Dekadda Alexandria
| Dekedda Iskandariya | |
|---|---|
 Aragtida guud ee dekedda Iskandariya | |
 | |
| Goobta | |
| Wadanka | Masar |
| Goobta | Iskandariya |
| Isuduwaha | 31°12′16″N 29°52′48″E / 31.2045796°N 29.8800659°E |
| Lambarka UN/LOCODE | EGALY[1] |
| Faahfaahin | |
| La furay | 1900 BC |
| Waxaa maamula | Maamulka Dekedda Iskandariya |
| Nooca dekedda | Deyr-badeedka xeebta |
| Cabbirka dekedda | 16 square kilometres (6.2 sq mi) |
| Aagga dhulka | 22.8 square kilometres (8.8 sq mi) |
| Tirada dekedaha la istaago | 67 |
| Tirakoob | |
| Culeyska sanadlaha xamuulka | 17,627,762 (2012) |
| Mugga sanadlaha weelasha | 1,442,712 (2012) |
| Website [http:// Mareegta rasmiga ah] | |
Dekedda Iskandariya waxay ku taallaa xeebta waqooyi ee Masar, dhanka galbeed ee Delta-da Niil. Waqtiyadii hore Iskandariya waxaa laga dhisay inta u dhaxaysa Badda Mediterranean-ka iyo Harada Mariut. Midda dambe waxay ku xirnayd Webiga Niil iyada oo loo marayo kanaalo, taas oo u oggolaanaysay alaabta dekedda inay u safraan gudaha dalka iyo dibaddiisa.
Iskandariya hadda waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay magaalada labaad ee ugu muhiimsan Masar, Dekedda Iskandariyana waa dekedda ugu weyn dalka. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba dekedood (Bari iyo Galbeed) oo ay kala qaybiyaan gacmo-badeed u qaabaysan xarafka T. Dekedda Bari waa mid gacmeed, loomana isticmaalo socodka maraakiibta waaweyn. Dekedda Galbeed waxaa loo isticmaalaa maraakiibta ganacsiga. Dekeddu waxay ka samaysan tahay laba deyr-badeed oo isku soo dhawaada.
Taariikh
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Waqtiyadii hore
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Dekedda Iskandariya waa mid ka mid ah dekedaha ugu da'da weyn adduunka. Tas-hiilaadkii ugu horreeyay ee dekedda waxaa la dhisay 1900 BC tuuladii Rhakotis, si loogu adeego maraakiibta xeebaha iyo sahayda jasiiradda Pharos (hadda qayb ka ah "Ras al-Tin").
Qarniyo badan, ciid iyo dhoobo ayaa dekedda ka dhigay mid aan la mari karin. Waxaa nadiifiyay ciidamadii uu hoggaaminayay Alexander the Great sannadkii 331 BC iyada oo qayb ka ah dhismaha magaalada Iskandariya si ay u noqoto saldhigga badda ee maraakiibtiisa. Injineerkii Alexander, Dinocrat, wuxuu isku xiray dekedda Iskandariya iyo jasiiradda Pharos buundo 1200 mitir oo dherer ah iyo 200 mitir oo ballac ah, isagoo abuuray laba barkadood oo deked ah oo loogu talagalay maraakiibta ganacsiga iyo milatariga. Barkadda waqooyi-bari (Portus Magnus, oo hadda ah dekedda Bari) waxaa loogu talagalay maraakiibta milatariga, barkadda koonfur-galbeedna (Portus Eunostus, oo hadda ah dekedda ugu weyn ee Iskandariya) waxaa loogu talagalay isticmaalka ganacsiga. Waqtigii Ptolemy, waxaa la dhisay buundo labaad oo loo dhisay Pharos, taas oo sii kala qaybisay dekedda bari laba marin oo kala duwan.
Sida uu qabo Strabo, Iskandariya waxay lahayd deked gudaha ah oo ku taal Lake Mareotis iyo sidoo kale dekedaha ku yaal badda Mediterranean-ka. Haradu ma lahayn af ku xira badda laakiin waxay ku xirnayd Niilka iyada oo loo marayo kanaalo. Strabo wuxuu ku tilmaamay dekedda harada inay ka mashquul badnayd dekedaha badda.[2] Intii lagu jiray muddadii Masar-tii Roomaanka, hadhuudhka waxaa laga dhoofinayay tiro aad u badan dekedda magaalada ee galbeedka, taas oo kasbatay magaca "Portus Magnus". Hadhuudhka waxaa laga soo dejin jiray Niilka iyada oo la raacayo doonyo xamuul ah waxaana lagu kaydin jiray bakhaarro waaweyn oo u dhow xeebta Harada Mareotis ka hor inta aan la dhoofin. Xilligii ugu sarreeyay ee Boqortooyadii Roomaanka, Iskandariya waxay u dhoofin jirtay 83,000 oo tan oo hadhuudh ah sannadkii Rome. Waqtigii Boqortooyadii dambe, magaaladu waxay u dhoofin jirtay 220,000 oo tan oo hadhuudh ah sannadkii Constantinople.[3]
Casrigii hore
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Dekeddii hore waxaa dib u habayn ku sameeyay Muhammad Ali of Egypt dadaalladiisa ku aaddan dib u soo noolaynta Iskandariya oo mar u noqotay tuulo kalluumeysi oo yar xilligii dhexe ee dambe. Muhammad Ali wuxuu soo saaray amarkii uu ku soo celinayay oo uu qayb ahaan dib ugu raadinayay kanaalka biyaha saafiga ah ee ka imanaya Niil markii uu awoodda qabsaday. Markii la dhammaystiray 1820 waxaa loo magacaabay Mahmoudiyah Canal. Xilligii Muhammad Ali, waxaa la aasaasay goobta maraakiibta ee Iskandariya.
Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, ciidammada British-ka ee Mediterranean Expeditionary Force ee ka qayb galay Gallipoli Campaign waxay isticmaaleen dekedda Iskandariya oo saldhiggooda ugu weyn ee ciidamada iyo sahayda ku wajahan landing at Cape Helles.[4]
Qarnigii 20-aad ee dambe, ganacsiga badda ee dhexmara Dekedda Iskandariya wuxuu dhaafay awooddiisa. Deked cusub ayaa laga dhisay El-Dekheila intii lagu jiray 1980-meeyadii oo leh tas-hiilaad loogu talagalay maraakiibta weelasha iyo kaabayaasha si loogu adeego warshadda birta ee u dhow. Marka lagu daro Dekedda Dekheila iyo Dekedda Galbeedka ee Iskandariya, dekedaha magaalada waxaa ka mid ah kuwa ku yaal Abu Qir iyo Sidi Krer, iyo sidoo kale Dekedda Bari ee Iskandariya oo aan hadda loo isticmaalin maraakiibta xamuulka.[5]
Goobta maraakiibta ee Iskandariya waxaa asal ahaan la horumariyay 1960-meeyadii iyadoo la kaashanayo dowladda Midowga Soofiyeeti sannadkii 2004-tana lahaanshaha goobta maraakiibta waxaa loo wareejiyay Wasaaradda Difaaca.
Masar waxay leedahay wadarta 15 dekedood oo ganacsi oo ku yaal xeebaha Mediterranean-ka iyo Badda Cas. Dekedda Iskandariya, oo ay maamusho Maamulka Dekedda Iskandariya, waa tan ugu weyn dalka waxayna maamushaa ku dhawaad 55% ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee Masar.[6] Guud ahaan dekedaha kala duwan ee Iskandariya waxay maamulaan in ka badan saddex meelood meel ganacsiga shisheeye ee Masar, iyadoo ku dhawaad 80% soo dejinta iyo dhoofinta dalka ay dhex maraan magaalada.[7]
Juqraafiga
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Dekedda galbeed waxay u qaybsantaa dhawr aag:
- Loo isticmaalo maamulka xamuulka guud.
- Waxay ka qabataa afar nooc oo hawlo ah: xamuulka mideysan oo ay ku jiraan Ro Ro iyo terminal-ka rakaabka, xamuulka badan, iyo xamuulka doonyaha.
- Loo isticmaalo maamulka xamuulka guud iyo xamuulka doonyaha.
- Loo isticmaalo maamulka weelasha, sementiga, dhuxusha, xamuulka doonyaha, bacriminta, iyo xamuulka guud.
- Loo isticmaalo maamulka: casiirka sonkorta, alwaaxda, noocyada qaar ee xamuulka guud, xamuulka doonyaha, hadhuudhka iyo burka.
- (Dekedda Saliidda): Waxay ku taallaa xuduudaha galbeed ee dekedda, waxaana loo isticmaalaa maamulka saliidda la cuni karo, wax soo saarka saliidda iyo bixinta shidaalka. Waxa kale oo ka mid ah goobaha loo isticmaalo maamulka xoolaha. Dekeddu kuma jirto tas-hiilaad kaydinta saliidda, laakiin goobaha saliidda ayaa ku xiran warshadda sifeynta iyada oo loo marayo dhuun dhererkeedu yahay 2 km.
Sidoo kale eeg
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Tixraacyo
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- ↑ "UNLOCODE (EG) - EGYPT". service.unece.org. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ↑ Cooper, John (2014). The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 69. ISBN 9789774166143.
- ↑ Haas, Christopher (2006). Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9780801885419.
- ↑ Crawley, Rhys (2014). Climax at Gallipoli: The Failure of the August Offensive. Campaigns and Commanders Series. Vol. 42. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780806145280.
- ↑ Ibrahim, Fouad N.; Ibrahim, Barbara (2003). Egypt: An Economic Geography. International library of human geography. Vol. 1. I.B.Tauris. p. 231. ISBN 9781860645471.
- ↑ Jeffreys, Andrew, ed. (2011). The Report: Egypt 2011. Oxford Business Group. p. 103. ISBN 9781907065408.
- ↑ Christopher, Paul J. (2006). Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit. 50 Plus One Series. Encouragement Press. p. 10. ISBN 9781933766010.
Xiriirinta dibadda
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- Bogga rasmiga ah ee Maamulka Dekedda Iskandariya Archived Diseembar 30, 2019 // Wayback Machine
- Khariidadda dekedda Iskandariya, 1817.[xiriiriye dhintay] Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, Maktabadda Qaranka ee Israel.