U bood nuxurka

Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo

Laga soo xigtay Wikipedia, Insaykalobeedhiya xorta ah
Simplified parse tree
Magaalada Buffalo, New York
American bison, oo si caadi ah loogu tixraaco buffalo

Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo waa jumlad ku saxsan naxwaha luqadda Ingiriiska taas oo inta badan loo soo bandhigo tusaale ahaan sida erayada isku dhawaaqa ama isku qoraalka ah iyo erayada isku dhawaaqa ah loo adeegsan karo si loo abuuro qaab-dhismeed luqadeed oo adag iyada oo loo marayo mideyn laba-leh. Waxaa lagaga dooday suugaanta siyaabo kala duwan ilaa 1965, markaas oo ay ka soo muuqatay buuggii Dmitri Borgmann ee Beyond Language: Adventures in Word and Thought.

Qaab macno ahaan u dhigma oo ilaalinaya habayntii ereyada asalka ah waa: "Buffalonian bison [oo ay kale] Buffalonian bison dhibaateeyaan [sidoo kale] dhibaateeyaan Buffalonian bison."

Dhismaha Jumlada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Reed–Kellogg diagram ee jumlada

Jumladu waa mid aan lahayn calaamadaha hakadka waxayna isticmaashaa saddex macne oo kala duwan oo erayga "buffalo" ah. Sida ay u kala horreeyaan isticmaalkooda ugu horreeya, kuwani waa:

  • a. magaalo la yiraahdo Buffalo. Tan waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii kordhin magac oo ku jirta jumlada;
  • n. magaca buffalo, oo ah xayawaan, oo ah jamac (oo u dhigma "buffaloes" ama "buffalos"), si looga fogaado maqaallada.
  • v. ficilka "buffalo" oo macnaheedu yahay in la dhaafo, la wareero, la qiyaano, la cabburiyo, ama la wareeriyo.

Jumladu waa mid ku saabsan dhanka naxwaha oo laba-leh; hal falanqeyn oo suurtagal ah (oo lagu calaamadinayo "buffalo" kasta qaybteeda hadalka sida kor ku xusan) waa sida soo socota:

Template:In5Buffaloa buffalon Buffaloa buffalon buffalov buffalov Buffaloa buffalon.

Marka loo kala saaro dhanka naxwaha, tani waxay u dhigantaa: [(Buffalonian bison) (Buffalonian bison intimidate)] intimidate (Buffalonian bison).

Maaddaama jumladu leedahay weero xaddidan, ma jiri karaan wax hakad ah. Magac-u-yaalka xiriirinta ah ee "which" ama "that" waxay ka muuqan karaan inta u dhaxaysa ereyada labaad iyo saddexaad ee jumlada, sida ku jirta Buffalo buffalo that Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo; marka magac-u-yaalkan la tago, weerada xiriirinta ah waxay noqotaa weero xiriirin oo la soo koobay.

Qaab la ballaariyay oo ah jumlada oo ilaalisa habayntii ereyada asalka ah waa: "Buffalo bison that other Buffalo bison bully also bully Buffalo bison."

Haddaba, falanqaynta jumladu waxay sheeganeysaa in bison-ta ay cabburiyeen ama dhibaateeyeen bison ay iyagu isku dayaan inay cabburiyaan ama dhibaateeyaan bison (ugu yaraan magaalada Buffalo – si dadban, Buffalo, New York):

  1. Buffalo buffalo (xayawaannada lagu magacaabo "buffalo" ee ka yimid magaalada Buffalo) [oo ay] Buffalo buffalo buffalo (in noocaas ah ee xayawaannada ka yimid magaalada ay dhibaateeyaan) buffalo Buffalo buffalo (dhibeeyaan xayawaannadan ka yimid magaaladaas).
  2. [Kuwani] buffalo(es) ka yimid Buffalo [ee ay dhibaateeyeen] buffalo(es) ka yimid Buffalo waxay dhibaateeyaan buffalo(es) ka yimid Buffalo.
  3. Bison ka yimid Buffalo, New York, oo ay dhibaateeyeen bison kale oo bulshadooda ah ayaa iyaguna dhankooda dhibaateeya bison kale oo bulshadooda ah.
  4. The buffalo ka yimid Buffalo ee ay buffaloeeyeen buffalo ka yimid Buffalo buffalo (ficiil) kale buffalo ka yimid Buffalo.
  5. Buffalo buffalo (farta ugu weyn ee mawduuca) [in] Buffalo buffalo (weerada hoose mawduuca) buffalo (weerada hoose ficiilka) iyaguna buffalo (weerada ugu weyn ficiilka) Buffalo buffalo (weerada ugu weyn shayga tooska ah).
  6. Buffalo ka yimid Buffalo [in] buffalo [ka yimid] Buffalo buffalo [iyaguna] buffalo buffalo [ka yimid] Buffalo.
Shax sharxaysa jumlada
Shax isticmaalaysa isbarbardhig si loo sharxo jumlada buffalo

Isticmaalka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Thomas Tymoczko wuxuu tilmaamay inaysan jirin wax gaar ah oo ku saabsan siddeed "buffalos";[1] jumlad kasta oo ka kooban oo keliya erayga "buffalo" ee la celceliyay tiro kasta waa mid sax ah naxwaha ahaan. Midda ugu gaaban waa "Buffalo!", taas oo loo qaadan karo tilmaan ficiil amar ah oo lagu dhibaateeyo qof ("[Adigu,] buffalo!") iyadoo la saaray mawduuca la tilmaamay ee "you" oo la tirtiray,[2]:99–100, 104 ama, sida qaylo-dhaan magac ah, oo muujinaysa tusaale ahaan in buffalo la arkay, ama sida qaylo-dhaan sifo ah, tusaale ahaan jawaab ahaan su'aasha, "xaggee baad ka timid?" Jumladaha ka dheer siddeed eray waxaa lagu dhisi karaa iyadoo lagu darayo weedho xiriirin oo dheeraad ah. Tymoczko wuxuu isticmaalaa jumladada tusaale ahaan muujinaysa xeerarka dib-u-qorista ee luqadshaha.[2]:104–105

Asalka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Fikradda ah in qof dhihi karo wuxuu dhisi karaa jumlad naxwahan sax ah oo ka kooban wax aan ahayn celcelinta "buffalo" ayaa si madaxbannaan loo helay dhawr jeer qarnigii 20-aad. Tusaalihii qoran ee ugu horreeyay ee la og yahay, "Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo", wuxuu ka muuqdaa qoraalkii asalka ahaa ee buuggii Dmitri Borgmann ee 1965 Language on Vacation, inkastoo cutubkii ku jiray laga reebay nooca la daabacay.[3] Borgmann wuxuu dib u isticmaalay qaar ka mid ah agabkii cutubkan, oo ay ku jirto jumlada "buffalo", buugiisa 1967, Beyond Language: Adventures in Word and Thought.[4]:290 Sanadkii 1972, William J. Rapaport, oo markaas ahaa arday qalin-jabiyay oo ka tirsan Indiana University, wuxuu la imid noocyo ay ku jiraan shan iyo toban jeer oo "buffalo" ah.[5] Dambena wuxuu isticmaalay labada nooc ee wax-barashadiisa, iyo 1992 wuxuu ku dhajiyay LINGUIST List.[5][6] Jumlad leh siddeed buffalo oo is xiga ayaa ka muuqata buuggii Steven Pinker ee 1994 The Language Instinct tusaale ahaan jumlad "u muuqata mid aan macno lahayn" laakiin sax ah naxwaha ahaan. Pinker wuxuu magacaabay ardaygiisa, Ann Senghas, inay tahay qofkii hal-abuurtay jumlada.[7]:210

Hadday ahaato Rapaport, Pinker, ama Senghas midkoodna bilowgii ma ogeyn hal-abuuryadii hore.[5] Pinker wuxuu bartay tusaalihii hore ee Rapaport kaliya 1994, waxaana Rapaport la ogeysiiyay jumladay Borgmann ilaa 2006.[5]

Noocyada cajiibka ah ee luqadshahan waxaa lagu dhisi karaa erayada kale ee sida oo kale ah isku mar u adeega sida magaca wadareed, sifo, iyo ficiil, kuwaas oo qaarkoodaysan u baahnayn far-weyn (sida "police").[8] Police waa magac, (boolis) ficiil, (waxa uu boolisku sameeyo) iyo magaalada ku taal Poland.

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ Henle, James; Garfield, Jay; Tymoczko, Thomas (2011). Sweet Reason: A Field Guide to Modern Logic. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1118078631.
  2. 1 2 Thomas Tymoczko; James M. Henle (2000). Sweet reason: a field guide to modern logic (2 ed.). Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0-387-98930-3. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  3. ↑ Eckler, A. Ross Jr. (November 2005). "The Borgmann Apocrypha". Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics. 38 (4): 258–260. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  4. ↑ Borgmann, Dmitri A. (1967). Beyond Language: Adventures in Word and Thought. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 655067975.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Rapaport, William J. (5 October 2012). "A History of the Sentence 'Buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo.'". University at Buffalo Computer Science and Engineering. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  6. ↑ Rapaport, William J. (19 February 1992). "Message 1: Re: 3.154 Parsing Challenges". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 19 October 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2006.
  7. ↑ Pinker, Steven (1994). The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.
  8. ↑ Gärtner, Hans-Martin (2002). Generalized Transformations and Beyond. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. p. 58. ISBN 978-3050032467.

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[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
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