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Iiraan

Bedel linkiga
Ka Wikipedia
Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan
جمهوری اسلامی ایران (Af-Faarisi)
Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân
Calanka Iiraan
Calanka
Astaanta ee Iiraan
Astaanta
Hal-ku-dheg: 
  • اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ
  • Allāhu ʾAkbar (Takbiir)
  • "Ilaah baa Weyn"
  • (de jure)
  • استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی
  • Esteqlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi
  • "Madaxbannaani, xorriyad, Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah"
  • (de facto)[1]
Heesta qaranka: مهر خاورan
Mehr-e Khâvarân
"Cadceedda Bari"
CaasimaddaTehran
35°41′N 51°25′E / 35.683°N 51.417°E / 35.683; 51.417
Luuqadaha rasmiga ahFaarsi
 DadkaIiraani
DawladdaMidaysan madaxweynenimo tayaquraadi ah Jamhuuriyad Islaami ah oo hoos timaada kalitalis maamul adag[lower-alpha 1]
Bannaan[lower-alpha 2]
Masoud Pezeshkian
Mohammad Reza Aref
Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Sharci-dejintaGolaha La-talinta Islaamka
Abuuritaanka
c. 678 CH
550 CH
247 CH
224 CD
821
22 Diseembar 1501
22 Janaayo 1736
1751
20 Maarso 1794
12 Diseembar 1905
15 Diseembar 1925
11 Febraayo 1979
3 Diseembar 1979
28 Luulyo 1989
Bedka
• Wadarta
1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi) (17aad)
• Biyo (%)
1.63 (ilaa 2015)[7]
Dadka
• Qiyaastii 2025
Neutral increase 92,417,681[8] (17aad)
• Cufnaanta
52/km2 (134.7/sq mi) (163aad)
Wax soo saar (PPP)Qiyaastii 2025 
• Wadarta
Increase $1.879 tiriliyan[9] (22aad)
• Qofkiiba
Increase $21,473[9] (88aad)
Wax soo saar (magac ahaan)Qiyaastii 2025 
• Wadarta
Decrease $356.513 bilyan[9] (42aad)
• Qofkiiba
Decrease $4,074[9] (132aad)
Qaybsiga (2023)35.9[10]
sinnaan la'aan dhexdhexaad ah
Kobaca (2023)0.799[11]
sarreeya (75aad)
LacagtaRiyaalka Iiraan (Template:Wikt-lang) (IRR)
SaacaddaUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Koodhka wicitaanka+98
Furaha Internetka

Iiraan, si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan, laguna yaqaanay Faaris, waa dal ku yaalla Galbeedka Aasiya. Waxay xuduud la leedahay Ciraaq dhanka galbeed, Turkiya, Asarbayjan, iyo Armeeniya dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, Badda Kasbiya dhanka waqooyi, Turkmenistaan dhanka waqooyi-bari, Afgaanistaan dhanka bari, Bakistaan dhanka koonfur-bari, iyo Gacanka Cumaan iyo Gacanka Faaris dhanka koonfureed. Iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 92 milyan, Iiraan waxay fadhidaa kaalinta 17aad ee caalamka xagga baaxadda dhulka iyo tirada dadka waana dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn Aasiya. Waxay u qaybsantaa shan gobol oo ka kooban 31 gobol (provinces). Tehran waa caasimadda qaranka, magaalada ugu weyn, iyo xarunta maaliyadda.

Iiraan waa hoyga mid ka mid ah ilbaxnimooyinka ugu da'da weyn caalamka ee aan kala go'in, waxaana markii ugu horreysay la isugu keenay dal ahaan Meediyiinta hoostooda qarnigii 7aad CH, waxayna gaartay baaxaddii ugu weyneyd qarnigii 6aad CH, markii Kuruska Weyn uu aasaasay Boqortooyadii Akhaamenid. Alesandarka Weyn ayaa qabsaday boqortooyada qarnigii 4aad CH. Kacdoon Iiraani ah oo dhacay qarnigii 3aad CH ayaa dhisay Boqortooyadii Paartiya, taasoo markii dambe dalka xoreysay. Qarnigii 3aad CD, Paartiyadii waxaa beddelay Boqortooyadii Sasaaniyiinta, taasoo horseedday xilli dahabi ah oo ka mid ah taariikhda ilbaxnimada Iiraan. Muddadaas, Iiraantii hore waxay aragtay horumarradii ugu horreeyay ee qoraalka, beeraha, magaalo-falka, diinta, iyo maamulka. Iiraan oo mar ahaan jirtay xarun Soroastariyiinta, waxay martay Islaamin ka dib qabsashadii Muslimiinta ee qarnigii 7aad CD. Hal-abuurka Suugaanta Faaris, Falsafadda Iiraan, xisaabta, daawada, xiddigiska iyo Farshaxanka Faaris ayaa dib u soo cusboonaaday xilligii Waayihii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka iyo Iranian Intermezzo, xilli ay boqortooyooyinka Muslimiinta Iiraan soo afjareen xukunkii Carabta oo ay dib u soo nooleeyeen luuqadda Faaris. Waxaa xilligan ku xigay xukunkii Boqortooyadii Saljuuqiyiinta iyo Boqortooyadii Khwaarismiyiinta, qabsashadii Mongoliinta iyo Renaissance-ka Timuriyeed qarnigii 11aad ilaa 14aad.

Qarnigii 16aad, Boqortooyadii Safawiyiinta ee u dhalatay dalka ayaa dib u dhistay dawlad Iiraani ah oo midaysan iyadoo Shiicada Laba-iyo-tobnaad ka dhigtay diinta rasmiga ah, taasoo dhigtay aasaaska dawladda casriga ah ee Iiraan. Xilligii Boqortooyadii Afshariyiinta ee qarnigii 18aad, Iiraan waxay ahayd quwad caalami ah oo hormuud ah, laakiin waxay lumisay maqaamkaas ka dib markii Qaajaariyiinta ay la wareegeen awoodda 1790-meeyadii. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad waxaa dhacay Kacaankii Dastuuriga ahaa ee Faaris iyo dhismihii Boqortooyadii Pahlavi oo uu aasaasay Reza Shah, kaasoo xilkii ka tuuray Shaahii ugu dambeeyay ee Qaajaariyiinta 1925-kii. Ka dib duulaankii Ingiriiska iyo Soofiyeeti ee Iiraan 1941-kii, wiilkiisa Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ayaa xilka qabtay. Isku dayadii uu Mohammad Mosaddegh ku doonayay inuu ku qarameeyo warshadaha saliidda waxay horseedday inqilaabkii Ingiriis-Ameerika ee 1953-kii. Kacaankii Iiraan ee 1979-kii ayaa xilkii ka tuuray boqortooyada, waxaana la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan oo uu hormuud ka ahaa Ruhollah Khomeini, oo ahaa hogaamiyihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka. 1980-kii, Ciraaq ayaa soo weerartay Iiraan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Iiraan iyo Ciraaq oo socday siddeed sano, kaasoo ku dhammaaday ismari-waa. Iiraan tan iyo markaas waxay ku lug lahayd dagaallo wakiilnimo ay la gashay Israa'iil iyo Sacuudi Carabiya; bishii Juun 2025, duqeymaha Israa'iil ee Iiraan waxay kiciyeen xiisado horseeday Dagaalkii Laba-iyo-tobanka Maalmood. Dagaalkaas ka dib iyo iyadoo ay jirto xiisad dhaqaale oo sii kordhaysa, waxaa dhici karta in dibadbaxyadii ugu weynaa tan iyo 1979-kii ay dillaaceen dhammaadkii Diseembar 2025.[12][13] Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil ayaa bilaabay weerar weyn oo ka dhanka ah Iiraan iyagoo ujeedkeedu yahay beddelidda nidaamka dhammaadkii Febraayo 2026.[14]

Dawladda Iiraan waa Tayaquraadiyad Islaami ah[lower-alpha 3] oo ay maamulaan hay'ado la doortay iyo kuwo aan la dooran, iyadoo awoodda kama dambaysta ah ay u xilsaaran tahay hogaamiyaha sare. In kasta oo ay qabato doorashooyin, xafiisyada muhiimka ah, oo ay ku jiraan madaxa dawladda iyo milatariga, ma khuseeyaan codka dadweynaha. Dawladda Iiraan waa maamul kalitalis ah kaas oo si weyn loogu dhaleeceeyay caalamka sababo la xiriira diiwaankeeda liita ee xuquuqda aadanaha, oo ay ka mid yihiin xayiraadaha saaran xorriyadda isu-uimaatinka, hadalka, iyo saxaafadda, iyo sidoo kale la dhaqanka haweenka, dadka laga tirada badan yahay, iyo mucaaradka siyaasadeed. Kormeerayaasha caalamiga ah ayaa walaac ka muujiyay caddaaladda geeddi-socodka doorashooyinka, gaar ahaan hubinta murashaxiinta ee hay'adaha aan la dooran sida Golaha Ilaalada. Iiraan waxay leedahay dhaqaale qorshaysan oo leh lahaanshaha dawladeed oo weyn qaybaha muhiimka ah, inkasta oo ganacsiga gaarka ahi uu garab jiro. Waa quwad dhexdhexaad ah, sababtoo ah kaydka weyn ee shidaalka (oo ay ku jirto adduunka labaad ee ugu weyn gaaska dabiiciga ah iyo kaalinta saddexaad ee kaydka saliidda ee la hubo), meesha ay ku taallo oo muhiim u ah juquraafi-siyaasadeedka, iyo doorkeeda xarun caalami ah ee Shiicada. Iiraan waa dal leh aqoonta nukliyeerka oo leh mid ka mid ah barnaamijyada nukliyeerka ee loogu baadhista badan yahay, kaas oo ay sheegtay inuu yahay uun ujeeddooyin madani ah; hase yeeshee, IAEA, oo ah hay'ad ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay (QM) oo loo xilsaaray la socodka soo saarista hubka nukliyeerka, ayaa laba jeer ogaatay in Iiraan aysan u hoggaansamin waajibaadkeeda ilaalinta.[15][16] Waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan QM iyo xubin ka tirsan ururro badan oo caalami ah. Iiraan waxay leedahay 29 goobood oo ah UNESCO World Heritage Sites (kaalinta 10aad ee adduunka) waxayna fadhidaa kaalinta 4aad ee dhaxalka dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ama hantida aadanaha.

Taariikhda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Taariikh ka hor

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Joogitaanka ugu horreeya ee bani'aadamka ee Iiraan la yaqaan waxay ku beegan tahay qiyaastii 800,000 oo sano ka hor, xilligii Middle Paleolithic.[17] Goobo badan oo Middle Paleolithic ah ayaa la helay, badanaaba Buuraha Sagros ee galbeedka Iiraan iyo qaar ka mid ah goobaha la xiriira Neanderthal-ka.[18][19] Dhaqankii Sarsiyaan ayaa laga diwaangeliyey Iiraan xilligii Epipaleolithic (25,000–11,500 sano ka hor).[20] Beeruhu waxay markii ugu horreysay ka soo muuqdeen Iiraan qiyaastii 12,000 oo sano ka hor oo ay weheliyaan degsiimooyin si fiican loo diwaangeliyey ee Fertile Crescent. Goobta Chogha Golan waxay ka muuqatay beerashadii ugu horreysay ee qamadiga emmer.[21] Goobta casriga ah ee Ganj Dareh waxay sidoo kale ka muuqataa dhaqashada ugu horreysay ee la yaqaan ee riyaha qiyaastii 10,000 oo sano ka hor.[22]

Magaalada qadiimiga ah ee Susa, oo noqon lahayd caasimadda Elam ka dibna caasimadda boqortooyadii Akhaamenid, ayaa markii ugu horreysay la degay 4400–4200 CH, waxayna ku dhowdahay goobta casriga ah ee Shush, Iiraan.[23]:46–47[24] Dhaqankii Kura–Araxes (c. 3400 – c. 2000 CH) wuxuu ka jiray waqooyi-galbeed Iiraan iyo Kawkas.[25] _america_helped_saddam_as_he_gassed_iran?page=0%2C2 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Era Khamenei

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Markii uu dhimanayay sannadkii 1989, Khomeini wuxuu magacaabay Golaha Dib-u-habaynta Dastuurka oo ka kooban 25 xubnood, kuwaas oo u magacaabay Ali Khamenei inuu noqdo Hoggaamiyaha Sare ee xiga, waxayna isbeddel ku sameeyeen dastuurka Iiraan.[26] In kasta oo Khamenei uu ka maqnaa "soo jiidashadii iyo maqaamkii wadaadnimo" ee Khomeini, haddana wuxuu dhisay shabakad taageerayaal ah oo ku dhex jira ciidanka qalabka sida iyo mu'asasada diimeed ee dhaqaalaha awoodda u leh.[27]

Ali Khamenei oo jooga Shirweynihii weynaa ee xubnaha Basij ee Azadi Stadium, Oktoobar 2018

Madaxweyne Akbar Rafsanjani wuxuu xoogga saaray siyaasadda ganacsiga u janjeerta ee dib loogu dhisayo dhaqaalaha, isagoon ka tanaasulin mabda'ii kacaanka. Wuxuu taageeray suuqa xorta ah, isagoo doorbidaya in la gaar yeelo warshadaha qaranka iyo inuu mowqif dhexdhexaad ah ka istaago heer caalami. Sannadkii 1997, waxaa Rafsanjani beddelay isbeddel-doonkii dhexdhexaadka ahaa ee Mohammad Khatami, kaas oo xukuumaddiisu u qareentay xorriyadda hadalka, xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo wax ku ool ah oo lala yeesho Aasiya iyo Midowga Yurub, iyo siyaasad taageeraysa suuqa xorta ah iyo maalgashiga shisheeye.

Doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2005 waxay awoodda u keentay musharraxa muxaafidka ah, caanka ah, ee wadaniyadda u janjeera ee Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Waxaa lagu yaqiinnay aragtiyihiisa adag, nukliyeeraynta, iyo colaadda uu u qabo Israa'iil, Saudi Arabia, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Maraykanka iyo dawladaha kale. Wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee uu u yeero baarlamaanka si uu uga jawaabo su'aalo ku saabsan madaxtinimadiisa.[28] Sannadkii 2013, waxaa madaxweyne loo doortay Hassan Rouhani oo ahaa dhex-dhexaad isbeddel-doon ah. Wuxuu dhiirigeliyay xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed, helitaanka macluumaadka, iyo horumarinta xuquuqda haweenka. Wuxuu horumariyay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed isagoo adeegsanaya is-dhaafsiga waraaqo dib u heshiisiin ah.[29] Heshiiska Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action waxaa lagu gaaray Vienna sannadkii 2015, intii u dhaxeysay Iiraan, P5+1 (xubnaha joogtada ah ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay + Jarmalka) iyo Midowga Yurub. Wada-xaajoodyadu waxay udub dhexaad u ahaayeen joojinta cunaqabataynta dhaqaale iyadoo beddelkeeda Iiraan laga xaddidayo soo saarista yuraaniyamka la hodmey.[30] Sannadkii 2018, Maraykanka oo uu hoggaaminayay Madaxweyne Donald Trump ayaa ka baxay heshiiska, waxaana lagu soo rogay cunaqabatayn cusub. Tani waxay meesha ka saartay qodobbadii dhaqaalaha waxayna Iiraan keentay heerka u dhow nukliyeerka.[31] Sannadkii 2020, jeneraalka IRGC Qasem Soleimani, oo ahaa qofka 2-aad ee ugu awoodda badan Iiraan,[32] waxaa dilay Maraykanka, taas oo kordhisay xiisadda u dhaxeysa labada dhinac.[33] Iiraan waxay uga jawaabtay weerar lagu qaaday saldhigyada cirka ee Maraykanka ee Ciraaq, kaas oo ahaa weerarkii ugu weynaa ee gantaallada ballistic-ga ah ee abid lagu qaado dad Maraykanka ah;[34] 110 ayaa qabay dhaawacyo maskaxda ah.[35][36][37] 8-dii Janaayo, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ee Iiraan ayaa soo riday diyaaraddii Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, iyadoo dishay 176 rayid ah, taas oo horseeday mudaaharaadyo dalka oo dhan ka dhacay. Baaritaan caalami ah ayaa keenay in dawladdu ay qirato in gantaal dhulka laga rido lagu soo riday diyaaradda.[38][39]

Muxaafidka adag ee Ebrahim Raisi ayaa laga adkaaday doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2017, laakiin wuxuu mar kale isu taagay doorashadii 2021, isagoo beddelay Rouhani.[40] Muddadii uu Raisi xilka hayay, Iiraan waxay xoojisay hodminta yuraaniyamka, waxay hor istaagtay baaritaannada caalamiga ah, waxay ku biirtay SCO iyo BRICS, waxay taageertay duullaankii Ruushka ee Yukrayn waxayna soo celisay xiriirkii ay la lahayd Sacuudi Carabiya. Bishii Abriil 2024, weerarkii cirka ee Israa'iil ee qunsuliyadda Iiraan ee Dimishiq ayaa lagu dilay taliye ka tirsan IRGC.[41][42] Iiraan waxay uga jawaabtay iyadoo u adeegsatay UAVs, gantaallada cruise-ka iyo ballistic-ga; 9 ka mid ah ayaa ku dhacay Israa'iil.[43][44][45] Waxay ahayd weerarkii diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee ugu weynaa taariikhda,[46] weerarkii gantaallada ee ugu weynaa taariikhda Iiraan,[47] weerarkeedii ugu horreeyay ee toos ah oo ay ku qaaddo Israa'iil[48][49] iyo markii ugu horreysay tan iyo 1991 oo Israa'iil ay si toos ah u weerarto dawlad.[50] Bishii Maajo 2024, Raisi waxaa lagu dilay shil helicopter,[51] Iiraanna waxay qabatay doorasho madaxtinimo, markaas oo isbeddel-doonkii iyo wasiirkii hore ee Wasaaradda Caafimaadka, Masoud Pezeshkian, la doortay.[52][53] Bishii Oktoobar, Iiraan waxay ridday 180 gantaallada ballistic-ga ah oo ku wajahan Israa'iil si looga aarguto dilalkii Ismail Haniyeh, Hassan Nasrallah iyo Abbas Nilforoushan. Israa'iil waxay weerartay goobo milatari oo Iiraan ah.[54] Bishii Maajo 2025, xukuumadda Iiraan waxay amar ku bixisay masaafurin ballaaran oo lagu sameynayo qiyaastii afar milyan oo muhaajiriin Afgaanistaan ah iyo qaxooti ku nool Iiraan.[55]

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei oo ay weheliyaan Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga Saudi Arabia Khalid bin Salman iyo Janaraal Mohammad Bagheri 17-kii Abriil 2025

Wiiqidda xulafada muhiimka ah iyo kooxaha u adeega Iiraan tan iyo 2023 waxay ka dhigtay xukuumadda Iiraan mid daciif ah oo go'doon ah.[56][57][58] Horraantii 2025, Iiraan waxay si xawli ah u hormarinaysay barnaamijkeeda nukliyeerka.[59] Dadka falanqeeya waxay ka digeen in dhaqdhaqaaqaas uu dhaafay wax kasta oo qiil rayid ah u yeelan kara.[60] Iiraan iyo Maraykanka waxay bilaabeen wada-xaajoodyo heshiis nukliyeer oo cusub ah, laakiin horumarka ayaa istaagay. Bishii Juun, IAEA waxay ogaatay in Iiraan aysan u hoggaansamin waajibaadkeeda nukliyeerka;[61] iyadoo taas ka jawaabaysa, Iiraan waxay ku dhawaaqday kicinta xarun hodmin oo cusub.[62] 13-kii Juun 2025, Israa'iil waxay weeraro ka bilowday Iiraan oo dhan, iyadoo beegsanaysa xarumaha nukliyeerka ayna dishay xubno sarsare oo ka tirsan hoggaanka milatariga Iiraan.[63][64] Iiraan waxay ugu jawaabtay weeraro gantaallo ah, colaadduna waxay keentay dagaal toos ah oo u dhaxeeya labadooda. 22-kii Juun, Maraykanka ayaa weeraray xarumaha nukliyeerka ee Iiraan;[65] Iiraanna waxay weerartay saldhigyada Maraykanka ee Qatar taas ka dhalatay. 24-kii Juun, Israa'iil iyo Iiraan waxay ku heshiiyeen xabbad-joojin ka dib markii uu Maraykanku ku adkeeyay.[66][67]

Tan iyo bishii Diseembar 2025, Iiraan waxaa ka jiray mudaaharaadyo ballaaran oo ka dhacay magaalooyinka kuwaas oo loogu baaqayo in la rido Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah, taas oo ka dhalatay niyad-jab ku saabsan xiisadda dhaqaale.[68] As of 13 Janaayo 2026 (2026-01-13), Iran International waxay ku qiyaastay in ugu yaraan 12,000 oo mudaaharaadayaal ah lagu dilay gudaha xannibaadda internet-ka, iyadoo ciidamada ammaanka ee dawladdu ay kordhiyeen isticmaalka rasaasta dilaaga ah ee ka dhanka ah mudaaharaadayaasha.[69][70][71] As of 17 Janaayo 2026 (2026-01-17), qiyaasuhu waxay soo jeediyeen in ugu yaraan 16,500 oo qof lagu dilay ku dhawaad 330,000 oo kalena lagu dhaawacay xasuuqyadii Iiraan ee 2026.[72]

28-kii Febraayo 2026, Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil waxay fuliyeen weeraro milatari oo isku dubaridan oo ka dhan ah bartilmaameedyo dhowr ah oo ku yaalla Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan, taas oo muujinaysa kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid xiisadda soo jireenka ah ee u dhaxeysa Tehran iyo isbahaysiga Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil.[73] Iyadoo ay socdeen weeraro gantaallo ah oo baaxad leh oo ay Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil ku qaadeen Iiraan qayb ka mid ah Operation Epic Fury, sarkaal Israa'iili ah oo aan magaciisa la sheegin ayaa sheegay in la helay maydka Ali Khamenei. Ma jirin qof si cad u beddelaya Khamenei.[74]

Juquraafi

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Topografiyada Iiraan

Iiraan waxay leedahay bed gaaraya 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi). Waa dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn qaaradda Aasiya iyo kan labaad ee ugu weyn Galbeedka Aasiya.[75] Waxay dhacdaa inta u dhaxaysa loolka 24° iyo 40° N iyo dhigaha 44° iyo 64° E. Waxay xuduud la leedahay dhanka waqooyi-galbeed Armenia, gobolka go'an ee Nakhchivan,[76] iyo Jamhuuriyadda Azerbaijan; dhanka waqooyi waxaa ka xiga Badda Casbiya; waqooyi-bari Turkmenistan; bari waxaa ka xiga Afghanistan iyo Pakistan; koonfur waxaa ka xiga Khaliijka Faaris iyo Khaliijka Cumaan; dhanka galbeedna Iraq iyo Turkiga.

Iiraan waxay ku taal aag u nugul dhulgariirka.[77] Celcelis ahaan, dhulgariir cabbirkiisu yahay 7.0 ama ka badan wuxuu dhacaa tobankii sanno mar.[78] Inta badan dhulgariirradu waa kuwo gacmeed ah (shallow-focus), waxayna keeni karaan burbur weyn, sida dhulgariirkii Bam ee 2003. Iiraan waxay u badan tahay Dhul-sareedka Iiraan, iyadoo qaybteeda koonfur-galbeed ay saaran tahay huurada Carabta. Waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu buuraha badan adduunka; muuqaalkeeda waxaa u badan silsilado buuro ah oo kala sooca dooxooyinka ama dhul-sareedyada. Galbeedka Iiraan oo dadku ku badan yahay ayaa ah meesha ugu buuraha badan, waxaana ku yaal silsilado ay ka mid yihiin Caucasus, Zagros, iyo Alborz. Mount Damavand waa halka ugu sarreysa dalka, jooggeedu waa 5,610 m (18,406 ft), waana foolkaanooyinka ugu sarreeya Aasiya. Buuraha Iiraan waxay saameyn ku lahaayeen siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha dalkaas muddo qarniyo ah.

Waqooyiga Iiraan waxaa qariyay dhul-daaqsimeedka doogga ah ee kaymaha Hyrcanian, oo u dhow xeebaha koonfureed ee Badda Casbiya. Dhanka bari wuxuu u badan yahay dooxooyin saxare ah, sida Saxaraha Kavir, oo ah saxaraha ugu weyn dalka, iyo Saxaraha Lut, iyo sidoo kale harooyin cusbo leh. Saxaraha Lut waa meesha ugu kulul ee laga diiwaan geliyay dusha sare ee dhulka, iyadoo 70.7 °C laga diiwaan geliyay sannadkii 2005.[79] Bannaanlo ballaaran ayaa laga helaa xeebaha Casbiya iyo cirifka waqooyi ee Khaliijka Faaris, halkaas oo Iiraan ay xuduud ka leedahay webiga Arvand. Bannaanlo yaryar oo aan isku xirneyn ayaa ku yaal inta kale ee xeebta Khaliijka Faaris, Marinka Hormuz, iyo Khaliijka Cumaan.[80]

Cimilada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Khariidadda noocyada cimilada ee Iiraan

Cimilada Iiraan waa mid kala duwan, laga bilaabo engeg iyo nus-engeg, ilaa kuleyl-xigeen ka jira xeebta Casbiya iyo kaymaha waqooyiga.[81] Cirifka waqooyi ee Iiraan, heerkulku dhif iyo naadir ayuu hoos ugu dhacaa dhibicda barafka (freezing), aaggaasna waa mid qoyan. Heerkulka xagaaga dhif ayuu ka sarreeyaa 29 °C (84.2 °F).[82] Roobka sannadlaha ah waa 680 mm (26.8 in) bannaanada bari iyo in ka badan 1,700 mm (66.9 in) dhanka galbeed. Isku-duwaha Qaramada Midoobay ee Iiraan ayaa sheegay in "Biyo-yaraantu ay tahay caqabadda ugu weyn ee xagga amniga bini'aadamka ee maanta ka jirta Iiraan".[83]

Dhanka galbeed, deegaannada ku yaal dooxada Zagros waxay leeyihiin heerkul hoose iyo qaboobeyaal adag, oo leh baraf culus. Dooxooyinka bari iyo kuwa dhexe waa engeg, roobkuna wuxuu ka yaryahay 200 mm (7.9 in). Heerkulka xagaaga ee celceliska ah wuxuu gaari karaa 38 °C (100.4 °F). Bannaanada xeebaha koonfureed ee Khaliijka Faaris iyo Khaliijka Cumaan waxay leeyihiin qaboobeyaal dhexdhexaad ah, iyo xagaayo aad u qoyan oo kulul. Roobka sannadlaha ah wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in).[84]

Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Libaax-badhka Faaris, oo u dhashay Dhul-sareedka Iiraan

Ku dhowaad 60% Iiraan waa buuraley, in ka yar 10% na waa kaymo. Qiyaastii 120 milyan oo hektar oo kaymo iyo beero ah ayaa dawladdu leedahay. Kaymaha Iiraan waxaa loo qaybin karaa shan goobood: gobolka Hyrcanian oo ka kooban suunka cagaaran ee dhanka waqooyi; gobolka Turan, oo u badan kuwo ku kala firirsan bartamaha Iiraan; gobolka Zagros, oo u badan kaymo geed-ballood (oak) ah dhanka galbeed; gobolka Khaliijka Faaris, oo ku kala firirsan suunka xeebta koonfureed; iyo gobolka Arasbarani, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ah. In ka badan 8,200 oo nooc oo dhir ah ayaa ka baxa. Waxaa jira in ka badan 200 oo aag oo la ilaaliyo si loo dhowro duurjoogta, iyadoo in ka badan 30 ay yihiin jardiinooyin qaran.

Duurjoogta Iiraan waxaa ka mid ah 34 nooc oo fiidmeerta ah, shabeel-biyeedka Hindida, dawaco-cas, yeyda, dawacooyinka, waraabaha xariijimaha leh, shabeelka, madax-madowga iyo oromada madow ee Aasiya. Noocyada xayawaanka qofka leh waxaa ka mid ah doofaarka duurka, deerada cas, iyo deerada goitered.[85] Shabeelka Aasiya ee khatarta weyn ugu jira dabar-goynta wuxuu ku haray oo kaliya Iiraan. Iiraan waxay weysay dhamaan libaaxyadii Aasiya iyo shabeel-dharihii Casbiya horraantii qarnigii 20-aad. Iiraan waxay hoy u tahay in ka badan 570 nooc oo shimbiraha ah sida pheasant, partridge, stork, gorgorka iyo shaqrada.

Dawladda iyo Siyaasadda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Hoggaamiyaha Sare

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Hoggaamiyaha Sare Ayatollah Ali Khamenei oo la jooga Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif 26-kii May 2025

Hoggaamiyaha Sare,[lower-alpha 4] ama Rahbar, waa madaxa dawladda waana qofka mas'uulka ka ah kormeerka siyaasadda. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu leeyahay awood xaddidan marka loo eego Rahbar. Wasiiro muhiim ah ayaa lagu soo doortaa heshiiska Rahbar, kaas oo leh go'aanka ugu dambeeya ee siyaasadda dibadda.[86] Rahbar wuxuu si toos ah ugu lug leeyahay magacaabista wasiirrada gaashaandhigga, sirdoonka iyo arrimaha dibadda.

Rahbar wuxuu si toos ah u xukumaa siyaasadda gobolka. Safiirada loo diro dalalka Carabta, tusaale ahaan, waxaa soo doorta Ciidanka Quds, kuwaas oo si toos ah ugu warbixiya Rahbar.[87] Rahbar wuxuu amri karaa in sharciyada la beddelo. Setad, oo ah shirkad dawladu leedahay oo hoos timaada Rahbar, ayaa lagu qiimeeyay $95 bilyan sannadkii 2013, xisaabaadkeeduna waa sir xitaa baarlamaanka laguma soo bandhigo.

Rahbar waa taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qalabka Sida, wuxuu xukumaa sirdoonka milatariga iyo hawlgallada amniga, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda kaliya ee uu ku iclaamin karo dagaal ama nabad. Rahbar wuxuu sidoo kale magacaabaa madaxda garsoorka, shabakadaha raadiyaha iyo telefishinka dawladda, taliyayaasha booliska iyo milatariga, iyo xubnaha Golaha Ilaalada.

Golaha Khubarada ayaa mas'uul ka ah doorashada Rahbar waxayna leeyihiin awood ay xilka kaga qaadaan. Ilaa iyo hadda, Golaha Khubarada ma tartamin go'aan kasta oo Rahbar uu gaaray, ismana isku dayin inay xilka ka qaadaan. Qaar badan ayaa raba inay aamminsan yihiin in Golaha Khubarada uu noqday gole maamuus oo kaliya oo aan lahayn awood dhab ah.

Nidaamka siyaasadeed wuxuu ku saleysan yahay dastuurka dalka. Sida laga soo xigtay tusmooyinka caalamiga ah, Iiraan waxay ku jirtaa heer hoose xagga cabbirada dimuqraadiyadda, gaar ahaan sinnaanta ragga iyo haweenka, xorriyadda ururrada, iyo xorriyadda hadalka.

Madaxweynaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Albaabka laga galo madaxtooyada Iiraan, halkaas oo golaha wasiiradu ku kulmaan

Madaxweynuhu waa madaxa xukuumadda iyo maamulka labaad ee ugu sarreeya Hoggaamiyaha Sare ka dib. Madaxweynaha waxaa lagu soo doortaa codbixin guud muddo 4 sanno ah. Doorashada ka hor, musharraxiinta waa inay oggolaansho ka helaan Golaha Ilaalada.[88] Madaxweynaha waxaa dib loo dooran karaa hal mar oo kaliya. Madaxweynuhu waa guddoomiyaha Golaha Amniga Qaranka, wuxuuna leeyahay awood uu ku iclaamiyo xaalad degdeg ah ka dib marka baarlamaanku ansixiyo.

Madaxweynuhu wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay dhaqangelinta dastuurka iyo fulinta go'aannada iyo siyaasadaha guud ee uu qeexay Rahbar, marka laga reebo arrimaha si toos ah ugu xiran Rahbar. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabaa wasiirrada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Baarlamaanka iyo Rahbar, kaas oo eryi kara ama dib u soo celin kara wasiir kasta. Sideed madaxweyne ku-xigeen ayaa hoos timaada madaxweynaha, iyo sidoo kale gole wasiirro oo ka kooban 22 wasiir.

Golaha Ilaalada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Musharraxiinta madaxweynaha iyo baarlamaanka waa in ay ansixiyaan 12-ka xubnood ee Golaha Ilaalada (dhammaan xubnahooda waxaa magacaaba Hoggaamiyaha Sare) ka hor inta aysan u tartamin xilka si loo xaqiijiyo daacadnimadooda.[89] Hoggaamiyaha Sare wuxuu ka noqon karaa go'aannada Golaha Ilaalada.

Dastuurku wuxuu siinayaa golaha saddex waajibaad: awoodda diidmada (veto) ee sharciyada uu soo saaro baarlamaanka, kormeerka doorashooyinka, iyo ansixinta ama ka saarista musharraxiinta u tartamaya doorashooyinka maxalliga ah, baarlamaanka, madaxtooyada, ama Golaha Khubarada. Goluhu wuxuu burin karaa sharci kasta haddii uu ka soo horjeedo shariicada Islaamka ama dastuurka.

Ciidanka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
MRBM Sejjil. Iiraan waa quwadda 6-aad ee gantaalaha adduunka, waana dalka 5-aad ee caalamka ee leh farsamada gantaalaha haaybarsanik-ga

Ciidanka waxaa loo qaabeeyey qaab midaysan, kaas oo ah Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces, oo ka kooban Islamic Republic of Iran Army, oo ay ku jiraan Ciidanka Dhulka, Ciidanka Difaaca Cirka, Ciidanka Cirka, iyo Ciidanka Badda; iyo Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, oo ka kooban Ciidanka Dhulka, Ciidanka Hawada Sare, Ciidanka Badda, Quds Force, iyo Basij; iyo sidoo kale Taliska Booliska (Faraja), kaas oo qabta shaqo u dhiganta jandarmaari. In kasta oo IRIAF ay ilaaliso madaxbannaanida dalka qaab dhaqameed, IRGC waxaa loo xilsaaray inay sugto hufnaanta Jamhuuriyadda kana hortagto faragelinta shisheeye, afgembiyaasha, iyo rabshadaha gudaha.[90] Sanadkii 2019, Mareykanka oo uu hoggaaminayo Madaxweyne Donald Trump ayaa si rasmi ah ugu calaamadiyay Ilaalada Kacaanka urur argagixiso shisheeye. Waa markii ugu horreysay oo qayb ka mid ah dawlad shisheeye loo aqoonsado urur argagixiso.[91][92] Tan iyo 1925, dhammaan muwaadiniinta labka ah ee jira 18 sano waa inay u adeegaan qiyaastii 14 bilood IRIAF ama IRGC.[93][94]

Iiraan waxay leedahay in ka badan 610,000 oo askari oo firfircoon iyo qiyaastii 350,000 oo kayd ah, taas oo ka dhigan ugu yaraan in ka badan hal milyan oo shaqaale ciidan ah, waana mid ka mid ah boqolleyda ugu sarreysa ee muwaadiniinta leh tababarka ciidan ee adduunka.[95][96] Basij, oo ah maleeshiyo iskaa wax u qabso ah oo ka tirsan IRGC, waxay leedahay in ka badan 20 milyan oo xubnood, kuwaas oo 600,000 ay diyaar u yihiin u yeeritaan degdeg ah, 300,000 oo kayd ah, iyo hal milyan oo la abaabuli karo markii loo baahdo.[97] Faraja, oo ah ciidanka booliska ee Iiraan, waxay leedahay in ka badan 260,000 oo shaqaale firfircoon. Inta badan hay'adaha tirakoobka kuma daraan Basij iyo Faraja warbixinadooda qiimeynta.

Iiraan waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 7-aad ee tirada ciidamada firfircoon[98] iyo kaalinta 9-aad ee baaxadda ciidamada dhulka iyo kuwa gaashaaman. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Iiraan ayaa ah kuwa ugu weyn Galbeedka Aasiya, waxayna ka kooban yihiin raxan diyaaradaha qumman ee ugu weyn Bariga Dhexe.[99] Iiraan waxay ka mid tahay 15-ka waddan ee ugu sarreeya dhinaca miisaaniyadda ciidanka.[100] Sanadkii 2021, kharashka milatariga ayaa kordhay markii ugu horreysay muddo afar sano ah, isagoo gaaray $24.6 bilyan, taas oo ah 2.3% wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP).[101]

Tan iyo kacaankii Islaamiga ahaa, si ay uga gudubto cunaqabateynta dibadda, Iiraan waxay horumarisay warshado milatari oo gudaha ah oo awood u leh inay soo saaraan tank-yo, gaadiidka gaashaaman ee ciidanka, gantaalo, maraakiibta quusta, markabka gantaalaha xambaara, nidaamyada radar-ka, diyaaradaha qumman, maraakiibta dagaalka, iyo diyaaradaha dagaalka.[102] Sidaas darteed, Iiraan waxay leedahay arsenal-ka ugu weyn uguna kala duwan ee gantaalaha balastikada ee Bariga Dhexe, waana dalka 5-aad ee adduunka ee leh farsamada gantaalaha haaybarsanik-ga.[103] Iiraan waxay sidoo kale naqshadaysaa oo soo saartaa noocyo kala duwan oo diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn (UAV). Sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah shanta waddan ee adduunka ee leh awoodda dagaalka internetka.

Barnaamijka Nukliyeerka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Barnaamijka nukliyeerka ee Iiraan wuxuu soo bilaabmay 1950-meeyadii.[104] Iiraan waxay dib u soo noolaysay kacaankii Islaamiga ka dib, barnaamijkeeda kobcinta nukliyeerka wuxuu noqday mawduuc laga yeesho wada xaajoodyo caalami ah oo xooggan iyo cunaqabateyn.[105] Sanadkii 2015, Iiraan iyo P5+1 waxay ku heshiiyeen Heshiiska Nukliyeerka, ujeedkiisuna ahaa in la soo afjaro cunaqabateynta dhaqaale beddelkeedana la xaddido soo saarista yuraaniyamka la kobciyey.[106]

Si kasta ha ahaatee, 2018-kii, Mareykanka ayaa isaga baxay heshiiska intii uu jiray maamulkii Trump, waxaana dib loogu soo rogay cunaqabateyn. Tan waxaa kala kulmay iska caabin Iiraan iyo xubnaha kale ee P5+1.[107] Sanad ka dib, Iiraan waxay bilowday inay dhimto u hoggaansanaanteeda heshiiska. Markay ahayd 2020, Iiraan waxay ku dhawaaqday inaysan dhowri doonin wax xaddidid ah oo uu dhigayo heshiisku.[108] Guulaha tan iyo markaas laga gaaray waxay Iiraan keeneen meel u dhow heerka loogu yeero marinka nukliyeerka.

Saamaynta Gobolka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Iiraan iyo aagga saamaynteeda

Saamaynta muuqata ee Iiraan waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu sifeeyaa "Bilowga Boqortooyada Cusub ee Faaris".[109] Qaar ka mid ah falanqeeyayaasha ayaa saamaynta Iiraan la xiriiriya dhaxalka qaran ee dalka, boqortooyadii hore iyo taariikhda qani ah ee ay leedahay.

Kacaanka ka dib, Iran waxay kordhisay saamaynta ay ku leedahay gobolka iyo dibaddaba.[110][111][112][113] Waxay dhistay ciidamo millatari oo leh shabakad ballaaran oo ka kooban xubno dawladeed iyo kuwo aan dawli ahayn, laga bilaabo Xisbullah ee Lubnaan sanadkii 1982.[114][115] Ciidanka Ilaalada Kacaanka ee IRGC ayaa fure u ahaa saamaynta Iran, iyadoo loo marayo Cududda Quds.[116][117][118] Deganaansho la'aanta Lubnaan (laga bilaabo 1980-meeyadii),[119] Ciraaq (laga bilaabo 2003)[120] iyo Yemen (laga bilaabo 2014)[121] waxay Iran u ogolaatay inay dhisto xulafo xooggan iyo saldhigyo ka baxsan xuduudaheeda. Iran waxay saamayn weyn ku lahayd adeegyada bulshada, waxbarashada, dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda Lubnaan,[122][123] Lubnaanna waxay Iran siisaa marin ay ka gasho Badda Mediterranean-ka.[124][125] Guulaha istiraatiijiyadeed ee Xisbullah ay ka gaartay Israa'iil, sida guushii calaamadda u ahayd intii uu socday Dagaalkii 2006 ee Israa'iil iyo Xisbullah, waxay sare u qaaday saamaynta Iran ee Levant waxayna xoojisay soo jiidashadeeda guud ahaan Dunida Islaamka.[126][127]

Duulaankii Mareykanka ee Ciraaq sanadkii 2003 iyo imaatinkii ISIS badhtamihii 2010-yadii ka dib, Iran waxay maalgelisay oo tababartay kooxo maleeshiyo ah oo Ciraaq jooga.[128][129][130] Dagaalkii Iran iyo Ciraaq iyo dhicitaankii Saddam Hussein ka dib, Iran waxay qaabaysay siyaasadda Ciraaq.[131][132][133] Ka dib halgankii Ciraaq ee ka dhanka ahaa ISIS ee 2014, shirkado lala xiriiriyo IRGC sida Khatam al-Anbiya, waxay bilaabeen inay dhisaan waddooyin, xarumo koronto, hoteello iyo ganacsiyo Ciraaq dhexdeeda ah, iyagoo abuuray marin dhaqaale oo ku kacaya qiyaastii $9 bilyan ka hor COVID-19.[134]

Boqortooyadii Achaemenid sanadkii 500 BC

Intii uu socday Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Yemen Iran waxay taageero millatari siisay Xuutiyiinta,[135][136][137] oo ah dhaqdhaqaaq Shiico Zaydi ah oo la dagaalamayay dawladda Sunniga ee Yemen ilaa 2004,[138][139] kuwaas oo helay awood ballaaran.[140][141][142] Iran waxay saamayn weyn ku leedahay Afgaanistaan iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha maleeshiyada ah sida Qaybta Fatemiyoun[143][144] iyo Xisbullah Afgaanistaan[145][146] iyo sidoo kale Pakistan iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha maleeshiyada ah sida Guutada Zainabiyoun[147] iyo Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan.[148]

Suuriya dhexdeeda, Iran waxay taageertay Madaxweyne Bashar al-Assad;[149][150] labada waddan waxay ahaayeen xulafo muddo dheer soo jiray.[151][128] Iran waxay taageero millatari iyo dhaqaale oo weyn siisay dawladda Assad,[152][153] sidaas darteed waxay saldhig weyn ku lahayd Suuriya.[154][155] Iran waxay muddo dheer taageertay ururada ku yaala Waqooyiga Afrika ee dalalka sida Aljeeriya iyo Tunisia. Iran waxay soo dhoweysay Xamaas qayb ahaan si ay gacan uga geysato wiiqidda caannimada Ururka Xoreynta Falastiin (PLO).[156] Taageerada Iran ee Xamaas waxay si cad u soo baxday sannadihii dambe.[157][158][159][160] Sida laga soo xigtay sirdoonka Mareykanka, Iran si buuxda uma maamusho kooxahan dawliga ah iyo kuwa aan dawliga ahayn.[161]

Xuquuqda aadanaha iyo faafreebka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Albaabka laga galo Xabsiga Evin, oo la aasaasay 1972. VICE waxay ku tilmaantay xabsiga "meesha argagaxa leh ee halyeeyga ah oo qofna uusan rabin inuu ku dambeyno."[162]

Dawladda Iran ayaa lagu cambaareeyay ururo caalami ah iyo dawlado kala duwan inay ku xad-gudubto xuquuqda aadanaha.[163] Dawladdu waxay inta badan dhibaataysay oo xirtay dadka dhaleeceeya dawladda. Sharciga Iran ma aqoonsana jihada galmada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada ee u dhexeeya xubnaha isku jinsiga ah waa sharci darro waana lagu ciqaabaa dil.[164][165] Ciqaabta dilka waa ciqaab sharci ah, marka loo eego BBC-da, Iran "waxay fulisaa dilal ka badan waddan kasta, marka laga reebo Shiinaha".[166] Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay Javaid Rehman ayaa soo sheegay takoor ka dhan ah dhowr qowmiyadood oo laga tiro badan yahay oo Iran jooga.[167] Koox khubaro ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay sanadkii 2022 ayaa ku boriyay Iran inay joojiso "cadaadiska nidaamsan" ee ka dhanka ah diimaha laga tirada badan yahay, iyagoo raaciyay in xubno ka tirsan Diinta Bahaa'iga la xiray, laga mamnuucay jaamacadaha, ama guryahooda la dumiyay.[168][169] Sannadkii 2024, baaritaan uu sameeyay Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in Iran ay gashay xasuuq ka dhan ah dadka siyaasadda iyo diimaha laga tirada badan yahay intii uu socday xasuuqyadii 1981–1982 iyo dilalkii wadajirka ahaa ee 1988.[170]

Faafreebka waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu daran adduunka oo dhan.[171][172][173] Iran waxay leedahay faafreeb internet oo adag, iyadoo dawladdu ay si joogto ah u xannibto baraha bulshada iyo baraha kale.[174][175][176] Laga soo bilaabo Janaayo 2021, mas'uuliyiintu waxay xannibeen dhowr barood oo baraha bulshada ah.[177]

Natiijooyinkii doorashada 2006 ayaa si weyn loogu muransanaa, taas oo keentay mudaharaadyo.[178][179][180][181] Mudaharaadyadii Iran ee 2017–18 ayaa ku baahay dalka oo dhan iyadoo looga jawaabayay xaaladda dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed.[182] Waxaa si rasmi ah loo xaqiijiyay in kumanaan mudaaharaadayaal ah la xiray.[183] Mudaharaadyadii Iran ee 2019–20 waxay ka bilaabmeen 15kii Noofambar magaalada Ahvaz, waxayna ku baaheen dalka oo dhan ka dib markii ay dawladdu ku dhawaaqday kor u kac qiimaha shidaalka ah oo gaaraya ilaa 300%.[184] Internetka oo la damiyay muddo toddobaad ah ayaa calaamadeeyay mid ka mid ah xiritaankii ugu darraa ee internetka ee waddan kasta, iyo cadaadiskii dawladeed ee ugu dhiigga badnaa ee mudaaharaadayaasha.[185] Tobanaan kun ayaa la xiray boqolaalna waa la dilay dhowr maalmood gudahood sida ay sheegeen goobjoogayaal caalami ah oo dhowr ah, oo ay ku jirto Amnesty International.[186]

Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 wuxuu ahaa duulimaad caalami ah oo rakaab rayid ah oo ka yimid Tehran kuna socday Kyiv, oo ay maamusho Ukraine International Airlines. 8-dii Janaayo 2020, Boeing 737–800 oo duulaysay marinkaas ayaa waxaa soo riday IRGC waxyar ka dib markii ay kacday, iyadoo dishay dhammaan 176-dii qof ee saarnaa taasna waxay keentay mudaaharaadyo. Baaritaan caalami ah ayaa horseeday in dawladdu ay qirato soo ridista, iyadoo ugu yeertay "qalad bini'aadam".[187][188] Mudaharaadyo kale oo looga soo horjeedo dawladda ayaa bilowday 16-kii Sebtembar 2022 ka dib markii haweeney lagu magacaabo Mahsa Amini ay ku dhimatay gacanta booliiska ka dib markii ay xireen Guidance Patrol, oo loo yaqaan "booliiska asluubta".[189][190][191][192] Cadaadiskii dawladdu ay saartay mudaaharaadyada ayaa Qaramada Midoobay ay ku tilmaantay danbi ka dhan ah bini'aadantinimada.[193]

Dhaqaalaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Laga bilaabo As of 2024, Iran waxay leedahay dhaqaalaha 19-aad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka loo eego GDP-ga lagu hagaajiyay PPP. Waa isku dhafka qorshaynta dhexe, lahaanshaha dawladda ee saliidda iyo shirkadaha kale ee waaweyn, beeraha tuulooyinka, iyo ganacsiga gaarka ah ee yar-yar iyo mashaariicda adeegga.[194] Adeegyadu waxay ku darsadaan boqolkiiba ugu weyn ee GDP-ga, waxaa ku xiga warshadaha (macdanta iyo wax soo saarka) iyo beeraha.[195] Dhaqaalaha waxaa lagu gartaa waaxda hydrocarbon-ka, wax soo saarka iyo adeegyada maaliyadda.[196] Iyadoo leh 10% kaydka saliidda adduunka iyo 15% kaydka gaaska, Iran waa quwad weyn oo dhinaca tamarta ah. In ka badan 40 warshadood ayaa si toos ah ugu lug leh Sarrifka saamiyada ee Tehran.

Sarrifka saamiyada ee Tehran

Tehran waa xarunta xoogga dhaqaale ee Iran.[197] Qiyaastii 30% shaqaalaha waaxda guud ee Iran iyo 45% shirkadaheeda warshadaha ee waaweyn waxay ku yaallaan halkaas, kala bar shaqaalaha shirkadahaasna waxay u shaqeeyaan dawladda.[198] Bangiga Dhexe ee Iran ayaa ka mas'uul ah horumarinta iyo ilaalinta lacagta: Rial-ka Iran. Dawladdu ma aqoonsana ururada shaqaalaha marka laga reebo golayaasha shaqaalaha ee Islaamiga ah, kuwaas oo ku xiran ogolaanshaha loo shaqeeyayaasha iyo adeegyada amniga.[199] Iran waxay ahayd dalkii ugu horeeyay ee soo bandhiga dakhliga aasaasiga ah ee qaranka deyrta 2010.[200] Shaqo la'aantu waxay ahayd 9% sanadkii 2022.[201]

Dhimista miisaaniyadda waxay ahayd dhibaato raagto, badanaa waxaa ugu wacan kaalmooyinka dawladeed ee waaweyn, oo ay ku jiraan agabka cuntada iyo gaar ahaan shidaalka, oo wadartoodu gaartay $100 bilyan sanadkii 2022 tamarta oo kaliya.[202][203] Sannadkii 2010, qorshaha dib-u-habaynta dhaqaalaha wuxuu ahaa in la yareeyo kaalmooyinka si tartiib-tartiib ah laguna beddelo gargaar bulsho oo bartilmaameed ah. Ujeeddadu waa in loo guuro xaggii qiimaha suuqa xorta ah iyo in la kordhiyo wax soo saarka iyo cadaaladda bulshada.[204] Maamulku wuxuu sii wadaa dib-u-habaynta, wuxuuna tilmaamayaa inuu kala duwanayn doono dhaqaalaha saliidda ku tiirsan. Iran waxay horumarisay bioteknoolajiyadda, nanotechnoolajiyadda, iyo warshadaha daawooyinka.[205] Dawladdu waxay gaar u leedahay warshadaha.

Iran waxay leedahay warshado wax soo saar oo hormuud u ah samaynta baabuurta, gaadiidka, agabka dhismaha, qalabka guryaha, cuntada iyo agabka beeraha, hubka, daawooyinka, tignoolajiyada macluumaadka, iyo petrochemicals ee Bariga Dhexe.[206] Waxay ka mid tahay shanta soo saara ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ee apricot-ka, jeeriga, qajaarka, timirta, fiigga, pistachio-ga, walnut-ka, Kiwifruit-ka iyo qaraha.[207] Cunaqabataynta caalamiga ah ee ka dhanka ah Iran ayaa waxyeelo u geysatay dhaqaalaha.[208] Iran waa mid ka mid ah saddex waddan oo aan weli ansixin Heshiiska Paris si loo xaddido isbeddelka cimilada, inkastoo aqoonyahanadu ay sheegaan inay u wanaagsan tahay dalka.[209]

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
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  1. ↑ Awoodda kama dambaysta ah waxay u xilsaaran tahay Hogaamiyaha Sare, oo ah jago ka sarreysa Madaxweynaha.
  2. ↑ Golaha Hogaaminta Ku-meel-gaarka ah, oo ka kooban Madaxweyne Masoud Pezeshkian, Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i, iyo Ayatollah Alireza Arafi, ayaa si ku-meel-gaar ah u gudan doona waajibaadka ilaa hogaamiye sare oo cusub laga dooranayo.[6]
  3. ↑ Iiraan waxaa lagu tilmaamay "jamhuuriyad tayaquraadi ah".
  4. ↑ Af Faarisi: رهبر معظم, romanized: Rahbar-e Moazam
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