Harada Mariout
| Harada Mariout بحيرة مريوط | |
|---|---|
| بحيرة مريوط | |
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| Meesha dhacdo | 31°09′11″N 29°53′55″E / 31.153056°N 29.898611°E |
| Lake type | Biyo-dhanaan |
| Wadanka biyo fadhiisiga | Masar |
| Baaxada biyaha | 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) qiyaastii. |
| Deegaanka | Iskandariya |
Harada Mariout (Af Carabi: بحيرة مريوط Boḥēret Maryūṭ, IPA: [boˈħeːɾet mɑɾˤˈjuːtˤ], sidoo kale loo qoro Maryut ama Mariut), waa haro biyo-dhanaan ah oo ku taal waqooyiga Masar oo u dhow magaalada Iskandariya. Baaxadda harada waxay dabooli jirtay 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) waxayna lahayd kanaal la mari karo bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad,[1] laakiin bilowgii qarnigii 21-aad, waxay daboolaysaa oo qura qiyaastii 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi).[2]
Magaca weynta
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Magaca Harada Mariout wuxuu ka yimid magaca Giriigga ee Mareotis (Ancient Greek: Μαρεῶτις) ama Marea, kaasi oo loogu aqoon jiray Xilligii Ptolemaic.[1]
Guud ahaan
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Waagii hore, harada waxay ahayd mid aad uga weyn inta ay hadda tahay, iyadoo u sii fidsan dhanka koonfureed iyo galbeedka una fidsan qiyaastii 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi). Ma lahayn wax af ah oo ku xira Badda Cad, waxaana biyaha ka heli jirtay Webiga Niil iyadoo loo marayo dhowr kanaal. Qarnigii labatanaad harada waxay u dhimatay urur harooyin cusbo leh iyo bannaanno cusbo ah waxayna engegtay Dabayaaqadii Aamihii Dhexe.[3][4]
Ilaa qarnigii 18-aad harada waxay ahayd biyo macaan, inkastoo inta badan ay engegi jirtay sannad kasta inta lagu jiro muddada yar ka hor inta uusan Niilku dib u soo buuxin. Duufaan dhacday 1770 ayaa jabisay gidaarka badda ee Abu Qir, iyadoo abuurta haro biyo baddood ah oo loo yaqaan Harada Abu Qir. Biyaha cusbada leh waxaa laga fogeeyay Harada Mariout kanaal u oggolaanaya biyaha macaan inay ka yimaadaan Niilka ilaa Iskandariya. Sida qayb ka mid ah Go'doomintii Iskandariya, 13 March 1801, Ingiriisku waxay jareen kanaalka, iyagoo oggolaaday qulqul weyn oo biyo badeed ah oo ka yimid Harada Abu Qir una gudbay Harada Mariout. Harada Abu Qir waxay joogsatay inay jirto, Harada Mariout-na waxay noqotay biyo-dhanaan halkii ay biyo macaan ka ahaan lahayd.[5]
Daadadka biyaha cusbada leh waxay sidoo kale burburiyeen 150 tuulo[4] iyagoo dib u buuxinaya Harada Mariout si ay si lama filaan ah dib ugu hesho baaxaddeedii hore oo ay u noqoto mid aad u gacna oo aan la dhex mari karin. Helitaankii Iskandariya ee Niilka waa la waayay, taas oo lagama maarmaan ka dhigtay furitaanka Kanaalka Mahmoudiyah oo ka yimaada Iskandariya ilaa Niilka sannadkii 1820.[6]
Harada Mariout waxaa laga gooyay Badda Cad iyadoo loo marayo luqunta dhulka ee dhuuban oo magaalada Iskandariya laga dhisay. Xeebta harada waxay hoy u tahay goobaha kalluumeysiga iyo goobaha cusbada. Sida fog ee bilowgii 1900-aadkii, waxaa la diwaangeliyay in cusbada laga sifeyn jiray qaybta galbeed ee harada.[7]
Sida laga soo xigtay qaar ka mid ah diiwaanka, nome isku magac ah ayaa ku yaallay xeebaha haradan.[8]
Abusir
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Magaalada xeebeedka ah ee Abusir, oo loo yaqaano xilligii Graeco-Roman sidii Taposiris Magna, waxay ku taal xeebta Harada Mariout. Burburka macbad qadiimi ah iyo nuqul qadiimi ah oo ah Laydhka Iskandariya ayaa halkaas lagu arki kahaa. Ilaa sannadkii 2009, waxaa soo kale laga shakisan yahay inay tahay goobtii lagu aasay Cleopatra VII iyo Mark Antony.[9][10][11]
Taariikhda Falsafada iyo Kaniisadda
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Therapeutae
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]De Vita Contemplativa, oo ah sharraxaad ku saabsan bulshada suufiyada ah oo la qoray qarnigii kowaad ee miilaadiga, waxay sheegaysaa in bulshada rahibiinta ah ee loo yaqaan Therapeutae si weyn loogu qaybiyay adduunka qadiimiga ah, laakiin "dalkoodu" wuxuu ahaa "ka shisheeya harada Maereotic".[12] Qaar waxay u turjumaan Therapeutae inay ahaayeen rahibiintii hore ee Masiixiyiinta.
Kaniisadda Masiixiga
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta].jpg)
Waxaa jiray usqoofiyad Mareotes ah, oo ku taal gobolka Roomaanka ee Aegyptus Primus, taasi oo ahayd suffragan ka tirsan Arkiusqufka weyn ee Waddada Iskandariya. Way dhalanteedday sida kuwa kale ee ku yaallay Masartii Roomaanka, malaha markii uu Islaamku yimid. Laba usquf ayaa taariikhda lagu diwaangeliyay:
- Ischiras (la xusay qiyaastii 335)
- Pistos (la xusay 337)
Usqoofiyadda waxaa magac ahaan dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1933 sidii usqoofiyadda magaca uun ah ee Mareotes. Inkasta oo farsamo ahaan ay tahay usqoofiyad Laatiinka ah oo magac uun ah, waxay lahayd dhowr mas'uul oo Katooliga Bariga ah, gaar ahaan kuwa ka tirsan Kaniisadda Katooliga ee Coptic ee u dhalatay Masar sui iuris (Alexandrian Rite).
Waxay lahayd mas'uuliyiinta soo socda, kuwaas oo ilaa hadda jooga darajada ku habboon ee usqoofiyadda (ugu hoosaysa):[13]
- Antonios Aziz Mina (21 December 2002 – 3 January 2006) as Bishop of Curia of the Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria (Egypt) ([19 December 2002] 21 December 2002 – 3 January 2006), followed by Eparch (Bishop) of Guizeh of the Copts (Egypt) (3 January 2006 – 23 January 2017)
- Botros Fahim Hanna (6 September 2006 – 8 April 2013) of the Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria as Bishop of Curia of Egypt of the Copts ([31 August 2006] 6 September 2006 – 8 April 2013), followed by Eparch (Bishop) of Minya of the Copts (Egypt) ([25 March 2013] 8 April 2013 – ...)
- Cesar Essayan, Order of Friars Minor Conventual (O.F.M. Conv.) (2 August 2016 – ...) as Apostolic Vicar of Beirut (Lebanon).
Helitaanno qadiimi ah
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Sannadkii 2015 tiir dhagax ah, oo u eg Dhagaxa Rosetta oo taariikhdiisu dib u laabanayso qiyaastii 2200 oo sano, ayaa laga helay Goobta Macbadka Taposiris Magna ee Harada Mariout. Isagoo cabirkiisu yahay 41 by 25.6 by 7 inches (104 by 65 by 18 cm), fariintiisu waxay xuseysaa laba fircoon oo Ptolemaic ah iyo Boorqaddii la dhalatay ee Cleopatra I Syra. Waxaa jira xabaalo qadiimi ah oo ku yaal xeebaha harada.[xigasho u-baahan]
Noocyada kalluunka
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Nooca kalluunka ee kalluunka caanka ah ee Niilka ayaa ku nool harada inkastoo deegaankiisa ugu weyn uu yahay biyo macaan, haradana ay ku jirto xoogaa cusbo ah. Sannadkii 1939, haro yar, oo loo yaqaan Nozha Hydrodrome ayaa "laga gooyay Harada Mariout" Tani waxayna u oggolaatay kalluunka Niilka inuu halkaas ku tarmo.[2]
Dhanka suugaanta
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- W. B. Yeats wuxuu tixraacayaa harada sidii Harada Mareotic ee gabaygiisa "Under Ben Bulben".
- Lawrence Durrell wuxuu wax ka qoray harada isagoo isticmaalaya magaceeda qadiimiga ah ee Harada Mareotis ee afar-kooxoodka buugaagtiisa ee The Alexandria Quartet, halkaas oo ay tahay goobta toogashada shinbiraha.[14]
- Jasper Maskelyne wuxuu ku sheegay Magic: Top Secret (1949) inuu ku lug lahaa dhismaha goob been abuur ah oo ku xigta harada si looga fogeeyo diyaaradaha qaraniimada ee garabka Axis inay weeraraan Dekedda Iskandariya intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka.
Tixraacyo
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- 1 2 Baedeker, Karl (1885). Egypt: Handbook for Travellers : Part First, Lower Egypt, with the Fayum and the Peninsula of Sinai. Karl Baedeker (Firm). Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- 1 2 Close, Angela E.; Schild, Ramuald; Wendorf, Fred (2012). Egypt During the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East. Springer US. p. 9. ISBN 9781461529088. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ↑ Cooper, John (2014). The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 9789774166143.
- 1 2 "Egypt: Key to the East – British Base at Alexandria Holds Eastern Mediterranean". Life. Time. 28 Apr 1941. p. 94. ISSN 0024-3019.
- ↑ Mackesy, Piers (2013). British Victory in Egypt: The End of Napoleon's Conquest. Routledge. ISBN 9781134953578.
- ↑ Forster, E.M. (2014). Alexandria: A History and Guide. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 112. ISBN 9781780763576.
- ↑ Bulletin of the Louisiana Geological Survey. Louisiana Geological Survey. 1908. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ↑ Cooper, William Ricketts (1876). An Archaic Dictionary: Biographical, Historical, and Mythological: From the Egyptian, Assyrian, and Etruscan Monuments and Papyri. S. Bagster and Sons, 1876. p. 317. ISBN 9789774166143. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ↑ "Cleopatra dalk na slangpik hier begrawe, sê argeoloë". Beeld. SAPA-AFP. 2009-04-21.
- ↑ "Researchers may have found Cleopatra's final resting place". CNN. 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ↑ "Dig 'may reveal' Cleopatra's tomb". BBC News. 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
- ↑ Philo Judaeus. "Ancient History Sourcebook: On Ascetics [another name for the De Vita Contemplativa] Section III". Fordham University.
Now this class of persons may be met with in many places, for it was fitting that both Greece and the country of the barbarians should partake of whatever is perfectly good; and there is the greatest number of such men in Egypt, in every one of the districts, or nomes, as they are called, and especially around Alexandria; and from all quarters those who are the best of these therapeutae proceed on their pilgrimage to some most suitable place as if it were their country, which is beyond the Maereotic lake.
- ↑ "Titular Episcopal See of Mareotes, Egypt". GCatholic. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- ↑ Peter Guttridge (6 August 1994). "BOOKS / Classic Thoughts: A four part snail: Peter Guttridge on a flawed masterwork, Lawrence Durrell's Alexandria Quartet". The Independent.
Buug-qoraal
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 460
- Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 529-530
- Klaas A. Worp, A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 - c. 750), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 100 (1994) 283-318
Xiriirinta dibadda
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]