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Harada Edward

Ka Wikipedia
Harada Edward
Sawirka Sentinel-2 ee Harada Edward
Meesha dhacdo0°20′S 29°36′E / 0.333°S 29.600°E / -0.333; 29.600
Ka soo qulqulaNyamugasani
Ishasha
Rutshuru
Rwindi
Ntungwe
Lubilia
DhexmaraWebiga Semliki
Baaxada12,096 km2 (4,670 sq mi)
Wadanka biyo fadhiisigaJamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo
Uganda
Max. length77 km (48 mi)
Max. width40 km (25 mi)
Baaxada biyaha2,325 km2 (898 sq mi)
Qotoda17 m (56 ft)
Ugu godan112 m (367 ft)
Cabirka biyaha39.5 km3 (9.5 cu mi)
Surface elevation912 m (2,992 ft)

Harada Edward (maxalli ahaan Rwitanzigye ama Rweru) waa mid ka mid ah Harooyinka Waaweyn ee Afrika kuwooda ugu yar yar. Waxay ku taal Gofka Albertine, oo ah laanta galbeed ee Gofka Bari ee Afrika, ee xadka u dhexeeya Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo (DRC) iyo Uganda, iyadoo xeebteeda waqooyi ay dhowr kiiloomitir koonfur ka xigto dhul-baraha.

Taariikh

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Sahamiyihii u dhashay dalka Welsh ee Henry Morton Stanley ayaa markii ugu horreysay arkay harada sannadkii 1888, intii uu socday Sohan Gurmadka Emin Pasha. Harada waxaa loogu magac daray Albert Edward, Amiirka Wales, oo ahaa wiilka boqoraddii xilligaas ee dalka Ingiriiska Boqorad Victoria, kaas oo haday dambe noqday Boqor Edward VII.

Sannadkii 1973, Uganda iyo dalkii xilligaas la oran jiray Zaire (DRC) ayaa magaca u beddelay oo u bixiyey Harada Idi Amin ka dib markii loogu magac daray digtatoorkii reer Uganda ee Idi Amin. Ka dib markii xilka laga tuuray sannadkii 1979, waxay dib u baratay magaceedii hore.

Sannadkii 2014, haradu waxay noqotay xuddunta muran dhanka saliidda ah. Shirkadda SOCO International ayaa gashay dhismaha Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga halkaas oo haradu ku taal si ay saliid uga baarto. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka tuulada iyo shaqaalaha isku dayey inay joojiyaan shirkadda saliidda si aysan u gelin aagga ayaa la garaacay, qaarkoodna xitaa waa la afduubay oo la jirdilay. Qorshayaal lagu dib-u-habaynayo xuduudaha Virunga loona saarayo harada ayaa la tixgeliyey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maadaama beertu tahay goob dhaxal caalami ah haraduna ay qayb ka tahay, qorshayaashaas waxay si dabiici ah uga horimanayaan Heshiiska Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah.[1]

Juqraafi

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Topografi iyo qulqulka biyaha

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Harada Edward waxay ku taal joog ah 920 metres (3,020 ft), dhererkeedu waa 77 kilometres (48 mi) ballaceeduna waa 40 kilometres (25 mi) meelaha ugu ballaaran, waxayna daboolaysaa baaxad guud oo ah 2,325 square kilometres (898 sq mi), taasoo ka dhigaysa harada 15-aad ee ugu weyn qaaradda.[xigasho u-baahan] Harada waxaa biyo u keena Webiga Nyamugasani, Webiga Ishasha, Webiga Rutshuru, Webiga Ntungwe, iyo Webiga Rwindi.[xigasho u-baahan] Harada George ee dhanka waqooyi-bari waxay ku dhex shubantaa iyada oo sii mareysa Kanaalka Kazinga. Harada Edward waxay u baxdaa dhanka waqooyi iyadoo sii mareysa Webiga Semliki kuna dhex shubanta Harada Albert, halkaas oo ay kula dhex biirto Niisha Cad, ugu dambeyntiina waxay u qulqushaa dhanka Webiga Niil.

Hingilka galbeed ee Dooxada Gofka Weyn wuxuu kor u dhaafeysaa ilaa 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) ka sarreeya xeebta galbeed ee harada. Xeebaha koonfureed iyo kuwa bari waa bannaano siman oo laafa ah. Buuraha Ruwenzori waxay 20 kilometres (12 mi) waqooyi ka xigaan harada.[2]

Khariidadda Nidaamka Qulqulka Harada Edward. Aag baaxaddiisu tahay 27,000 km² oo ku hareeraysan harada ayaa ka qayb qaata qulqulka dhulka Uganda iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo.
Khariidadda barkada qulqulka Harada Edward. Khariidad is-dhexgal ah

Fulkaanaha

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Gobolku wuxuu muujinayaa caddaymo badan oo ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa fulkaanaha shandii 5000 ee sano ee la soo dhaafay. Goobaha fulkaanaha ee Katwe-Kikorongo iyo Bunyaruguru, oo leh koonisyo iyo kireetaro ballaaran, waxay ku yaallaan labada dhinac ee Kanaalka Kazinga ee xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee harada. Waxaa loo malaynayaa in Harada George iyo Edward ay ahaan jireen hal haro oo weyn, laakiin laafada ka timaada goobahan ayaa soo gashay oo qaybisay, iyadoo reebtay oo keliya Kanaalka Kazinga oo ah haraaga midowgii hore. Dhanka koonfureed waxaa ku yaal fulkaanaha firfircoon ee May-ya-Moto oo 30 kilometres (19 mi) u jira, iyo fulkaanaha Nyamuragira ee ku yaal galbeedka Buuraha Virunga wuxuu jiraa 80 kilometres (50 mi) koonfur, laakiin qulqulka laafadiisa ayaa gaaray harada waqtiyo hore.[2]

Goobta Katwe-Kikorongo waxay leedahay daraasiin kireetaro iyo koonisyo waaweyn ah oo daboolaya aag baaxaddiisu tahay 30 kilometres (19 mi) iyo 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) oo u dhaxeeya harooyinka Edward iyo George, waxaana ku jira toddoba haro kireetar ah. Tan ugu weyn kuwan, oo ah Harada Katwe oo dhererkeedu yahay 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi), waxay ku dhex jirtaa kireetar ballaciisu yahay 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) waxaana laga soo saaraa Harada Edward oo kaliya 30 metres (98 ft) oo dhul ah. Kireetarku wuxuu qoto-dheer yahay qiyaastii 100 metres (330 ft), dusha Harada Katwe-na waxay qiyaastii 40 metres (130 ft) ka hooseysaa dusha Harada Edward. G. F. Scott Elliot ayaa sheegay sannadkii 1894 in asalka fulkaanaha ee aaggan koonfur-bari ee Ruwenzoris aan la aqoon ilaa markaas. Stanley ayaa booqday Harada Katwe sannadkii 1889 wuxuuna xusay godka dheer, cusbada harada, iyo il biyood oo biyo baaruud ah oo u dhow, laakiin wuu ku guuldareystay inuu xiriir la sameeyo fulkaanaha.[3]

Baaritaanno heer sare ah oo lagu sameeyay qaabka curiyeyaasha kalsaytka iyo nuxurka silika biogenic (BSi) ee ku jira muunadaha laga soo qoday Harada Edward, ee badhtamaha Afrika, waxay diiwaangelinayaan is-dhexgal adag oo u dhaxeeya isbeddelka cimilada iyo jiyookemistariga harada 5400 ee sano ee la soo dhaafay.[4]

Goobta le'eg ee Bunyaruguru ee dhanka kale ee Kanaalka Kazinga waxay ku dhex jirtaa qiyaastii 30 haro kireetar ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay ka weyn yihiin Harada Katwe.[5][6]

Deegaannada dadka

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Harada Edward oo laga arkay Mweya ee Beerta Qaranka Queen Elizabeth

Harada Edward waxay gabi ahaanba ku dhex taal Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga (DRC) iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Queen Elizabeth (Uganda) mana laha deegaan bini-aadam oo ballaaran oo ku yaal xeebaha, marka laga reebo Ishango (DRC) ee dhanka waqooyi, oo ah guriga goobta tababarka ilaalada beerta. Qiyaastii laba meelood oo saddex meelood biyaheedu waxay ku jiraan DRC halka qaybta kalena ay ku jirto Uganda. Marka laga reebo Ishango, deegaanka ugu weyn ee Kongo ee dhanka koonfureed waa Vitshumbi, halka deegaannada Uganda ay yihiin Mweya iyo Katwe ee dhanka waqooyi-bari, meel u dhow harada kireetarka ah ee magacaas leh, taas oo ah tan ugu weyn ee soo saarta cusbada dalka Uganda. Magaalooyinka ugu dhow waa Kasese oo ku taal Uganda dhanka waqooyi-bari iyo Butembo oo ku taal DRC dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, kuwaas oo kala jira qiyaastii 50 kilometres (31 mi) iyo 150 kilometres (93 mi) xagga wadada.[7]

Deegaanka dabiiciga ah

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Harada Edward waa guriga noocyo badan oo kalluun ah, oo ay ku jiraan xididada Bagrus docmak, Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis leucostictus, iyo in ka badan 50 nooc oo ah Haplochromis iyo noocyo kale oo haplochromine ah, kuwaas oo kaliya 25 ka mid ah si rasmi ah loo sharraxay. Kalluumeysigu waa dhaqdhaqaaq muhiim ah oo ka dhex jira dadka deegaanka. Duurjoogta ku nool xeebaha harada – oo ay ku jiraan chimpanzees, maroodiyaal, yaxaasyo, iyo libaaxyo – waxaa ilaaliya beeraha qaranka. Aaggan wuxuu sidoo kale guri u yahay noocyo badan oo shimbiro deegaan ah iyo kuwa guura ah.

Hoos u dhaca jirooyinka iyo tilaabiya

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Goobta soo degista ee Lake Edward Katwe
Sawirka goobta soo degista ee Lake Edward Katwe

Sannadkii 1970-yadii, Harada Edward waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu gaarayso qiyaastii 29,000 oo jeer ah ee dhexdeeda iyo hareeraheeda ah. Laakiin sababtoo ah korodhka ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah ee sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaa jirtay hoos u dhac 95% ah oo ku yimid tiradaas, iyadoo tirada dadku ay hoos ugu dhacday dhowr boqol oo keliya dhamaadkii sannadkii 2006.[8] Sahan dhulka ah oo la sameeyay sannadkii 2019 ayaa lagu qiyaasay in tirada dadku ay hadda tahay 1,500 oo neef.[9] Jeerta waxaa inta badan loo ugaarsadaa hilibkeeda badan iyo foolka maroodiga ee laga helo ilkaheeda. Sababo la xiriira qiimaha sarreeya ee hilibka jeerta iyo foolka laga helo, ugaarsatada sharci-darrada ah waxay si joogto ah u ugaarsanayaan xayawaankan, taas oo keenta saameyn xun oo aan ku koobnayn oo keliya tirada jeerta, laakiin nidaamka deegaanka Harada Edward iyo kalluumeysatada maxalliga ah ee ku tiirsan harada si ay u noolaadaan.[10]

Tirada jeerta ayaa aad muhiim ugu ah nidaamka deegaanka ee Harada Edward sababtoo ah waa nooc aasaasi ah. Jeertu waxay soo saartaa digada, taas oo qubata kalluunka tilaabiya, oo ah nooc kalluun ah oo mar aad uga buuxay Harada Edward. Hal jeer waxay soo saari kartaa qiyaastii 25 kiiloogaraam ama 55 boond oo digada ah maalintii, taas oo quudin karta pockolaal tilaabiya ah ee nidaamka deegaanka dhexdiisa.[11] Iyadoo tirada jeerta ay hoos u dhacayso ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah darteed, cuntada ay siiyaan kalluunka tilaabiya waxay bilowday inay meesha ka baxdo sidoo kale. Tani waxay keentay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid tirada tilaabiya, maadaama tirada yar ee jeerta ah aysan taageeri karin isku midka tirada kalluunka tilaabiya sidii hore, taasoo keentay dhibaato sii kordheysa oo aan ku koobnayn deegaanka oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale kalluumeysatada maxalliga ah ee tuulooyinka ku hareeraysan Harada Edward.

Kalluumeysatada ku sugan Harada Edward
Kalluumeysatada ku sugan Harada Edward

Ahaanshaha mid aad u dhow Harada Edward, tuulooyinka ku yaal aaggaas waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin kalluunka, gaar ahaan tilaabiya, si ay qoysaskooda ugu kaalmeeyaan cunto iyo lacag. Waagii hore, Harada Edward waxay taageeri kartay baahida kalluunka ee dhammaan bariga DRC. Haradu waxay lahayd awood wax-soo-saar oo u dhaxeysa 15,000 iyo 20,000 metric tons oo tilaabiya ah sannadkii, iyadoo la qiyaasayay inay harada ku jiraan qiyaastii 700 oo doonyood oo kalluumeysi ah. Sababtoo ah hoos u dhaca jeerta ee aagga ugaarsiga darteed, tani waxay saameyn ku yeelatay xaddiga tilaabiya ee harada, taas oo keentay in kalluumeysatada tuulooyinka dhow ay dhibaatoodaan, iyo sidoo kale inta kale ee bariga DRC. Suuqyo badan ayaa awoodi waayay inay sii waaraan kalluunka u gaarka ah, haddana waxay u baahan yihiin inay kalluun ka soo dejiyaan aagagga kale si ay u sii wadaan ganacsiyadooda.[8][11]

In kastoo, tirada jeerta ee hoos u dhacaysa aysan ahayn khatarta keliya ee ku wajahan tilaabiya ee Harada Edward. Sababtoo ha hoos u dhaca tirada tilaabiya, aagga dhalmada iyo goobaha kalluumeysiga ee kalluunka waa kuwa laga mamnuucay kalluumeysatada. Laakiin qaar ka mid ah kooxaha fallaagada ah iyo sidoo kale tuugada ama kalluumeysatada sharciga darro ah ayaa isku dayaya nasiibkooda aaggan, badanaa waxay keenaan dhibaatooyin ka sii weyn marka la isku dayayo in la ilaaliyo lana kordhiyo tirada tilaabiya ee aagga.[11] Sababtaas darteed, tuulooyin badan oo ku hareeraysan Harada Edward iyo nidaamka deegaanka ee Harada Edward ayaa dhibaataysan.

Iska horimaadkii Harada Edward ee 2018

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Taariikhdu markay ahayd Luulyo 6, 2018, waxaa jiray iska horimaad dhanka badda ah oo dhex maray labada qaran ee Uganda iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo ee ku saabsan Harada Edward. Iska horimaadkani wuxuu ku bilowday natiijada ka dhalatay markii maraakiibta badda ee Kongo loo diray inay baaraan warbixinnada sheegaya in ciidanka badda ee Uganda ay qabteen dhowr maraakiib kalluumeysi oo Kongo ah, iyo dad rayid ah. Iska horimaadkan wuxuu sababay dhimashada hal qof, iyo dhaawaca saddex kale.[12][13]

Warbixinnadii ugu horreyay ee ay soo saareen saraakiisha maxalliga ah ee Kongo waxay sheegeen in toddoba qof lagu dilay iska horimaadka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma aysan taageerin midkoodna dawladaha qaranka.[14] Markay ahayd Luulyo 9, sarkaalka Kivu Waqooyi Muhindo Kyakwa ayaa sheegay in laba iyo toban kalluumeysato Kongo ah lagu dilay iska horimaadyada.[15]

Xigasho

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  1. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey (2014-11-15). "Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past". The New York Times (in Ingiriis Maraykan). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  2. 1 2 Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes
  3. ↑ Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda", Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 88 (1-4), p. 370–442, Template:Doi
  4. ↑ Russell, James M.; Johnson, Thomas C. (July 2005). "A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene". Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (12–13): 1375–1389. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24.1375R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003. ISSN 0277-3791.
  5. ↑ "The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi | Rubirizi District". rubirizi.go.ug. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  6. ↑ "Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru". Monitor (in Ingiriisi). 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  7. ↑ Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie, map scale 1:4 000 000, Paris : Pneu Michelin
  8. 1 2 Schrank, Delphine (2009-06-01). "As Go the Hippos …". The Atlantic (in Ingiriisi). Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  9. ↑ "Hippopotamus | Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park". Virunga National Park (in Ingiriis Maraykan). Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  10. ↑ "Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos". the Guardian (in Ingiriisi). 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  11. 1 2 3 "Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes". Global Press Journal (in Ingiriis Maraykan). 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  12. ↑ "One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border". Reuters. July 6, 2018. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018.
  13. ↑ "One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border". africanews.com. July 7, 2018.
  14. ↑ "Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward". Club of Mozambique. BBC. July 6, 2018.
  15. ↑ "Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute". Deutsche Welle. July 10, 2018. "The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.

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