
  20. ↑ "Department - Alumni Association". web.uvic.ca. Archived from the original on 2 Febraayo 2018. Retrieved 1 Agoosto 2018.

Xiriirinta dibadda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

12°00′N 037°15′E / 12.000°N 37.250°E / 12.000; 37.250

  1. ↑
    • Af Amxaari: ጥቁር አባይ, romanized: t’ikʼuri ābayi
    • Af Oromo: Mormor or Abbayaa, lit. 'aabbaha durdurrada'
    • Af Carabi: النيل الأزرق, romanized: an-Nīl al-ʾAzraqu
Cillad tixraac: Calaamadaha <ref> ayaa jira koox la magacaabay "note", laakiin lama helin calaamadda u dhiganta. <references group="note"/>.
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