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Harada Bangweulu

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Harada Bangweulu
Dadka deegaanka oo jooga xeebta Harada Bangweulu
MeeshaGobolka Luapula iyo Gobolka Waqooyi
Meesha dhacdo11°05′S 29°45′E / 11.083°S 29.750°E / -11.083; 29.750
Ka soo qulqulaChambeshi
DhexmaraWebiga Luapula
Wadanka biyo fadhiisigaZambia
Baaxada biyaha15,100 km2 (5,800 sq mi)
Cabirka biyaha5,000 million cubic metres (4,100,000 acre·ft)
Surface elevation1,140 m (3,740 ft)
Magac rasmiga ahDhoobada Bangweulu
La magacaabay28 Agoosto 1991
Tixraac no.531[1]

Harada Bangweulu ('meesha ay biyuhu kula kulmaan cirka'[2]) waa haro biyo macaan leh oo ku taal waqooyiga Zambia. Bangweulu waa mid ka mid ah nidaamyada dhulalka qoyan ee ugu waaweyn adduunka, oo ka kooban Harada Bangweulu, Dhulalka Qoyan ee Bangweulu iyo dhulka siman ama bannaanka daadadka ee Bangweulu.[3] Waxay ku taal dooxada sare ee Webiga Kongo ee dalka Zambia, nidaamka Bangweulu wuxuu daboolaa aag ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba siman oo qiyaastii le'eg baaxadda Connecticut ama East Anglia, joog dhererkiisuna yahay 1,140 m wuxuuna ku fidsan yahay Gobolka Luapula iyo Gobolka Waqooyi ee Zambia. Waxay muhiim u tahay dhaqaalaha iyo kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ee waqooyiga Zambia, iyo nolosha shimbiraha ee gobol aad u ballaran, waxayna wajahaysaa cadaadis deegaan iyo arrimo la xiriira ilaalinta deegaanka.[4]

Iyadoo leh dhidib dhererkiisu yahay 75 km iyo ballac ilaa 40 km ah, dusha biyaha furan ee rasmiga ah ee Harada Bangweulu waa qiyaastii 3,000 km2, taas oo ballaarata marka dhoobadeeda iyo buqdahooda daadadka ay ku fatahaan dhammaadka xilliga roobka ee bisha May. Bedka isku dhex jira ee harada iyo dhulalka qoyan wuxuu gaaraa 15,000 km2. Haradu waxay leedahay celcelis moolkeedu yahay qiyaastii 4 m oo kaliya,[5][6] moolkeeda ugu weynna waa 10 m.[7]

Nidaamka Bangweulu waxaa ku shuba ilaa toddoba iyo toban webi oo uu Chambeshi (oo ah xididka Webiga Kongo) yahay kan ugu weyn, waxaana ka baxa Webiga Luapula.[3]

Taariikhda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Sahamintii Yurubiyaanka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Harada waxaa u aqoon jiray Yurubiyaanka warbixinnada ay ka heli jireen madaxda sida Kazembe iyo ganacsatada Sawaaxiliga ah, mararka qaarna waxaa loogu yeeri jiray 'Harada Bemba' oo laga keenay magaca qabiilka ugu weyn deegaanka. Sannadkii 1868-kii, sahamiyihii iyo mishonariigii ahaa David Livingstone wuxuu noqday ninkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurubiyaan ah ee arka harada dhanka cidhifka waqooyi ee qaybta Harada Chifunabuli. Waxaa lagu qaaday doon dhuuban ilaa laga gaarsiiyay Jasiiradda Mbabala. Safarkiisii ugu dambeeyay dhowr sano ka dib wuxuu ku guuldareystay dhoobada iyo marinada isbedbeddela ee cakiran iyadoo uu ku dhibaataysan yahay sidii uu u ogaan lahaa webiyada ku shuba iyo kuwa ka baxa harada. Wuxuu dhintay sannadkii 1873-kii tuulada Boqor Chitambo oo ku taal cidhifka bannaanka daadadka ee koonfureed, qiyaastii 100 km u jirta harada lafteeda.[8] Goobtaas waxaa ku calaamadsan Xusuusta Livingstone (eeg khariidada). Harada waxaa qayb ahaan baaray 1883-kii socdaalihii Faransiiska ahaa ee Victor Giraud, waxaana markii ugu horreysay si buuxda ugu wareegay Poulett Weatherley sannadkii 1896-kii.[9]

Harada Bangweulu (guduud) iyo nidaamka Webiga Kongo

Waxay ahayd doonistii hantida kalluumaysiga ee Bangweulu iyo bannaanka daadadka ee qaniga ku ah ugaarta waxa ku dhiirigaliyay Boqor Leopold II ee Biljimka inuu ku adkaysto, wada-xaajoodyadii xudduudaha ee u dhexeeyay Dawladdiisii Xorta ahayd ee Kongo iyo Ingiriiska ee ku sugan Aagga Waqooyiga Rhodesia, marin dhuleed oo gaaraya Bangweulu kana imanaya Gobolka Katanga. Tani waxay keentay samayska qaabka Congo Pedicle (34) kaasoo, sidii ay wax u dheceen, aan si ku filan u dhex gelin aagga si uu u yeesho qiimihii laga rabay.

Hadafka koowaad ee Masiixiyadda ee Bangweulu waxaa la aasaasay horraantii 1900-meeyadii iyadoo hoos timaada awoodda Baasaboorka Joseph Dupont ee ka tirsanaa Aabbayaasha Cadcad ee Katooliga ah kaasoo xaruntiisu ahayd waqooyiga Kasama.

Deegaanka aadanaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Aagga harada waxaa deggan qabiilka Bisa ee ku nool Chilubi iyo Mpika, Dadka Bemba ee ku nool Degmada Luwingu, Unga ee ku nool Degmada Lunga, Kabende ee ku nool Degmada Samfya, Ngumbo ee ku nool Lubwe, BenaMukulu ee ku nool Chungu iyo qabiilo xiriir la leh oo dhammaantood ku hadla Luqadda Chibemba. Dhulka hooyo ee Bemba ee Suldaanka Sare Chitimukulu wuxuu ku yaal waqooyi-bari, agagaarka Kasama.

Kalluunka catfish iyo bream oo laga soo saaray Bangweulu (laga keenay Africa Through a Lens)

Kalluumaysiga

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Haradu waxay taageertaa warshad kalluumaysi xilliyeed ah, dadkuna aad ayay u kordhi karaan xilliga kalluumaysiga. Sannadkii 1989-kii, celceliska qabashada sanadlaha ah waxaa lagu qiyaasay 11,900 oo tan, waxaana soo qabtay 10,300 oo qof oo isticmaalaya 5,305 doonyaha qoryaha laga qoray, 114 doonyood oo loox iyo fiber-galaas ah, iyo kaliya 54 matoorada doonyaha. Sannadkii 2000 qabashadu waxay ahayd 13,500 t.[10]

Dhuumaha gaaska dabiiciga ah

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Horraantii 2004, shirkad gaar loo leeyahay oo reer Yurub ah oo ka shaqaysa gaaska dabiiciga ah ayaa dhammaystirtay qorshayaal horudhac ah oo lagu dhigayo dhuumo si toos ah u dhex mari lahaa qaybta koonfur-bari ee harada. Qayb ka mid ah qorshahan wuxuu ahaa soo jeedin biyo-xireen si loo oggolaado biyo-bax qayb ahaan ah ee qaybta harada ee loo baahan yahay. Qorshahan waxaa la kulmay mucaaradad adag oo uga timid dadka deegaanka iyo waliba u-dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha deegaanka. Ka dib dacwado badan oo maxkamadeed iyo dhageysiyo dhaadheer oo ku saabsan mashruuca, qorshihii waxaa ka tanaasushay shirkaddii reer Yurub iyadoo dhuumihii u samaysay weerar kale oo dhex mara gobolka ku xeeran.[xigasho u-baahan]

Magaalooyinka iyo degmooyinka

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Magaalada ugu weyn, Samfya waxay ku taal xeebta koonfur-galbeed waana saldhigga ugu weyn ee gaadiidka waddooyinka iyo doonyaha iyo dalxiiska, iyo sidoo kale xarunta maamulka ee Degmada Samfya oo daboosha qiyaastii saddex meelood meel dhoobada iyo harada. Degmada Chilubi waxay dabooshaa inta badan inta dhiman, xarunteeda boma waxay ku taal Jasiiradda Chilubi (6), oo ay xaddidayaan dhoobada dhanka bari. Degmada Luwingu waxay uun taabataa harada meesha Nsombo, oo ah magaalada ugu weyn cidhifka waqooyi ee harada. Degmooyinka Mpika iyo Kasama waxay uun taabtaan geesaha bari iyo koonfur ee bannaanka daadadka, Degmada Serenje iyo Congo Pedicle-na waxay uun gaaraan cidhifka koonfureed ee bannaanka daadadka.

Qaybaha Harada Bangweulu

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Lambarrada ku jira qawska wareegsan sidi — (12) — waxay tixraacayaan goobaha ku yaal sawirka dayax-gacmeedka.
Xeebta Samfya.
Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harada Bangweulu (sare bidix) iyo Dhoobada Bangweulu (badhtamaha). Biyuhu waxay u muuqdaan cagaar madow. Furaha: 1 Lake Chifunabuli, 2 Ifunge Peninsula, 3 Mbabala Island, 4 Lake Walilupe, 5 Chishi Island, 6 Chilubi Island, 7 Ifunge Mwenzi Island, 8 Nsumbu Island, 9 Lake Kampolombo, 10 Kapata Peninsula, 11 Lake Kangwena, 12 Lake Chali, 13 Lake Chaya, 14 Lake Wumba, 15 Pook Lagoon, 16 Lupososhi Estuary, 17 Luena Estuary, 18 Lukuto Estuary, 19 Chambeshi Estuary, 20 Luansenshi River, 21 Grassy floodplains, 22 Chichile Island, 23 Kasansa Island, 24 Panyo Island, 25 Nsalushi Island, 26 Ncheta Island, 27 Lunga Bank, 28 Kasenga, 29 Kataba, 30 Lubwe, 31 Kasaba, 32 Twingi, 33 Chaba, 34 Congo Pedicle.

Astaamaha caanka ah ee nidaamka Bangweulu waa taxane ah tiirar ciid ah oo barbar socda oo u socda koonfur-galbeed ilaa waqooyi-bari. Kuwani waxay si gaar ah u muuqdaan sawirrada dayax-gacmeedka waxaana si fudud looga arki karaa xeebta waqooyi-galbeed, Jasiiradda yar ee Lifunge (2), Jasiiradda Mbalala (3), Jasiiradda Chilubi (6), iyo Jasiiradda yar ee Kapata (10). Waxay u qaybiyaan harada saddex qaybood oo barbar socda dhidibkeeda ugu weyn. Mid wuxuu gooyaa qayb loo yaqaan Harada Chifunabuli (1), oo 50 km dherer ah laakiin kaliya 5 km ballaceedu yahay. Albaabkeeda laga galo ee dhex mara ciidda (dhammaadka Jasiiradda yar ee Lifunge) waa kaliya 250 m ballaciisu. Tiir kale oo ciid ah, Jasiiradda Mbabala, wuxuu gooyaa qayb loo yaqaan Harada Walilupe (4), oo 30 km dherer ah iyo 13 km ballac ah. Qaybta weyn ee dhexda ah ee harada ee u dhaxaysa Ifunge iyo Mbabala waxaa loo yaqaanaa oo kaliya Bangweulu.[11]

Waxaa jira gacmo-badeedyo badan, marimo, harooyin yaryar iyo harooyin biyo-fadhiyo ah oo ku xeeran Harada Bangweulu, kuwaas oo ku xiran biyo furan, kanaalo cidhiidhi ah ama dhoobo. Kan ugu weyn waa Harada Kampolombo (9), oo 30 km iyo 5 km ah, koonfurta Harada Walilupe kuna xiran marin 7 km ah. Jasiiradda yar ee Kapata oo 32 km dhererkeedu yahay waxay jiiftaa dhexda Harada Kampolombo iyo dhoobada; caaradeeda dhanka bari waxaa ku taal Harada Kangwena (11) oo 15 km dherer ah.[11]

Kaliya dhanka galbeed ee harada iyo qaar ka mid ah jasiiradaha ayaa leh xeeb si fiican u qeexan, oo leh xeebo ciid ah meelaha qaar gaar ahaan agagaarka Samfya, in kasta oo xitaa halkaas, qaar ka mid ah gacmo-badeedyada iyo marimada ay yihiin kuwo dhoobo ah.[5][12]

Waxaa la ogaaday in qaadista cudurka Schistosoma haematobium ee xeebaha galbeed ee Harada Bangweulu, Zambia, ay ka sarreyso sidi hore loo sheegay.[13]

Dhoobada Bangweulu

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Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee harada iyo dhoobada, May 2020

Dhoobada Bangweulu, oo ka weyn harada lafteeda, waxay ka bilaabataa waqooyi-galbeed iyadoo u wareegaysa dhanka saacadda ilaa koonfurta. Qaybta ugu weyn waxay dabooshaa aag qiyaastii ah 120 km iyo 75 km caadi ahaanna kama yara 9,000 km2.[5][6]

Dhoobadu waxay u adeegtaa sidii xakamaynta fatahaadda sanadlaha ah ee hoos ugu dhacda Luapula iyadoo biyaha u siidaysa si tartiib ah iyadoo u marsiinaysa harooyin yaryar iyo kanaalo badan. Waxay gacan ka geystaan ka hortagga in dooxada Luapula ay si xad dhaaf ah u fataho xilliga roobka.

Webiyada iyo kanaalada dhex mara dhoobada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Dhoobada Bangweulu waxaa inta badan ka soo shuba dhanka waqooyi-bari Webiga Chambeshi, waxayna u biyo-baxdaa dhanka koonfureed ilaa Webiga Luapula. Haradu waxay ku xiran tahay webiyadan, iyaguna midba midka kale, iyadoo la adeegsanayo kanaalo isku murugsan oo dhex mara dhoobada kuwaas oo ay xiri karaan dhirtu oo ay beddeli karaan koorsadooda; ma jirto mareen sahlan oo loo maro dhexdooda. Sariiro sabaynaya oo babiras ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay xiraan kanaalada ilaa ballac u oggolaanaya oo kaliya doonyaha qoryaha ka samaysan inay dhex maraan. Maraakiibta matoorada leh waxaa hortaaga ballacooda iyo waliba dhirta ku xiranta mishiinka doonta. Tan iyo xilligii gumeysiga waxaa la sameeyay isku dayo lagu hagaajinayo marinka iyo isbeddelka hababka biyo-baxa iyadoo la jarayo kanaalo dhex mara dhoobada. Sannadkii 1942-kii, waxaa la sameeyay isku dayo, oo guul xaddidan laga gaaray, si loo jaro marin ka baxa Harada Walilupe ilaa meesha Luapula kaga baxdo dhoobada, si loo oggolaado doonyaha matoorada leh inay ka radaan qassaladda (casaba) iyo waxyaalaha kale ee ka soo baxa aagga waqooyi ee harada ilaa Kapalala Ferry ee ku taal Luapula halkaasna looga sii gudbiyo Copperbelt.[12][14]

Harooyinka yaryar ee biyo-fadhiyada ah

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Waxaa jira harooyin yaryar oo badan oo dhex ku yaal dhoobada, kuwa ugu caansan waa: Harada Chali (12) dhanka koonfur-galbeed, Harada Chaya (13) dhanka bari ee afka Webiga Lulingilla dhanka bari, Harada Wumba (14) dhanka waqooyi-bari ee barta ay ku kulmaan Webiyada Chambeshi iyo Luansenshi (20), iyo Pook Lagoon (15) dhanka Bari ee u dhow Jasiiradda Nsalushi (25).[11]

Astaamaha kale ee dhoobada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Dhanka waqooyi waxaa ku yaal dhowr af-webi oo dhoobo ah oo ballaran halkaas oo webiyadu ka soo galaan harada ama dhoobada, iyagoo ka fidsan waqooyi-galbeed ilaa waqooyi-bari kuwaas oo kala ah: Af-webiga Lupososhi (16), Af-webiga Luena (17), Af-webiga Lukuto (18), Af-webiga Chambeshi (19) (iyo Af-webiga Luansenshi oo ku shuba dhexdiisa).[11]

Dhanka bari iyo koonfur-bari dhoobada waxaa ku shuba webiyada Munikashi, Luitikila, Lumbatwa, Lukulu iyo Lulimala.[11] Af-webiyada saddexda u dambeeyay waa goobaha ugu weyn ee daaqsinka xilliga engegan ee Black Lechwe (antelope madow).

Qaybta ugu weyn ee dhoobada, wax yar koonfurta Jasiiradda Chilubi, waa aag aad u gabaabsan xilliga fatahaadda waxaana laga yaabaa inuu aad u engego dhammaadka xilliga engegan, waxaana loo yaqaannaa Lunga Bank (27).

Bannaanka daadadka

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Aag qiyaastii ah 3,000 km2 oo ah bannaano waaweyn oo caws leh oo daadadku ku dhuftaan ayaa inta badan jiifa koonfurta dhoobada, laakiin sidoo kale waqooyi-waqooyi-bari, iyagoo u shaqeeya sidii kordhinta gobolka ee xilliga qoyan. Bannaanka daadadka ee koonfureed waxay caan ku yihiin raxan aad u weyn oo ah black lechwe ee deegaanka u gaarka ah. Macluumaad dheeri ah oo ku saabsan duurjoogta dhulalka qoyan waxaa laga heli karaa barta Bangweulu Wetlands.

Xaddidayaasha biyaha

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Heerka kulaylka biyaha ee dusha nidaamka Bangweulu wuxuu u dhexeeyay 25.8 ilaa 28.3 °C bishii Noofambar 1993 iyo 23.7 ilaa 27.1 °C bishii Febraayo 1994.[15] Dhaqdhaqaaqa korontada ee nidaamka Bangweulu waa mid si aan caadi ahayn u hooseeya wuxuuna u dhexeeyaa 20 ilaa 40 μS/cm.[15] Nadiifnimada (muuqashada) biyaha waxay u dhaxeysaa 0.35 ilaa 0.60 m inta badan qaybaha biyaha ee nidaamka, laakiin harada yar ee Tuchingo nadiifnimadu aad ayay u weyntahay (>1.70 m) taasoo u oggolaanaysa in gunta hoose la arki karo.[15]

Jasiiradaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Waxaa jira jasiirado badan oo ay dadku deggen yihiin oo ku yaal nidaamka Bangweulu.[11]

Kuwa ku yaal harada waa:

  • Jasiiradda Chilubi (6), tan ugu weyn, qayb ahaan waxay ku jirtaa harada inta badanna waxay ku jirtaa dhoobada
  • Jasiiradda Mbabala (3), tiir ciid ah oo gooya qaybta Harada Walilupe
  • Jasiiradda Chishi (5), dhexda qaybta waqooyi ee harada
  • Jasiiradda Lifunge Mwenzi (7), gooysa qaybta waqooyi ee Harada Chifunabuli
  • Jasiiradaha yaryar: Jasiiradaha Chindo iyo Ibula oo u dhow xeebta waqooyi-galbeed, iyo Jasiiradda Chibwe Ngombe, oo ah meel yar oo waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta Jasiiradda Chilubi, Jasiiradda Minswa iyo Jasiiradda Ngwishi

Kuwa ku jira dhoobada:

  • Jasiiradda Nsumbu (8) dhanka bari ee Jasiiradda Chilubi
  • Dhoobada bari: Jasiiradda Chisale, Jasiiradda Panyo (24), Jasiiradda Nsalushi (25), Jasiiradda Nsumpa, Jasiiradda Matongo iyo Jasiiradda Kabulu
  • U dhow Webiga Chambeshi meesha uu ka galo dhoobada bari: Jasiiradda Mutwamina iyo Jasiiradda Munyanga
  • Dhoobada koonfureed: Jasiiradda Ncheta (26) (oo ay ku taal tuulada Bwalya Mponda), iyo Mbo, dhanka bari ee Luapula kaga baxdo dhoobada
  • Tuulada Kasoma [xarunta Degmada cusub ee Lunga] ee ku taal geeska koonfur-bari ee Lunga Bank
  • Tuulada Kalimakonde oo ku taal hareeraha Churchill Channel

Jasiiradaha xilliga fatahaadda: ee ku yaal cidhifka dhoobada, kuna xidhan dhul-weynaha xilliga engegan:

  • Dhanka waqooyi-bari: Jasiiradda Kasansa (23), Jasiiradda Chichile (22), Jasiiradda Luangwa, Jasiiradda Mbishi, iyo Munkanta oo ku taal cidhifka Harada Chaya, meesha Webiga Lulingila uu ka galo dhoobada bari.
  • Dhanka koonfura: Kasenga (28), u dhow meesha ay ka baxdo Harada Kangwena, Kataba (29), iyo Yongolo, iyo Itulo oo ku yaal cidhifka dhoobada koonfur-bari.

Deegaannada kale

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  • Lubwe (30) oo ku taal Harada Chifunabuli waxay leedahay kaniisad Katoolig ah iyo isbitaal
  • Kasaba (31), kaniisad Katoolig ah oo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed
  • Santa Maria, kaniisad ku taal Jasiiradda Chilubi
  • Mpanta, dhanka bari ee Samfya oo ku taal marinka ka baxa Harada Walilupe
  • Twingi (32), iyada iyo kaniisad, waxay ku taal cidhifka koonfureed ee Jasiiradda yar ee Kapata
  • Chaba (33), dhanka waqooyi-bari
  • Mofu, dhanka waqooyi-bari.

Eeg barnaamijyada kale

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Xigasho

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ "Bangweulu Swamps". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  2. ↑ "Lake Bangweulu". www.zambia.travel. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  3. 1 2 Camerapix: Spectrum Guide to Zambia. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.
  4. ↑ Halls, A.J. (ed.), 1997. "Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention: The Role of the Convention on Wetlands in the Conservation and Wise Use of Biodiversity". Ramsar Convention Bureau, Gland, Switzerland
  5. 1 2 3 Google Earth (http://earth.google.com) accessed 31 January 2007.
  6. 1 2 ILEC Data Summary: Lake Bangweulu. Website accessed 30 January 2007
  7. ↑ Lake Profile: Bangweulu. Accessed 8 September 2021.
  8. ↑ David Livingstone and Horace Waller (ed.): The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death. Two volumes, John Murray, 1874.
  9. ↑ Wikisource Mid ama in ka badan jumladihii ka horreeyay waxaa ku jira qoraal laga soo qaatay daabacaad hadda ku jirta public domain:  "Bangweulu". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th) 3. (1911). Cambridge University Press. 
  10. ↑ Jul-Larsen, E. et al.: "Management, co-management or no management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Part 2: Case studies". FAO Fisheries Technical Papers T426/2 (2003) ISBN 92-5-105032-5. Website accessed 24 April 2007.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 NRZAM.org Map of Bangweulu Swamps (1952), Directorate of Colonial Surveys, Accessed 24 April 2007.
  12. 1 2 Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000
  13. ↑ "Fig. 3. Western shores of Lake Ladoga". doi:10.31857/s0435-42812019125-37-8175. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ↑ W. V. Brelsford: "Making an Outlet from Lake Bangweulu in Northern Rhodesia". The Geographical Journal, Vol. 106, No. 1/2 (Jul. - Aug., 1945), pp. 50-58.
  15. 1 2 3 AR Bos and HJ Ticheler: "A limnological update of the Bangweulu fishery, Zambia". 'DoF/BF/1996/Report' no.26. 25 pp. (1996). Accessed 12 December 2015.

Akhris dheeraad ah

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  • Hughes, J.E. (1933). Eighteen Years on Lake Bangweulu. London: The Field.
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