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Ghadames

Ka Wikipedia
Ghadames
غدامس
Magaalo
Saacad ahaan ka bilaabmaysa xagga sare:
Masaajidka Ghadames, Magaalada Hore, muuqaalka waddada magaalada hore
Khariidad
Ghadames is located in Libya
Ghadames
Ghadames
Goobta ay ku taal Libya
Isku-duwayaasha: 30°8′N 9°30′E / 30.133°N 9.500°E / 30.133; 9.500
Waddan Liibiya
GobolTripolitania
DegmoNalut
Joogga
[1]
1,932 ft (589 m)
Dadka
[2]
 • Qiyaas 
(2011)
10,000
Aagga waqtigaUTC+2 (EET)
Koodhka Taarikada Gaadiidka17
Magac rasmiga ahMagaalada Hore ee Ghadamès
NoocaDhaqan
Shuruudahav
La magacaabay1986
Tixraac no.[3]
GobolWaddamada Carabta

Ghadames ama Ghadamis /ɡəˈdæmɪs/ (Ghadamsi: ⵄⴰⴷⴻⵎⴻⵙ / Ɛadēməs [ʕadeːməs], Af Carabi: غدامس, Af Talyaani: Gadames) waa magaalo oosis ah oo ku taal Degmada Nalut ee gobolka Tripolitania ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Libya.

Ghadames, oo loo yaqaan 'luulka saxaraha', waxay ku taallaa oosis. Waa mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu da'da weyn ee saxaraha ka hor waxayna tusaale u tahay degsiimo dhaqameed. Naqshadeeda guriyeynta waxaa lagu gartaa qaybinta tooska ah ee hawlaha: dabaqa hoose waxaa loo isticmaali jiray in lagu kaydiyo sahayda; dabaqa koowaad waa qoyska, oo dul saaran waddooyin daboolan oo abuura wax ku dhow shabakad dhulka hoostiisa ah; iyo, xagga sare, sagxadaha hawada u furan oo loogu talagalay haweenka.[4]

Juqraafi

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Ghadames waxay ku taal qiyaastii 462 km (287 mi) koonfur-galbeed ee Tripoli, meel u dhow xuduudaha Algeria iyo Tunisia. Ghadames waxay xuduud la leedahay Illizi Province, Algeria iyo Tataouine Governorate, Tunisia.

Oosis-ku wuxuu leeyahay dad tiradoodu kor u dhaafayso 10,000, badidooduna waa Berber. Qaybta hore ee magaalada, oo ay ku wareegsan tahay darbi magaalada, waxaa lagu dhawaaqay goob UNESCO Dhaxalgal ah. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah toddobada qabiil ee ku noolaan jiray qaybtan magaalada waxay lahayd degmo u gaar ah, oo mid kasta ay lahayd goob dadweyne oo loogu dabaaldegi karo xafladaha.

Cimilada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Ghadames waxay leedahay cimilada saxaraha kulul (kala soocida cimilada Köppen BWh) oo leh xagaa kulul maadaama celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu yahay ku dhawaad 41°C (105.8°F) bisha Luulyo, oo ah bisha ugu kulul sanadka, iyo sidoo kale jiilaal qabow (oo leh isbeddel heerkul maalmeed sare). Magaaladu waxay heshaa roob yar sanadka oo dhan maadaama celceliska roobka sanadlaha ah uu yahay kaliya 73.1 mm (1.30 in).

Faahfaahin Cimilada Ghadames (1991–2020, heerkulka ugu sarreeya iyo kan hoose 1913–2020)
Bilaha Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sanad
Kuleel daran °C (°F) 29.0
(84)		 37.5
(100)		 38.8
(100)		 44.0
(110)		 45.3
(110)		 47.0
(120)		 48.0
(120)		 47.5
(120)		 45.0
(110)		 43.3
(110)		 38.0
(100)		 33.0
(91)		 48
(120)
Kuleel aan darnayn °C (°F) 18.2
(65)		 20.7
(69)		 25.3
(78)		 30.5
(87)		 35.7
(96)		 39.7
(100)		 41.5
(110)		 40.8
(110)		 37.7
(100)		 32.1
(90)		 24.4
(76)		 19.0
(66)		 30.5
(87)
Maalinle °C (°F) 11.4
(53)		 13.7
(57)		 18.1
(65)		 22.9
(73)		 27.9
(82)		 31.7
(89)		 33.4
(92)		 32.9
(91)		 30.3
(87)		 24.9
(77)		 17.5
(64)		 12.5
(55)		 23.1
(74)
Hoos udhaca kuleelka °C (°F) 4.6
(40)		 6.7
(44)		 10.9
(52)		 15.4
(60)		 20.2
(68)		 23.7
(75)		 25.2
(77)		 25.0
(77)		 22.9
(73)		 17.7
(64)		 10.6
(51)		 5.9
(43)		 15.7
(60)
Hoos udhac qiyaas leh °C (°F) −2
(28)		 −3
(27)		 1.5
(35)		 3.4
(38)		 9.8
(50)		 14.4
(58)		 17.0
(63)		 16.7
(62)		 11.5
(53)		 7.5
(46)		 −1
(30)		 −2.5
(28)		 −3
(27)
Roobka mm (Faro) 4.9 5.2 5.3 2.4 1.8 0.5 0.0 0.2 2.9 3.0 3.2 4.8 34.2
% Dhado 52 41 36 28 26 22 22 23 29 35 47 53 34
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 5.9
Saacadaha Bilaha qorraxda 248.0 240.1 257.3 273.0 313.1 309.0 372.0 353.4 273.0 263.5 246.0 232.5 3,380.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.0 8.5 8.3 9.1 10.1 10.3 12.0 11.4 9.1 8.5 8.2 7.5 9.3
Source #1: NOAA[5]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (heerkulka ugu sarreeya/hoose iyo qoyaanka),[6] Arab Meteorology Book (qorraxda kaliya)[7]

Taariikhda

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Xilliyadii hore

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Guryaha Ghadames waxay ka samaysan yihiin dhoobo, lime, iyo jirridda geedaha timirta oo leh waddooyin daboolan oo u dhexeeya si ay u bixiyaan hoy wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah kulaylka xagaaga.

Waxaa la soo jeediyay, oo ku salaysan caddaymo qadiimi ah, in aaggan la degganaa tan iyo 4-tii kun ee sano ee B.C., waana mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu da'da weyn saxaraha ka hor. Xaaladdeeda oo u dhow il biyo ah oo ku taal bartamaha saxaraha ayaa ka dhigtay meel muhiim ah qof kasta oo doonaya inuu dejiyo aagga.

Diiwaannada ugu horreeya ee qoran ee ku saabsan Ghadames waxay soo bilaabmaan xilligii Roomaanka markii degsiimada loo yaqaanay Cydamus, taas oo Ghadames casriga ah ay ka soo jeeddo magaceeda. Qarnigii 1-aad ee BC, Roomaankii proconsul Lucius Cornelius Balbus ayaa duullaan ku qaaday Cydamus xilligii boqortooyada Augustus.[8] Ciidan Roomaan ah oo joogto ah ayaa la aasaasay xilligii boqortooyada Septimius Severus, waxaana laga yaabaa in boqorku uu booqday degsiimada ku dhow AD 202.[9] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Roomaanku waxay ka baxeen aagga dhowr sano ka dib intii lagu jiray Dhibaatadii Qarnigii Saddexaad.

Qarnigii 6-aad, baadari ayaa ku noolaa oosis-ka, ka dib markii dadweynaha loo beddelay Masiixiyadda by Byzantine wadaaddo. Waxay noqotay qalcad u ah Donatist bidco ilaa qabsashadii Carabta Muslimiinta.

Dhamaadkii qarnigii 7-aad, Ghadames waxaa xukumayay Carabta Muslimiinta. Dadweynuhu waxay si dhakhso ah ugu beddeleen Islaamka Ghadames waxayna ka ciyaareen door muhiim ah saldhig ahaan ganacsiga Saxaraha ka gudba ilaa qarnigii 19-aad.

Qarnigii 12-aad ee juqraafi Abu Hamid al-Gharnati wuxuu ku daray Ghadamis waddamada Suudaan (i.e., waddamada dadka madow), saadaal uu Saad u arko mid suurtagal ah, maadaama Ghadamis had iyo jeer lahayd degganayaal u matalaya Timbuktu.[10]

Ghadamis waxay ahayd magaalo muhiim ah oo ku taal ganacsiga addoonta ee Saxaraha ka gudba.[11][12]

Magaca

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Magaca Ghadames wuxuu aad ugu xiran yahay taariikhdeeda. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in magaca Ghadames uu asal ahaan ku xiran yahay magaca qabiilka hore ee Berber ee Tidamensi, qabiil ka yimid Fezzan. Waxa kale oo la rumeysan yahay in magaca Tidamensi ay musuqmaasuqeen Roomaankii soo duulay si ay u sameeyaan magaca Cydamus, kaas oo markii dambe u banneeyay magaca Ghadames.[8]

1900s–maanta

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Oktoobar 1911, wax yar ka dib markii Dagaalkii Talyaani-Turki uu dillaacay, Ghadames waxaa qabsaday askar Talyaani ah oo ka soo socdaalay Tripoli. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xakamaynta Talyaaniga ee magaalada ayaa la hakiyay dhowr jeer ilaa Juun 1915, markii kacdoon guud oo ka dhacay Liibiya uu sababay in ciidamada Talyaaniga ay ka baxaan Ghadames ilaa qalcadda Tripoli. Xakamaynta wax ku oolka ah ee magaalada ayaa dib loo soo celiyay Diseembar 1918, laakiin kacdoon ka dhacay Fezzan ayaa ka dhigay Ghadames xaalad degdeg ah ilaa 1923.

1943, ciidamada Faransiiska ee Xorta ah ayaa qabsaday Ghadames iyo aaggeeda ku hareeraysan qaybta koonfureed ee gumeystihii hore ee Talyaaniga ee Libya, iyagoo samaynaya Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames ilaa madax-bannaanida Liibiya 1951. Ghadames waxaa laga dhigay caasimadda dhulka muddadaas.

1970-meeyadii, dawladdu waxay dhistay guryo cusub oo ka baxsan qaybta hore ee magaalada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dad badan oo deggan ayaa ku soo laabta qaybta hore ee magaalada inta lagu jiro xagaaga, maadaama naqshadeedu ay bixiso ilaalin wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah kulaylka.

Waqtigaas oo kale, agaasime Moustapha Akkad wuxuu doortay Ghadames inuu yahay goob filim loogu talagalay muuqaallada gudaha ee magaalada Medina gudaha The Message, filim riwaayad Islaami ah oo epic ah.

Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya, ciidamada Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka Qaranka ayaa galay magaalada 30-kii Agoosto 2011, kuwaas oo ay go'doomiyeen ciidamada NTC tan iyo bilowgii khilaafka. Ilaa 2011, magaaladu waxay ahayd gacanta ciidamo Tuareg ah oo madax bannaan.[13] Ka dib markii ay qabsadeen Ciidanka Qaranka Liibiya, dhammaan bulshada Tuareg waxaa lagu qasbay inay cararaan fal nadiifinta qowmiyadda.[14][15]

Magaalada Hore ee Ghadames

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Template:Expand section Magaalada hore, oo la diiwaangeliyay 1986 sidii UNESCO Dhaxalgal ah, waxaa laga qaaday dadkeedii degganaa dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii, taas oo ka dhigtay dhismayaashii hore inay khatar ugu jiraan inay dumaan iyadoo ay sabab u tahay dayactir la'aan.[16] Waxaa lagu daray Liiska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka ee Khatarta ku jira ilaa 2016 oo ay weheliyaan afar goobood oo kale oo ku yaal Liibiya, sababtoo ah burburka ay sababeen Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya oo saameeyay dalka iyo khatarta burbur dheeraad ah oo ay keento.[17]

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Muuqaalka saqafyada magaalada hore ee Ghadames

Sidoo kale eeg

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Tixraac

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  1. ↑ "Wolfram-Alpha: Aqoonta adduunka oo la xisaabin karo". www.wolframalpha.com.
  2. ↑ Der Spiegel Archived 6 Oktoobar 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Aug 23
  3. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  4. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org (in Ingiriisi). Retrieved 2016-07-20.
  5. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Jalo". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
  6. ↑ "Klimatafel von Ghadames / Libyen" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in Jarmal). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  7. ↑ "Appendix I: Meteorological Data" (PDF). Springer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  8. 1 2 "Ghadames (Ghudamis), Cydamus: Luulka Saxaraha Liibiya". Temehu.
  9. ↑ Birley, Anthony R. Septimius Severus: Boqorka Afrika. London: Routledge. (2000) [1971]. pg 147.
  10. ↑ Saad, Elias N. (1983). Taariikhda Bulshada ee Timbuktu: Doorka Aqoonyahanada Muslimiinta iyo kuwa caanka ah 1400–1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 8-9. ISBN 0-521-24603-2.
  11. ↑ "Ganacsiga addoonta ee Saxaraha ka gudba - tilmaamo ka yimid falanqaynta interpolation iyo sifo-u-qaabaynta heerkul-sare ee khadadka mitochondrial DNA (Harich et al. 2010)". doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-138. PMID 20459715. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ↑ K. S. McLachlan, "Tripoli iyo Tripolitania: Isku dhaca iyo Midnimada muddadii ay jireen Barbary Corsairs (1551–1850)", Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Taxanaha Cusub, Vol. 3, No. 3, Degsiimada iyo Isku dhaca dunida Mediterranean-ka. (1978), pp. 285-294.
  13. ↑ Liibiya: ka waran koonfurta? The Guardian, 24 Agoosto 2011
  14. ↑ "Tuaregs Liibiya oo u cararaya Algeria iyadoo ay jiraan warar sheegaya nadiifinta qowmiyadda". Archived from the original on 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
  15. ↑ Marozzi, Justin (18 Sebtembar 2011). "Tuareg-ta Liibiya ayaa wajahaya aargudasho". BBC News. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ↑ Wargeyska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka, No.9, Diseembar 1995.
  17. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Shan goobood oo Dhaxalgal ah oo Liibiya ka mid ah ayaa lagu daray Liiska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka ee Khatarta ku jira". whc.unesco.org.

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