Dambo

Dambo waa nooc ka mid ah dhul qoyan fidsan oo ku yaal bartamaha, koonfurta iyo bariga Afrika, gaar ahaan Zambia, Malawi iyo Zimbabwe. Waxaa guud ahaan laga helaa aagagga sare ee bannaanka ah ee roobku ka da'o, waxayna leeyihiin qaab laan-laan ah oo u eg webiyo, kuwaas oo iyaga laftoodu aan aad u waaweynayn balse marka la isku daro samaysa aag ballaaran. Dambos waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay ka kooban yihiin 12.5% dhulka Zambia.^[1] Erayada Afrikaanka ah ee la midka ah waxaa ka mid ah mbuga (oo badanaa loo isticmaalo Bariga Afrika), matoro (Mashonaland), vlei (Koonfur Afrika), fadama (Nigeria), iyo bolis (Sierra Leone); erayada Faransiiska ee bas-fond iyo Jarmalka ee Spültal ayaa sidoo kale la soo jeediyay inay tixraacaan dhul-qoyan caws leh oo la mid ah.^[2]

Astaamaha

Dambos waxaa lagu gartaa caws, geedo iyo dhirta qoyan, kuwaas oo ka duwan kaymaha ku hareeraysan sida miombo woodland. Waxay noqon karaan kuwo aad u qallalan dhamaadka (xilliga qallalan), iyagoo muujinaya carro cawlan ama dhoobo madow, laakiin si ka duwan dhul-daaqsimeed daadadku qariyeen, waxay hayaan xariiqyo qoyan oo qulqulaya xilliga qallalan. Waxay noqdaan kuwo biyo-fadhiisin (waterlogged) xilliga (roobka) laakiin guud ahaan kama sarreeyaan dhererka dhirta, wax kasta oo dusha sare ee biyaha ahna badiyaa waxay ku xaddidan yihiin durdurro iyo balliyo yaryar ama harooyin yaryar (maraam yaryar) oo ku yaal barta ugu hooseysa, guud ahaan meel u dhow bartamaha.

Magaca dambo waxaa badiyaa loo isticmaalaa dhul-qoyan oo ku yaal bannaanno fidsan oo sameeya meelaha ay ka yimaadaan durdurrada. Qeexitaanka ujeeddooyinka sayniska waxaa loo soo jeediyay "dhul xilliyada qaarkood biyo-fadhiisin ah, oo inta badan caws daboolan yahay, oo ku yaal meelo hoose oo xuduud la leh xariiqyada qulqulka ee meelaha ay ka yimaadaan biyuhu".^[3]

Noocyada

Dhibaatada ka haysata qeexitaankii hore ayaa ah in ereyga sidoo kale loo isticmaali karo dhul-qoyan oo xuduud la leh webiyo ka fog meelaha ay ka yimaadaan biyuhu, tusaale ahaan dambo-ga Mbereshi River halkaas oo ay ka soo gasho dhiiqooyinka Luapula River ee Zambia, 09°43′30″S 28°46′00″E / 9.72500°S 28.76667°E / -9.72500; 28.76667.

Warbixin 1998 ka soo baxday Ururka Cunnada iyo Beeraha ayaa kala soocaya dambos-ka 'hydromorphic/phreatic' (oo la xidhiidha meelaha biyuhu ka yimaadaan) iyo dambos-ka 'fluvial' (oo la xidhiidha webiyada), sidoo kale waxay tixraacday shan nooc oo juqraafi ah oo ku yaal Gobolka Luapula ee Zambia: upland, valley, hanging, sand dune iyo pan dambos.^[4]

Biyo-mareenka

Dambos waxaa quudiya roobka kaas oo si tartiib ah u qulqula si uu u quudiyo durdurrada, sidaas darteedna waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah wareegga biyaha. Marka laga reebo inay yihiin nidaamyo deegaan oo kakan, waxay sidoo kale door ka ciyaaraan kala duwanaanshaha noolaha ee gobolka.^[4]

Waxaa jira fikrad caan ah oo ah in dambos ay u shaqeeyaan sida isbuunyada oo kale si ay u nuugaan roobka xilliga roobka, kaas oo ay si tartiib ah u sii daayaan webiyada xilliga qallalan, sidaasna u xaqiijiya qulqulka sanadka oo dhan, laakiin tan waxaa ka hor yimid cilmi-baarisyo qaarkood oo soo jeedinaya in xilliga dhexe ilaa dhammaadka xilliga qallalan biyaha dhab ahaantii laga sii daayo kaydka biyaha ee dhulka hoostiisa.^[5] Ilaha biyaha ayaa laga arkaa qaar ka mid ah dambos. Sidaas darteed, waxay qaadan kartaa waqti dheer - laga yaabee dhowr sano - in biyaha ka yimaada xilli roobaad culus ay dhex maraan buuraha oo ay ka soo baxaan dambo, iyagoo halkaas ku abuuraya balliyo ama qulqul webiyada hoose oo aan lagu sharxi karin roobkii sannadkii hore. Dambos waxaa laga yaabaa inay ku lug yeeshaan, tusaale ahaan, sharraxaadda isbeddellada cajiibka ah ee heerka biyaha ama qulqulka Lake Mweru Wantipa iyo Lake Chila ee Mbala.

Isticmaalka

Dhaqan ahaan, dambos waa la ka faa'iidaystay:

sida isha biyaha ee xilliga qallalan
cawska loo isticmaalo saqafyada iyo agabka xayndaabka
dhoobada loo isticmaalo dhismaha, samaynta lebenka iyo dheryaha
ugaarsiga (gaar ahaan shimbiraha iyo suga-yaraha)
koritaanka khudaarta iyo dalagyo kale oo cunto ah, kuwaas oo noqon kara kuwo muhiim u ah sannadaha abaaraha maadaama carrada dambo ay badiyaa haysato qoyaan ku filan si ay u soo saarto goosasho marka roobku da'o
lagu qooyo gassafada qadhaadh ee balliyo la qoday
kalluumaysiga (guud ahaan iyadoo la isticmaalayo dabinno kalluun) dambos-kaas leh durdurro

Dhawaanahan, waxaa loo isticmaalaa balliyada kalluunka iyo koritaanka bariiska buuraha. Dadaallada lagu horumarinayo dambos dhinaca beeraha waxaa caqabad ku noqday cilmi-baaris la'aan ku saabsan biyo-mareenka iyo carrada dambos, kuwaas oo caddaatay inay yihiin kuwo isbedbeddela oo kakan.^[4]

Tusaale

Dambo waxaa laga arki karaa 11°28′S 28°54′E / 11.467°S 28.900°E / -11.467; 28.900 (30 km koonfurta ka xigta Mansa, Zambia) oo ku yaal kayd kayn ah. Si ka duwan meelaha dariska la ah ee loo nadiifiyay beerashada iyo samaynta dhuxusha, dambo-gu wuxuu si fiican uga duwan yahay saqafka kaynta miombo ee aan la taaban. Dambos-ka meelaha biyuhu ka yimaadaan waxay leeyihiin qaab laan-laan ah oo u eg webiyo. Inta badan dambos-ka waxay leeyihiin ballac qiyaastii isku mid ah waxayna sameeyaan nooc la mid ah qaabka.

Tusaale ka mid ah dambo-ga pan-ka ayaa laga arki karaa 16°22.003′S 24°18.580′E / 16.366717°S 24.309667°E / -16.366717; 24.309667 (102 km waqooyi-galbeed ee Mulobezi, Zambia). Biyihii ku jiray pan-ka way qallaleen, cawska ayaana la gubay taasoo siinaysa muuqaal madow oo bartamaha dambo-ga ah. Bariga iyo galbeedka dambo-ga pan-ka waxaa laga arki karaa xariiq dambos ah oo ku teedsan laba waddo oo webi ah.

Tixraacyo

↑ Chidumayo, E.N.: "The utilisation status of dambos in southern Africa: a Zambian case study". In: Matiza, T. & Chabwela, H.N. (eds.) Wetlands conservation conference for southern Africa (pp. 105-108). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland (1992).
↑ Andrew S. Goudie, "The Geomorphology of the Seasonal Tropics" in William M. Adams, et al. (editors), The Physical geography of Africa (Oxford: University Press, 1996), p. 152
↑ Mackel, R. 1985. “Dambos and related landforms in Africa; an example for the ecological approach to tropical geomorphology”. Z. Geomorphol. N.F. Supplementband 52: 1–23.
1 2 3 FAO: Wetland Characterization and Classification for Sustainable Agricultural Development 1998
↑ Von der Heyden, C.J. and New, M.G.: “The role of the dambo in the hydrology of a catchment and the river network downstream”. Hydrology and Earth Science, 7(3). 2003.

[1] Chidumayo, E.N.: "The utilisation status of dambos in southern Africa: a Zambian case study". In: Matiza, T. & Chabwela, H.N. (eds.) Wetlands conservation conference for southern Africa (pp. 105-108). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland (1992).

[2] Andrew S. Goudie, "The Geomorphology of the Seasonal Tropics" in William M. Adams, et al. (editors), The Physical geography of Africa (Oxford: University Press, 1996), p. 152

[Mackel-3] Mackel, R. 1985. “Dambos and related landforms in Africa; an example for the ecological approach to tropical geomorphology”. Z. Geomorphol. N.F. Supplementband 52: 1–23.

[FAO-4] 1 2 3 FAO: Wetland Characterization and Classification for Sustainable Agricultural Development 1998

[Von_der_Heyden-5] Von der Heyden, C.J. and New, M.G.: “The role of the dambo in the hydrology of a catchment and the river network downstream”. Hydrology and Earth Science, 7(3). 2003.

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