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Harada Manyara

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Harada Manyara
Large lake into horizon center and left, forested cliffs to right, forest in foreground.
Muqaalka guud ee Beerta Qaranka ee Harada Manyara.
MeeshaDegmada Monduli, Gobolka Arusha, Tanzania
Meesha dhacdo3°35′S 35°50′E / 3.583°S 35.833°E / -3.583; 35.833
Lake typeCusbada leh, alkaline, endorheic
Ka soo qulqulaWebiga Simba (ka yimaada waqooyiga), Webiga Makayuni (ka yimaada bariga)
Max. length40 km (25 mi) max
Max. width15 km (9.3 mi) max
Baaxada biyaha181.5 sq mi (470 km2)[1]
Ugu godan3.7 m (12 ft)
Surface elevation1,045 m (3,428 ft)
Lake Manyara, the shores and cliff after dusk.
Harada Manyara, dusha sare ee jararka ka dib qorrax dhaca.

Harada Manyara oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Harada Moya dhexdeeda Dadka Iraqw waa haro ku taal Degmada Monduli ee Gobolka Arusha, Tanzania waana harada toddobaad ee ugu weyn Tanzania marka loo eego bedka dusha sare, taasoo gaaraysa 470-square-kilometre (180 sq mi).[1] Waa haro gabaabsig ah oo alkaline ah oo ku taal qaybta Natron-Manyara-Balangida ee Dooxada Rift ee Bariga Afrika.[2] Rubaca waqooyi-galbeed ee harada (qiyaastii 200 sq. km.) [3] waxay ku dhex jirtaa Beerta Qaranka ee Harada Manyara waxayna qayb ka tahay Kaydka Biosphere ee Harada Manyara, kaas oo la aasasay 1981-kii iskaashiga UNESCO ee barnaamijkeeda Man and the Biosphere.[4]

Waxaa jira sharraxaado kala duwan oo ku saabsan siday Harada Manyara ku qaatay magaceeda. Magaca Manyara wuxux ka imaan karaa ereyga Maasai "emanyara", oo ah odayaal xodxodan oo difaac u ah agagaarka hoyga qoyska (boma). Waxaa suurtogal ah in jararka dooxada rift ee dhererkiisu yahay 600 m uu ku wareegsan yahay harada, sida deyrka ku wareegsan Maasai boma.[5] Aragti kale ayaa ah in qabiilka Mbugwe, ee ku nool agagaarka Harada Manyara, ay ugu magac dareen harada ereyga Mbugwe ee manyero, oo u taagan meel ay xooluhu biyaha ka cabbaan.[6]

Haydaraalajiga iyo dooxada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Harada Manyara waxay leedahay bedka biyaha ururiya oo qiyaastii ah 18,372 km2 iyadoo dhererkeedu u dhaxeeyo 938 m iyo 3633 m ka sarreeya heerka badda. Haradu waxay ku taal doox xidhan oo aan lahayn meel biyo-bax ah, halkaas oo biyaha ku lumiyaan kaliya uumi-bax. Waxaa quudiya ilo dhulka hoose ah, laakiin inta ugu badan ee biyaha soo gala waxay ka yimaadaan roobabka ay xanbaarsan yihiin webiyada joogtada ah iyo kuwa xilliyeedka ah ee ka soo dega dhulka ku hufan.[7] Dhowrka harada iyo bedka ay daboosho waxay isbedbeddelaan si weyn.[7] Marka ay ugu badantahay, xilliga roobka, haradu waxay balladhankeedu yahay 40 km iyo 15 km iyadoo dhexroorkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay 3.7 m.[1] Sannadkii 2010, sahlan bathymetry wuxuu muujiyay in haradu leedahay celcelis ahaan dhexroor 0.81 m, iyo dhexroorka ugu sarreeya oo ah qiyaastii 1.18 m.[7] Xilliyada abaarta daran, bedka dusha sare ee harada wuu yassadaa maadaama biyuhu uumi-baxaan, mararka qaarkoodna haradu gabi ahaanba way qallashaa.[7] Harada Manyara waa haro soda ama alkaline ah oo leh pH u dhow 9.5,[8] sidoo kale waxay hodan ku tahay cusbada kala milantay. Biyuhu waxay noqdaan kuwo sii cusboon xilliga abaarta marka biyuhu uumi-baxaan oo cusbadu isku ururto.[9] Xilliyada qallalan, dhul ballaaran oo dhoobo ah ayaa bannaanka usoo baxa xeebta hareeraheeda.[8] Dhulalkan alkaline-ka ah waxay isu beddelaan dhul daaqsimeed, iyagoo soo jiita xayawaanka daaqaya, oo ay ku jiraan lo'da duurjoogta ah ee waaweyn, gnu-da iyo dameer-farooyinka.[3] Dhinaca galbeed ee harada waxaa ku hareeraysan jarar dhaadheer oo dooxada rift ah, dhanka waqooyi waxaa ku yaal dhulka sare ee Ngorongoro, halka bariga iyo koonfur-bari dhul fidsan oo leh buuro foolkaanaha ah uu isu beddelo dhul fidsan oo rito ah. Dhawr ilood, durdurro, dhulal qoyan iyo harooyin yaryar, oo joogto ah iyo xilliyeedba leh, ayaa ku shuba harada. Xeebaha harada cusbada leh waxay ku leedahay cidhifkeeda waqooyi magaalada Mto wa Mbu oo leh beerashada waraabka. Dhanka galbeed waxaa ku yaal kayn biyaha dhulka hoose ah oo fidsan inta u dhaxaysa xeebta harada iyo jaranjarada rift-ka ah, waxaana inta badan daboosha Beerta Qaranka ilaa laga gaaro kaynta Marang'. Dooxada rift-ka ee koonfurta harada, dhulal fidsan oo webiyadu ku daataan ayaa loo isticmaalaa beerashada waraabka. Dhulka sare ee qoyan ee waxsoosaarka leh ee ku yaal dooxada oo dhan waxaa inta badan u isticmaala beerashada ku tiirsan roobka qoomiyado kala duwan oo ku xiran guuritaanka taariikhiga ah iyo qaababka dib u định-galka. Savannas-ka qallalan ee aan la saadaalin karin waxaa u isticmaala daaqsinta xoolaha xoolo-dhaqatada (inta badan Maasai). Koonfur-bari ee LM beerta kale ee weyn ee caanka ah (Tarangire) ayaa ku taal. Sidoo kale, dhulka dooxada oo dhan waxaa ku yaal dhowr kayd oo ugaarta ah, aagagga dhowrista, kaydka kaymaha, aagagga maamulka duurjoogta iyo tuulooyin badan iyo kaabayaasha dalxiiska (waddooyin, hudheelo iyo xeryo teendhooyin leh).

Khataraha iyo dhowrista

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Harada Manyara waxay qayb ahaan ku dhowrsan tahay Beerta Qaranka ee Harada Manyara waana mid ka mid ah toddobada kayd ee UNESCO Man and Biosphere ee Tanzania. Nidaamka bulsho-deegaan ee dooxada weyn ee Harada Manyara wuxuu dhibaataysan yahay dhibaatooyin deegaan oo badan sababo la xiriira isticmaalka dhulka iyo biyaha oo aan waari karin.[10] Harada Manyara waxay la kulantay kor u kac guud ee heerka fadhiisiga dhoobada 120-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay iyadoo madaxyo muuqda la arkay 1960-gadii iyo 2010-kii.[11] Heerka kordhay ee fadhiisiga dhoobada wuxuu inta badan ka dhashay is-dhexgalka adblock ee u dhexeeya nabaad-guurka ciidda ee kordhay ka dib isbeddelada daboolka dhulka [12] iyo isbedbeddelka roobka dabiiciga ah.

Khariidadda dooxada biyaha ee Manyara (khadka madow ee adblock) (laga soo qaatay Bachofer et al. 2014[13])

Kaluunka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Noocyada kalluunka ee ugu muhiimsan ee ku nool harada waa kuluunka bāwda (catfish) iyo tilapia.[9] Waxaa jira jillaabasho yar, laakiin kalluunka waxaa badanaa laga helaa agagaarka meelaha biyuhu ka soo galaan, halkaas oo ururinta cusbadu ay hoosayso.[1] Harada Manyara waa goobta nooca kalluunka khatarta ku jira ee Oreochromis amphimelas, oo ah nooc ka mid ah qoyska cichlid, una dhashay Tanzania, lagana helo Harada Manyara iyo dhowr harooyin kale oo cusbo leh oo xidhan. Ka faa'iidaysiga waa ka mamnuuc qaybaha Harada Manyara ee ku dhex jira Beerta Qaranka, aagagga beerta ee dhowrsanna waxay bixiyaan kayd muhiim ah oo dib loogu soo celiyo dadka kalluunka la jillaabay.[14]

Shimbiraha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Beerta Qaranka ee Harada Manyara waxaa lagu yaqaannaa raxan kumanaan flamingo ah oo quuta xeebta harada xilliga roobka. Mararka qaarkood, waxaa jirtay qiyaas ka badan 2 milyan oo shimbiraha biyaha ah oo noocyo kala duwan leh. Jadwalka soo socda wuxuu soo koobayaa noocyada ugu badan, marka loo eego xaashida macluumaadka Important Bird Areas: Lake Manyara.[15]

NoocaQaybta Liiska Cas ee IUCN ee HadaXilligaSannadka qiyaastaQiyaasta tirada
Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata)LCjiilaal19954,650 xabo
Greater Flamingo (Phoaniconaias minor)ELCaan tarmin-40,000 xabo
Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor)NTaan tarmin19911,900,000 xabo
Yellow-billed Stork (Mycteria ibis)LCaan tarmin19951,020 xabo
Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus)LCaan tarmin1991200,000 xabo
Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus)NRaan tarmin19958,367 xabo
Pied Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta)LCaan tarmin19954,940 xabo
Chestnut-banded Plover (Charadrius pallidus)NTaan tarmin1995619 xabo
Caspian Plover (Charadrius asiaticus)LCjiilaal19953,302 xabo
Ruff (Calidris pugnax)LCjiilaal199545,486 xabo
Little Stint (Calidris minuta)LCjiilaal199578,675 xabo
Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis)LCjiilaal19952,441 xabo
Common Gull-billed Tern (Sterna nilotica)NRjiilaal19951,566 xabo
White-winged Tern (Chlidonias leucopterus)LCjiilaal19953,283 xabo
Kooxda Noocyada - shimbiraha biyahan/aaan tarmin1991–19951,000,000–2,499,999 xabo

Booqashada Harada Manyara

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Harada Manyara waxaa laga geli karaa Beerta Qaranka ee Harada Manyara. Iyadoo leh albaab laga galo oo hadana laga baxo, wadada dhexmarta beerta waa mid wareeg ah oo lagu mari karo jeep dhowr saacadood gudahood. Wadooyinka waxay dhex maraan kaymaha, dhulka baadiyaha ah iyo dhal qoyan, ka hor inta aan la gaarin xeebta harada. Jararka Dooxada Rift wuxuu bixiyaa muuqaal cajiib ah.

Magaalada u dhow ee Mto wa Mbu, iyada oo loo marayo Barnaamijka Dalxiiska Dhaqanka, waxaa suurtogal ah in la abaabulo safar dooni ah oo harada dhexdeeda ah, ama safar jillaabasho ah si loo barto hababka jillaabashada ee hiddaha ah. Safarrada baaskiilka ee dhanka xeebta bari ee harada iyagana waa la qabanqaabin karaa.[16]

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. 1 2 3 4 "Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1". FAO.
  2. ↑ Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex (August 1997). "Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System". Journal of the Geological Society. 154 (4): 689–700. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689. S2CID 128697181.
  3. 1 2 "Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism". Archived from the original on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  4. ↑ "Lake Manyara". UNESCO. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  5. ↑ "Tanzania, Lake Manyara National Park".
  6. ↑ "Maana ya Manyara".
  7. 1 2 3 4 Deus, Dorothea; Richard Gloaguen and Peter Krause (2013). "Water Balance Modeling in a Semi-Arid Environment with Limited in situ Data Using Remote Sensing in Lake Manyara, East African Rift, Tanzania". Remote Sensing. 5 (4): 1651–1680. Bibcode:2013RemS....5.1651D. doi:10.3390/rs5041651.
  8. 1 2 Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). A directory of African wetlands. UNEP. p. 255.
  9. 1 2 "Lake Manyara, Manyara, Tanzania Vacation Info - LakeLubbers".
  10. ↑ Janssens de Bisthoven, Luc (2020-08-01). "Social-ecological assessment of Lake Manyara basin, Tanzania: A mixed method approach" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Management. 267 110594. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110594. PMID 32349949. S2CID 217592412.
  11. ↑ Wynants, Maarten (2020-05-15). "Determining tributary sources of increased sedimentation in East-African Rift Lakes". Science of the Total Environment. 717 137266. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.717m7266W. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137266. PMID 32084693. S2CID 211246435.
  12. ↑ Wynants, Maarten (2018-09-01). "Pinpointing areas of increased soil erosion risk following land cover change in the Lake Manyara catchment, Tanzania". International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 71: 1–8. Bibcode:2018IJAEO..71....1W. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2018.05.008. hdl:10566/3835. S2CID 51873764.
  13. ↑ Bachofer, Felix; Quénéhervé, Geraldine; Märker, Michael (2014). "The Delineation of Paleo-Shorelines in the Lake Manyara Basin Using TerraSAR-X Data". Remote Sensing (in Ingiriisi). 6 (3): 2195–2212. doi:10.3390/rs6032195. hdl:2158/911957. ISSN 2072-4292.
  14. ↑ Bayona, J.D.R. 2006. Oreochromis amphimelas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006: e.T60629A12388607. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60629A12388607.en. Downloaded on 24 April 2019.
  15. ↑ BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Lake Manyara. Downloaded from https://www.birdlife.org on 24/04/2019
  16. ↑ "Catalog". mtoculturalprogramme.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-31.

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