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Harada Tana

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Harada Tana
Sawirka Harada Tana oo dhanka galbeed laga qaaday isagoo hawada sare laga soo sawiray (Abriil 1991)
MeeshaBariga Afrika
Meesha dhacdo12°0′N 37°15′E / 12.000°N 37.250°E / 12.000; 37.250
Ka soo qulqulaGilgel Abay, Webiga Kilti, Webiga Megech, Webiga Reb, Webiga Gumara
DhexmaraNiilka Buluugga ah
Wadanka biyo fadhiisigaItoobiya
Max. length84 km (52 mi)
Max. width66 km (41 mi)
Baaxada biyaha3,200 km2 (1,200 sq mi)
Ugu godan15 m (49 ft)
Surface elevation1,788 m (5,866 ft)
GasiiradKuwa ugu muhiimsan waa Tana Qirqos, Jasiiradda Daga, Jasiiradda Dek, iyo Mitraha
DeegaankaBahir Dar, Gorgora

Harada Tana (Af Amxaari: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; markii hore loo qori jiray Tsana[1]) waa harada ugu weyn Itoobiya isla markaana ah isha uu ka yimaado Niilka Buluugga ah. Waxay ku taallaa Gobolka Amhara ee waqooyiga-galbeed ee Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya, haradu waxay dhererkeedu gaaraa qiyaastii 84 kilometres (52 miles) halka ballaceeduna yahay 66 kilometres (41 miles), iyadoo moolkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay 15 metres (49 feet),[2] jooggeeduna yahay 1,788 metres (5,866 feet).[3] Harada Tana waxaa quudiya webiyada Gilgel Abay, Reb iyo Gumara. Baaxadda dusha sare ee haradu waxay u dhaxeysaa 3,000 to 3,500 square kilometres (1,200 to 1,400 square miles), iyadoo taasi ay ku xiran tahay xilliga iyo da'itaanka roobka. Heerka biyaha harada waxaa la maamulayay tan iyo markii la dhisay biya-xireenka koontaroolka ah ee goobta ay haradu uga shubanto Niilka Buluugga ah. Tani waxay koontarooshay qulqulka taga Shubanka Niilka Buluugga ah (Tis Abbai) iyo saldhigga tamarta korontada ee biyaha laga dhaliyo.

Sannadkii 2015, gobolka Harada Tana waxaa loo magacaabay UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (Kaydka Biosphere ee UNESCO) iyadoo loo aqoonsaday muhiimaddeeda dabiiciga ah iyo midda dhaqameed ee heer qaran iyo heer caalami.[4]

Dulmar Guud

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Muuqaallo laga dushay Harada Tana
Kaniisadda Jasiiradda ee ku taal Harada Tana
Hage dalxiis oo deegaanka ah oo muujinaya sida loo garaaco dhagax si loogu muujiyo xilliyada cuntada ee kaniisad ku taal Jasiirad-yarada Zege
Bilowga webiga Niilka Buluugga ah ee meesha uu ka baxo Harada Tana
Huteel loo dalxiis tago oo ku yaal xeebta Harada Tana ee Bahir Dar

Harada Tana waxay ku samaysantay hawlo foolkaano, kuwaas oo xannibay qulqulka webiyadii ku shubmi jiray bilowgii xilligii Pleistocene, qiyaastii 5 milyan oo sano ka hor.[5]

Haradu markii hore aad ayay uga weynayd sida ay maanta tahay. Toddoba webi oo waaweyn oo joogto ah ayaa quudiya harada iyo sidoo kale 40 webi oo yaryar oo xilliyeed ah. Webiyada ugu muhiimsan ee ku shubma harada waa Gilgel Abbay (Webiga Niilka Yar), iyo webiyada Megech, Gumara, iyo Rib.[5]

Harada Tana waxay leedahay dhowr jasiiradood, kuwaas oo tiradoodu ay isbeddesho iyadoo ku xiran heerka biyaha harada. Waxay hoos u dhacday qiyaastii 6 feet (1.8 m) 400-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Sida laga soo xigtay Manuel de Almeida, oo ahaa adeegayaal diimeed u dhashay Portugal bilowgii qarnigii 17-aad, waxaa jiray 21 jasiiradood, kuwaas oo todoba ama siddeed ka mid ah ay ku yaalleen kaniisado "markii hore waaweynaa, laakiin hadda aad u yaraaday."[6] Markii James Bruce uu booqday aagga sannadkii 1771, wuxuu xusay in dadka deegaanka ay xisbiyeen 45 jasiiradood oo dad deggan yihiin, laakiin wuxuu sheegay inuu aaminsan yahay in "tiradu ay noqon karto qiyaastii kow iyo toban."[6] Anton Stecker, sannadkii 1881, wuxuu sameeyay baaritaan faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan harada, isagoo awood u yeeshay inuu sameeyo khariidado si weyn u saxan,[1] wuxuuna xisbiyay 44 jasiiradood.[7] Juqraafi-yahan u dhashay qarnigii 20-aad ayaa magacaabay 37 jasiiradood, kuwaas oo uu aaminsanaa in 19 ka mid ah ay leeyihiin ama ku yaalleen kaniisado.[6]

Haraaga boqorradii hore ee Itoobiya iyo hantida Masiixiyadda Ortodokska ee Itoobiya ayaa lagu keeydiyaa kaniisadaha jasiiradaha go'doonsan (ay ku jiraan Kebran Gabriel, Ura Kidane Mehret, Narga Selassie, Daga Estifanos, Medhane Alem ee Jasiiradda Rema, Kota Maryam, iyo Mertola Maryam). Jasiiradda Tana Qirqos waxaa ku yaal dhagax loo muujiyay Paul B. Henze, kaas oo loo sheegay inay Maryam, oo ahayd hooyadii Ciise, ay ku nastay safarkeedii ay kaga soo laabatay Masar; waxaa kale oo loo sheegay in Frumentius, oo Masiixiyadda keenay Itoobiya, "la rabo in lagu aasay Tana Cherqos."[8] Maydka Yekuno Amlak waxaa lagu aasay kaniisadda St. Stephen ee ku taal Jasiiradda Daga. Boqorrada xabaalahoodu ay sidoo kale ku yaallaan Daga waxaa ka mid ah Dawit I, Zara Yaqob, Za Dengel, iyo Fasilides. Jasiiradaha kale ee muhiimka ah ee ku yaal Harada Tana waxaa ka mid ah Dek, Mitraha, Gelila Zakarias, Halimun iyo Briguida.

Kaniisadaha waxaa la aaminsan yahay in la dhisay intii lagu guda jiray Waayadii Dhexe iyadoo laga dhisay goobo diimeed oo ka horreeyay. Waxaa ka mid ah kaniisaddii qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad ee Debre Maryam, iyo tii qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad ee Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, oo la sheego inay ku jirtay Sanduuqa Axdiga ka hor intaan loo rarin Axum, iyo Ura Kidane Mehret, oo loo yaqaan astaanteeda boqortooyo. Adeegga doonta wuxuu isku xiraa Bahir Dar iyo Gorgora iyadoo loo marayo Dek iyo tuulooyin dhowr ah oo xeebta harada ku yaal.

Waxaa kale oo jira Jasiirad-yarada Zege oo ku taal qaybta koonfur-galbeed ee harada. Zege waa goobta ay ku taallaa kaniisadda Azwa Maryam.

Harada Tana waxay sidoo kale ahayd goob ay udub-dhexaad u ahayd bulshada Beta Israel, iyadoo leh kaniisadaha kaliya ee Yuhuudda ee adduunka ku yaal,[9] ka hor intaanay u guurin dhanka Israa'iil.

Astaamaha biyaha iyo daadadka

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Marka la barbardhigo harooyinka kale ee kuleylaha ah, biyaha Harada Tana waa kuwo qabow, badanaana waxay u dhaxeeyaan qiyaastii 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). Biyuhu waxay leeyihiin pH dhexdhexaad ah ilaa mid xoogaa asid daciif ah ah, sadiicaddooduna aad ayay u hoosaysaa.[10]

Sababtoo ah isbeddelada xilliyeed ee waaweyn ee qulqulka webiyada ku shubma, roobka iyo uumi-baxa, heerarka biyaha Harada Tana caadi ahaan waxay isbeddelaan 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) sannadkii, iyagoo gaara meeshii ugu sarreysay bishana Sebtembar–Oktoobar waxyar uun ka dib xilliga weyn ee roobka. Marka ay heerarka biyuhu sarreeyaan, bannaanka ku xeeran harada badanaa waa ay dadmaan, dhoobooyinka kale ee joogtada ah ee gobolkana waxay ku xidmaan harada.[10]

Dhirta xayawaanka

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Dhirta lily-ga oo sabaynaysa u dhow xeebta Harada Tana

Maadaama aysan jirin qulqulo biyo oo isku xira harada iyo marinada kale ee waaweyn, iyo meesha ugu weyn ee ay biyuhu uga baxaan, oo ah Niilka Buluugga ah, uu xannibay Shubanka Niilka Buluugga ah, haradu waxay taageertaa xayawaanka biyaha ku nool oo aad u gaar ah, kaas oo guud ahaan la xiriira noocyada ka yimaada Dooxada Niilka.[11] Heerarka nafaqada ee haradu waa kuwo hooseeya.[10]

Kalluun

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Waxaa jira 27 nooc oo kalluun ah oo ku dhex jira Harada Tana, 20 ka mid ahna waa kuwo u gaar ah harada.[10] Tani waxaa ku jira mid ka mid ah labada kooxood ee kaliya ee la yaqaan ee noocyada cyprinid (midka kale, oo ka yimid Lake Lanao ee Filibiin, waxaa baabi'iyay noocyo kale oo lagu soo kordhiyay). Waxay ka kooban tahay 15 nooc oo dhererkoodu weyn yahay oo gaaraya ilaa 1 m (3 ft 3 in), kuwaas oo ah kalluunka loogu yeero Labeobarbus barbs oo markii hore lagu dari jiray Barbus.[11][12] Waxaa ka mid ah, L. acutirostris, L. longissimus, L. megastoma iyo L. truttiformis oo ah kuwo si adag kalluunka u cuna, halka L. dainellii, L. gorguari, L. macrophtalmus iyo L. platydorsus ay inta badan yihiin kuwa kalluunka cuna.[10] Ugaadhkooda ugu muhiimsan waa noocyada yaryar ee Enteromius iyo Garra.[10][12][13] Noocyada kale ee Labeobarbus ee ku jira Harada Tana waxay leeyihiin caadooyin kale oo quudin oo gaar ah: L. beso (ma aha mid u gaar ah harada, si dhowona uma xirna kuwa kale) wuxuu ku quustaa ajyad, L. surkis wuxuu inta badan quustaa dhirtada biyaha, L. gorgorensis dhirtada biyaha iyo argoosatada, L. brevicephalus wuxuu quustaa zooplankton (si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhalada dhammaan xubnaha kooxdan waxay ku quustaan zooplankton), L. osseensis dhirtada biyaha iyo cayayaanka waaweyn, iyo L. crassibarbis, L. intermedius (ma aha mid u gaar ah laakiin si dhow ayay u xiriiraan kuwa kale), L. nedgia iyo L. tsanensis waxay ku quustaan xayawaanka aan laf-dhabarta lahayn ee gunta degan sida dirxiga chironomid. Noocyada u gaarka ah ee Labeobarbus, siddeed nooc ayaa ku tarma dhoobada harada, kuwa harayna waxay xilliyeed ugu guuraan webiyada ku shubma halkaas oo ay ku tarmaan.[10]

Nidaamka noocyada Labeobarbus sokow, noocyada u gaarka ah harada waxaa ka mid ah Enteromius pleurogramma, E. tanapelagius, Garra regressus iyo Afronemacheilus abyssinicus (oo ah mid ka mid ah labada nooc ee kaliya ee Afrikaanka ah ee loach-ka dhagaxa). Noocyada kale ee aan u gaarka ahayn waxaa ka mid ah tilapia-ha Niilka (oo ku baahsan Afrika, laakiin leh nooc hoos yimaada oo u gaar ah harada oo loogu yeero tana), E. humilis, G. dembecha, G. dembeensis iyo kalluunka weyn ee kalluunka shamiitada ee Afrika.[10][11]

Kalluumeysiga iyo hanjabaadaha

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Noocyo kala duwan oo Labeobarbus iyo African sharptooth catfish ah oo laga soo qabtay harada

Harada Tana waxay taageertaa warshad weyn oo kalluumeysi, taas oo inta badan ku salaysan kalluunka Labeobarbus, tilapia-ha Niilka iyo kalluunka shamiitada. Sida laga soo xigtay Waaxda Kalluumeysiga iyo Beeraha Biyaha ee Itoobiya, 1,454 tan oo kalluun ah ayaa la soo dejiyay sannadkii 2011 magaalada Bahir Dar, taas oo ay waaxdu ku qiyaastay inay tahay 15% tirada la waari karo.[14] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay oo lagu barbardhigay qabashada sannadkii 2001 iyo tii toban sano ka hor, waxaa la ogaaday in baaxadda caadiga ah ee labada nooc ee tilapia iyo kalluunka shamiitada ay si weyn hoos ugu dhacday, tirada Labeobarbus ee ku taran jiray webiyada ku shubma haradana ay si weyn u yaraatay.[10] Kalluunka u gaarka ah harada, inta badan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay halis ku jiraan (halis ku jira ama u nugul halis) ama xogtoodu ay dhiman tahay (xogta la heli karo aysan ku filnayn in lagu qiimeeyo xaaladdooda) marka loo eego IUCN.[15] Bilowgii sannadihii 2000, dawladda deegaanka ayaa markii ugu horreysay soo bandhigtay sharciyada kalluumeysiga waxaana rajaynayaa inay taasi saameyn togan ku yeelan doonto tirada kalluunka.[10]

Halisaha kale ee halista ah waa burburinta deegaanka iyo wasakhaynta. Bahir Dar waxay noqotay magaalo weyn waxayna u koreysaa si degdeg ah; biyahooda wasakhda ah guud ahaan waxaa si toos ah loogu sii daayaa harada.[10] Dhirta ku taal dhoobada harada, oo ah meel muhiim u ah dhalmada Labeobarbus iyo kalluunka kale, waxaa lagu nadiifinayaa xawaare sare. Khatarta weyn ee ku tasi karta nidaamka deegaanka ee gaarka ah waxay noqon kartaa soo kordhinta nooc ugaarsi weyn oo waxtar leh sida kalluunka caanka ah ee Biyaha Niilka, kaas oo sababay dabar-goyn dhowr nooc ah oo ka dhacday Harada Victoria. Kalluunka Labeobarbus ee cuna kalluunka kale ee ku jira Harada Tana waa kuwo aan waxtar weyn u lahayn ugaadhsiga kuwaas oo kaliya cuni kara kalluunka gaaraya ilaa 15% dhererka ugaadhsadaha laftiisa.[10]

Other fauna

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Shimbiraha pelican-ka oo jooga Harada Tana

Xayawaanka kale ee deegaanka ka midka ah, haradu waxay taageertaa xayawaan aan laf-dhabar lahayn oo aad u yar: Waxaa jira shan iyo toban nooc oo argoosato ah, oo ay ku jiraan mid u gaar ah harada, iyo sidoo kale isbuunyo biyaha macaan ah oo u gaar ah harada.[11]

Qiyaastii 230 nooc ooshimbirrood ah, oo ay ku jiraan wax ka badan 80 shimbiraha dhoobada ah sida pelican-ka cad ee weyn, African darter, hamerkop, shimbiraha hawaalraaca, African spoonbill, ibis, banaas, shimbiraha kalluunbiyadka iyo gorgorka kalluunka Afrika, ayaa laga yaqaan Harada Tana.[10] Waa goob muhiim u ah nasashada iyo quudinta shimbiraha biyaha ee ka soo guura deegaanka Palearctic.[11]

Ma jiraan yaxaasyo, laakiin diinka qolofka jilicsan ee Afrika iyo goodirka Niilka ayaa laga diiwaangeliyay meel u dhow meesha uu Niilka Buluugga ah uga baxo harada.[16] Jeerta waa ay joogtaa, inta badanna waxay ku dhowdahay meesha uu Niilka Buluugga ah ka baxo.[10]

Tixraacyo

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  1. 1 2 Garstin & Cana 1911.
  2. ↑ Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia. 1967–1968.
  3. ↑ "Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile". Observing the Earth. European Space Agency. 5 November 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  4. ↑ "Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve". www.laketana-biosphere.com. Retrieved 2026-06-18.
  5. 1 2 Vijverberg, Jacobus; Sibbing, Ferdinand A.; Dejen, Eshete (2009). "Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile". The Nile. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 89. pp. 163–192. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9. ISBN 978-1-4020-9725-6.
  6. 1 2 3 Beckham, C. F.; Huntingford, G. W. B. (1954). Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646. Series 2. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 35 and note.
  7. ↑ Hayes, A.J. (1905). The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara. Smith, Elder & Company. p. 73. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  8. ↑ Henze, Paul B. (2000). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave. p. 73. ISBN 978-0312227197.
  9. ↑ Kribus, Bar; Krebs, Verena (2018). "Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015". Entangled Religion. 6: 309–344. doi:10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Vijverberg, J.; F.A. Sibbing; E. Dejen (2009). "Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile". In H.J. Dumont (ed.). The Nile. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 89. Springer Science + Business Media B.V. pp. 163–193. ISBN 978-1-4020-9725-6.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "Lake Tana". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. 2008. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  12. 1 2 de Graaf, Martin; Dejen, Eshete; Sibbing, Ferdinand A.; Osse, Jan W. M. (2000). "Barbus tanapelagius, A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 59 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2000EnvBF..59....1D. doi:10.1023/A:1007608208630.
  13. ↑ de Graaf, Martin; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Samallo, Johannis; Sibbing, Ferdinand (2007). "Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation". Animal Biology. 57 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1163/157075607780002069.
  14. ↑ "Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" Archived Febraayo 28, 2008 // Wayback Machine Archived 28 Febraayo 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003
  15. ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN. 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  16. ↑ Largen and Spawls (2010). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea. ISBN 978-3-89973-466-9

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