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George Weymouth

Ka Wikipedia
Captain
Badmareeyaan Ingiriis ah oo qarnigii 17-aad
Weymouth iyo shaqaalihiisa oo maraya xeebta Maine
Ku dhashayc. 1585
Cockington, Devon, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska
Dhimashoc. 1612
NaaneesGeorge Waymouth
ShaqadaSahamiye, kabtan markab

George Weymouth (qiyaastii 1585 – qiyaastii 1612) wuxuu ahaa Ingiriis sahamiye iyo gumayste ka tirsanaa aagga ay hadda deggan tahay gobolka Maine. George Weymouth wuxuu u dhashay Cockington, Devon, wuxuuna dhalinyaradiisii ku qaatay barashada dhismaha maraakiibta iyo xisaabta. Safaradiisu waxay ka mid yihiin xiriiradii ugu horreeyay ee la diwaangeliyo ee dhexmara quwamadaha Wabanaki iyo dadka ka yimid Waqooyiga Yurub. ​

Safarrada

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Sannadkii 1602 Weymouth waxaa shaqaalaysiiyay shirkaddii dhowaan la dhisay ee East India Company si uu u raadiyo marin dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ah oo loo maro Hindiya.[1] Wuxuu ku safray markabka Discovery saddex boqol oo mayl gudaha Hudson Strait[2] laakiin wuxuu dib u soo laabtay Luulyo 26, maadaama sannadku dhammaad ku dhowaaday rag badanna ay buukadeen. Weymouth wuxuu soo gaaray Dartmouth Sebtembar 5, 1602. ​

Safarkii 1605

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Bishii Maarso 1605, xubno ka tirsan gobolka Ingiriiska, Thomas Arundell iyo Henry Wriothesley, ayaa u diray Kabtan Weymouth inuu gumeysi ka dhex dhismo "Virginia" (goobta Virginia waxay tixraacaysaa dhulka xeebta bari ee Waqooyiga Ameerika oo dhan oo aysan xukumin Faransiiska ama Isbaanishka) iyadoo la isticmaalayo marmarsiinyo ah in mar kale la raadinayo marin waqooyi-galbeed.[3] Weymouth wuxuu ka dhoofay Ingiriiska Maarso 31, 1605, isagoo saaran markabka Archangel[4] wuxuuna ku degay meel u dhow Monhegan oo ka baxsan xeebta Maine bishii May 17, 1605. Isagoo isticmaalaya markab yar oo la yiraahdo The Light Horseman, Weymouth wuxuu sahamiyay meelaha hadda loo yaqaan Penobscot Bay iyo marinada biyaha.[5] ​Warbixin ku saabsan safarka, oo uu qoray James Rosier (oo Arundell u shaqaalaysiiyay inuu sameeyo indha-indheyn faahfaahsan), ayaa la daabacay wax yar ka dib markii raggii ka soo laabtay safarkooda. Buug-yaraha ayaa sharaxay kheyraadka jireed ee ay heli karaan dadka dejiya jasiiradaha iyo xeebta Maine (dekedaha, webiyada, ciidda, dhirta, miraha duurka iyo khudaarta, iyo wixii la mid ah). James Rosier, wuxuu qori lahaa in Monhegan ay ahayd "dhul dhireed, oo ay ka baxaan Firre, Birch, Oke iyo Beech, ilaa intii aan xeebta raacnay; waxayna u dhowdahay inay gudaha ka tahay. Hareeraha waxaa ka baxa Gooseberries, Strawberries, digirta duurka, iyo geedaha rooska ee duurka."[6] ​Rosier wuxuu sidoo kale ka sheekeeyay la kulankii shaqaalaha iyo dadka asalka ah ee ku nool gobolka xeebta Maine ee agagaarka Penobscot Bay, kuwaas oo u dhowaa xubno ka tirsan quwamadaha ku hadla Eastern Abenaki. Safarku wuxuu bilowday kow iyo toban maalmood ka dib markii Archangel uu markii ugu horreysay ku xirtay jasiiradaha Georges, bishii May 30, 1605. Markabka ayaa ku xirtay Muscongus Bay, kabtanka iyo saddex iyo toban ninna waxay ku baxeen markab yar si ay wax u sahamiyaan. Warbixintu waxay sheegaysaa sida shaqaalihii haray ay galabtaas si lama filaan ah ula kulmeen koox ugaarsi ah, waxayna la sameeyeen luqadda calaamadaha, dhowr maalmood ka dibna waxay ku dhiirigeliyeen inay ku kalsoonaadaan hadiyado iyo ka dibna ganacsi.

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Sawir muujinaya sheekada Kabtan Weymouth oo tusaya seef uu ku magnet-yeeyay dhagax magnet dadka asalka ah ee jooga Pemaquid, Maine (hadda loo yaqaan Bristol).

​Markii uu soo laabtay, Weymouth wuxuu ku biiray kulanka, isagoo dadka Abenaki u soo bandhigay rooti iyo digir, kuwaas oo aysan aqoon u lahayn, wuxuuna tusay seef lagu magnet-yeeyay lodestone.[7] Saddex maalmood oo martiqaad iyo ganacsi ka dib, Rosier wuxuu soo jeediyay in shaqaaluhu booqdaan guryahooda si ay u ganacsadaan. ​Rosier wuxuu qoray inay qayb ka ahayd qorshaha gumeysiga in la abuuro kalsoonidooda marka ay go'aansadaan in dhulku uu ku habboon yahay in dadka Yurub degaan. ​

Afduubkii dadka Abenaki

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Bishii Juun 3, sidii ay iyagu soo ehjeediyeen, Ingiriisku waxay u baxeen inay booqdaan guryahooda. Waxay noqdeen kuwo baqaya markii koox weyn ay u timid inay galbiyaan waxayna go'aansadeen inaysan aadin. ​Rosier wuxuu sheegay inay markaas go'aansadeen inay afduubaan tiro dadka Abenaki ah, iyagoo rumeysan inay dadka Abenaki damacsanaayeen "xumaan."

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Arrimahan markaan tixgelinnay, waxaan bilownay inaan ku darno darajada dadka kale ee duurjoogta ah, kuwaas oo dadka safray ay ku ogaadeen sahaminno badan inay yihiin kuwo aad u khiyaano badan; marna ma isku dayaan xumaan, ilaa ay helaan fursad ku habboon oo ay ku fuliyaan. Sidaas darteed ka dib markii talo fiican la qaatay waxaan go'aansannay sida ugu dhaqsaha badan inaan qaar ka mid ah u qabsanno, si aysan (iyagoo ka shakiya inaan ogaannay shirqoolkooda) nooga maqnaan.[8]

​Maalintii xigtay, waxay afduubeen shan qof, saddex dhagar lagu qabsaday iyo laba xoog lagu kaxaystay. Markii laga hadlayay afduubka xoogga ah ee labada qof, Rosier wuxuu xusay in afduubku ahaa mid muddo dheer qorsheysnaa, isagoo leh waxay u adeegsan lahaayeen habab ka adag si ay u sugaan maxaabiistooda sababtoo ah qabashada dadka asalka ah waxay ahayd "arrin muhiimad weyn u leh dhammaystirka safarkayaga".[9] ​Fikradda waxaa shaki la'aan hindisay ganacsatada joogta Ingiriiska si ay u bartaan dhulka iyo dadka ay doonayeen inay gumeystaan. Sidaas darteed, qorshuhu wuxuu ka hor imanayay isku daygoodii ahaa inay abuuraan niyad samid. Weymouth iyo shaqaalihiisu ma qarin afduubka, in kasta oo bulshada qaar ee dadka asalka ah laga dhex rumeysnaa inay dileen halkii ay ka afduubi lahaayeen shantii qof; wax yar ka dib markii shaqaalihii Weymouth ay baxeen, sahamiyihii Faransiiska ahaa ee Samuel de Champlain, oo ka soo shiraacday dhanka waqooyi, wuxuu la kulmay nin la yiraahdo Anaffon, oo ahaa ganacsade yar oo haragga ah, bishii Luulyo 31 ee Jasiiradda Monhegan. Anaffon wuxuu u sheegay Champlain koox Ingiriis ah oo halkaas ka kaluumaysanaysay wax yar ka hor, kuwaas oo "iyagoo saaxiibtinimo iska dhigaya" dilay shan qof oo deegaanka ah.[10] ​

Ku laabashadii Ingiriiska

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Weymouth wuxuu ku laabtay Ingiriiska badhtamihii Juun.[11] Shantiisii maxbuus oo dhan waxaa la geeyay Ingiriiska. Magacyadooda waxaa la diwaangeliyay inay yihiin Amoret, Tahanedo, sagamore Manedo, Sketwarroes, iyo Sassacomoit, oo ahaa adeege; Weymouth wuxuu saddexdii dambe u soo bandhigay Sir Ferdinando Gorges, oo ahaa guddoomiyaha Plymouth Fort, isagoo ku kiciyay xiisaha uu u qabo sahaminta.[12][13] Gorges wuxuu ahaa maalgeliye safarkii Weymouth wuxuuna noqday dhiirigaliyaha ugu weyn ee qorshaha markii Arundell uu mashruuca ka baxay.[14] ​Buug la daabacay 1658, toban sano ka dib dhimashadii Gorges, lana aaminsan yahay in la qoray markii Gorges uu aad u duqoobay, Gorges wuxuu wax ka qoray farxaddiisa ku aaddan afduubka Weymouth, wuxuuna si khaldan u magacaabay Squanto inuu ka mid ahaa saddexdii la siiyay isaga.

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Kabtan George Weymouth, isagoo ku guuldareystay inuu helo marin waqooyi-galbeed, wuxuu galay Webiga Xeebta America ku yaal oo la yiraahdo Pemmaquid, halkaas oo uu ka keenay shan qof oo dadka asalka ah ah, saddex ka mid ah magacyadoodu waxay ahaayeen Manida, Sellwarroes, iyo Tasquantum, kuwaas oo aan la wareegay, dhammaantood waxay ka yimaadeen hal qaran, laakiin qaybo kala duwan iyo qoysas kala duwan; Shilkan waa in loo aqoonsadaa inuu yahay macnaha uu Ilaah ku bilaabay, noloshana ku siiyay dhammaan gumeysiyadeena ....[15]

​Caddaymaha jira waxay ka dhigayaan mid aan macquul ahayn sheegashada ah in Squanto uu ka mid ahaa saddexdii uu qaatay Gorges, taariikhyahannada casriga ahna uma tixgeliyaan tan inay tahay xaqiiqo. Afduubyadu waxay ahaayeen siyaasad u kacsan ganacsatada Ingiriiska. Gorges, oo ahaa madaxa ganacsatada Ingiriiska, wuxuu doonayay inuu dadka asalka ah ku qanciyo sareynta tiknoolajiyada Ingiriiska isla markaana ku dhiirigeliyo gumeystayaasha inay soo guuraan; Intaa waxaa dheer, ganacsatada gumeysiga waxay rabeen inay ka bartaan maxaabiistooda wax kasta oo ay awoodaan oo ku saabsan dhulka iyo dadka Dunida Cusub. Ganacsatadu waxay u soo bandhigeen maxaabiistooda si muuqata si ay u soo jiitaan maalgashi iyo taageero dadweyne oo loogu talagalay mashruucooda ganacsi. Way adag tahay in la fahmo sida ay u sii wadeen siyaasaddan ka dib khibraddii ay kala kulmeen maxaabiistan ugu horreysay. Labada ka mid ah maxaabiista, Manedo iyo Sassacomit, ayaa dib loola soo celiyay Kabtan Henry Chollons 1606, laakiin markabkii waxaa qabtay Isbaanishka. Manedo waa la waayay, laakiin Sassacomit oo si xun u dhaawacmay, waxaa lagu xiray xabsi Isbaanish ah.[16] Sassacomit wuxuu ku khasbanaaday inuu ka baxsado silsiladda Isbaanishka uuna u soo gudbo Ingiriiska ka hor inta aan lagu soo celin gurigiisii hadda loo yaqaan Maine. Labada kale ee ka mid ahaa Abenaki-ga la afduubay ayaa dib loogu celiyay Maine iyada oo lala xiriirinayo qorshihii Gorges ee ahaa inuu halkaas ka aasaaso gumeysi ganacsi. Fikraddiisu waxay ahayd in Abenaki-ga la soo celiyay ay u adeegi doonaan sidii xiriiriye u dhexeeya gumeystayaasha Ingiriiska iyo dadka deegaanka. Halkii uu ka bixin lahaa marin ammaan ah oo ay raacaan Ingiriiska galbinayay, mid ka mid ah labadii, Skidwarres, ayaa lagu khasbay inuu is aqoonsado si ay dadka asalka ah u joojiyaan weerarkii ay ku hayeen Ingiriiska. Skidwarres markii uu guriga joogay, kuma qancin Abenaki inay la ganacsadaan Ingiriiska laakiin wuxuu uga digay inay ka feejignaadaan. Dhaqanka Skidwarres iyo qofka kale ee la afduubay ee Tahanedo, waxay kobciyeen kalsooni darradii horseedi lahayd fashilka gumeysigii Sagadahoc. Khibraddan kama hor istaagin Gorges ama ganacsatada kale ee Ingiriiska inay sii wadaan dhaqanka afduubka ragga deegaanka si loogu qaado Ingiriiska, iyagoo sidoo kale dadka asalka ah ka afduubay aagga Cape Cod. ​Weymouth wuxuu jasiiradda u bixiyay Saint George isagoo ugu magac daray dhabar-jabiyaha rasmiga ah ee Ingiriiska.[4] ​Gudaha Britain, noocyada dhirta Waqooyiga Ameerika ee loo yaqaan Pinus strobus waxaa loogu yeeraa "Weymouth Pine", si loo sharfo George Weymouth. ​Bishii Luulyo 2005, Ururka Taariikhda ee Thomaston, Maine ayaa u dabaaldegay sannadguuradii 400-aad ee safarkii Weymouth ee Maine.[17] ​

Xusuusin

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    Tixraac

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    1. ↑ "WAYMOUTH (Weymouth), George". Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
    2. ↑ Glyn Williams,"Arctic Labyrinth", 2009, p. 45
    3. ↑ Akrigg, G.P.V. (1968)
    4. 1 2 Drake, Samuel Adams. The Pine-tree Coast, (Estes & Lauriat, 1890), 218.
    5. ↑ Seymour, Tom. "Captain Waymouth's Voyage of Discovery". www.fishermensvoice.com.
    6. ↑ " Rosier's Relation of George Weymouth's 1605 Voyage", in Ronald F. Banks, Ed., 1969, A History of Maine: A Collection of Readings on the History of Maine 1600 - 1974, Third Edition, scanned online by Davistown Museum, accessed 20 Oct 2009
    7. ↑ "Stories of Maine: Chapter 3". www.kellscraft.com.
    8. ↑ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906, p. 377.
    9. ↑ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906, p. 379.
    10. ↑ Champlain 1878–82, p. II:92.
    11. ↑ Survey, U. S. Coast and Geodetic (September 24, 1885). "Annual Report of the Director, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, to the Secretary of Commerce" – via Google Books.
    12. ↑ Art, Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and (September 24, 1882). "Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art" – via Google Books.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    13. ↑ Takaki, Ronald (1993). A Different Mirror. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-02236-1.
    14. ↑ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906, p. 357.
    15. ↑ Gorges 1658 reprinted at Baxter 1890, p. II:8.
    16. ↑ Purchas 1625, pp. IV:1832–37 reprinted in Brown 1897, pp. 127–39. See also Burrage 1914, pp. 56–58.
    17. ↑ The Waymouth 400th Anniversary Celebration[xiriiriye dhintay]

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    Buug-yaro

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    ​Adams, Charles Francis (1892). Three Episodes of Massachusetts History. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. Online (via HathiTrust): Multiple copies. ​Adolf, Leonard A. (Summer 1964). "Squanto's Role in Pilgrim Diplomacy". Ethnohistory. 11 (3): 247–61. doi:10.2307/480471. JSTOR 480471. ​Burrage, Henry S., ed. (1906). Early English and French voyages, chiefly from Hakluyt, 1534–1608. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ​Burrage, Henry S. (1914). The Beginnings of Colonial Maine, 1602-1658. Portland, Mainee: Printed for the state. LCCN 14008527. ​Baxter, James Phinney (1890). Sir Ferdinando Gorges and his Province of Maine. Boston: The Prince Society. ​Brown, Alexander (1897). Genesis of the United States. Vol. 1. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. ​Champlain, Samuel de (1878–82). Slafter, Edmund F. (ed.). Title Voyages of Samuel de Champlain. Translated by Otis, Charles Pomeroy. Boston: The Prince Society. LCCN 03017624. ​Deane, Charles (March 1885). "Indians Kidnapped from Maine". Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 2nd. 2: 35–38. JSTOR 25079636. ​Goddard, Ives (1978). "Eastern Algonquian Languages". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.). Northeast. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 15. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 70–77. ISBN 0160045754. ​Gorges, Ferdinando (1658). A Briefe Narration of the Originall Undertakings for the Advancement of Plantations into the Parts of America. London: Printed by E. Beudenell for Nath. Brook. ​Kinnicutt, Lincoln N. (November 1914). "The Plymouth Settlement and Tisquantum". Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 48: 103–118. JSTOR 25080029. ​Pratt, Phineas (1858). "A Declaration of the Affairs of the English People that First Inhabited New England". Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 4. 4: 474–87. ​Purchas, Samuel, ed. (1625). Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes. Contayning a history of the world, in sea voyages, & lande-travells, by Englishmen and others …. London: Imprinted for H. Fetherston. ​Rosier, James (1605). A True Relation of the most prosperous voyage made this present yeere 1605, by Captaine George Waymouth, in the discovery of the land of Virginia. London: Geor. Bishop. ​Salisbury, Neal (1981). "Squanto: Last of the Patuxets". In Sweet, David G.; Nash, Gary B. (eds.). Struggle and Survival in Colonial America. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 228–45. ISBN 0520041100. ​Salisbury, Neal (1982). Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500–1643. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195034546. ​Shuffelton, Frank (March 1976). "Indian Devils and Pilgrim Fathers: Squanto, Hobomok, and the English Conception of Indian Religion". New England Quarterly. 49 (1): 108–16. doi:10.2307/364560. JSTOR 364560.

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    Xiriirinta dibadda

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