U bood nuxurka

Mokele-mbembe

Ka Wikipedia
Mokele-mbembe (mokèlé-mbèmbé)
Sawir gacmeedka Mokele-mbembe
Macluumaadka makhluuqa
KooxaynDinosaur
Koox-hoosaadSauropoda
Asal
WadankaJamhuuriyadda Kongo
GobolAfrika
Deegaanka uu ku nool yahayDooxada

Khuraafaad badan oo Bantu ah, mokele-mbembe (oo sidoo kale loo qoro "mokèlé-mbèmbé") waa xayawaan khuraafaad ah oo biyaha ku nool oo la aaminsan yahay inuu ka jiro Dooxada Wabiga Kongo. Waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu yahay xayawaan gurguurta, ruux, ama xubin ka mid ah qoyska sauropods ee dabar-go'ay.

Horraantii ilaa bartamihii qarnigii 20-aad, xayawaankan wuxuu noqday bartilmaameedka xubnaha cryptozoology iyo young Earth creationism, taas oo keentay duullimaadyo badan oo ay hoggaaminayaan cryptozoologists kuwaas oo inta badan ay maalgelinayaan young Earth creationists iyo kooxo kale oo leh ujeeddo ah inay helaan caddayn ka hor imaanaysa ama ka hor imaanaysa is-afgaradka sayniska ee ku saabsan aragtida horumarinta. Paleontologist Donald Prothero wuxuu xusay in "raadinta Mokele-Mbembe ... ay qayb ka tahay dadaalka ay creationists ugu jiraan inay afgembiyaan aragtida horumarinta iyo baridda sayniska si kasta oo suurtagal ah".[1] Intaa waxaa dheer, Prothero wuxuu xusay in "dadka kaliya ee raadinaya mokele-mbembe ay yihiin wasiirro creationist ah, maaha bayoolajiyeyaasha duurjoogta."[2]

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1940-meeyadii, Roy Mackal, oo ah microbiologist ka socda Jaamacadda Chicago, ayaa sameeyay dhowr duullimaad si uu u helo xayawaanka, marag-furkuna wuxuu ku tilmaamay sidan:

"Madaxu wuxuu ahaa mid si cad u eg abeeso, dabo dheer oo dhuuban, iyo jir cabbirkiisu ku dhow yahay maroodiga, ama ugu yaraan kan jeerka. Luguhu waa gaaban yihiin, iyadoo lugaha dambe ay leeyihiin saddex ciddiyood. Xayawaanku waa midab bunni casaan ah, waxayna leeyihiin qallafsanaan u eg diiq oo ka bilaabma madaxa sare ilaa qoorta dhabarka."[3] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiro wax duullimaad ah oo helay caddayn xayawaanka ah marka laga reebo marag-furka dadka goobjoogga ahaa.

Khubarada ugu badan ee sayniska waxay aaminsan yihiin in mokele-mbembe, sida ay soo weriyeen dadka reer Kongo, laga yaabo in uu dhiirigeliyay wiyil madaw, kaas oo mar ka barwaaqoobay gobolka. Taariikhyahan Edward Guimont wuxuu ku dooday in khuraafaadka mokele-mbembe uu ka soo jeedo sheegashooyin pseudohistorical hore oo ku saabsan Zimbabwe-da Weyn, taas oo iyaduna saameysay aragtiyaha shirqoolka gurguurta ee dambe.[4] Waxa kale oo loo malaynayaa inuu yahay xayawaan "bar maroodi, bar masduulaagii" sida ay sheegeen warbixino kala duwan.[5][6][7]

Taariikh

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Qarnigii 20-aad

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Ilaha:[8]

Warbixintii ugu horreysay ee mokele-mbembe waxay ka timid Kaptan-kii Jarmalka Ludwig Freiherr von Stein zu Lausnitz [de], sida uu ku sifeeyay Willy Ley buugga The Lungfish and the Unicorn (1941). Von Stein waxaa lagu amray inuu sameeyo sahamin ku saabsan gumeysigii hore ee Jarmalka waxa hadda ah Kameruun 1913. Wuxuu maqlay sheekooyin ku saabsan xamaarato weyn oo loo yaqaan "Mokele-mbembe" oo la sheegay inay ku nool yihiin kaymaha, wuxuuna ku daray sharraxaad warbixintiisa rasmiga ah. Sida uu sheegay Ley, "von Stein wuxuu warbixintiisa u qoray si taxadar leh," isagoo ogaa in laga yaabo in loo arko wax aan la rumaysan karin.[9] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, von Stein wuxuu u maleeyay in sheekooyinku ay yihiin kuwo la aamini karo: hageyaal maxalli ah oo la aamini karo ayaa u sheegay sheekooyinka, sheekooyinkana waxaa u sheegay ilo madax-bannaan, laakiin waxay ka muuqdeen qaar badan oo ka mid ah faahfaahinta isku midka ah. Inkasta oo warbixintii von Stein aan waligeed si rasmi ah loo daabicin, Ley wuxuu soo xigtay von Stein isagoo qoraya:

Xayawaanka waxaa la sheegaa inuu yahay midab bunni-cawlan oo leh maqaar siman, cabbirkiisu wuxuu ku dhow yahay kan maroodiga; ugu yaraan kan jeerka. Waxaa la sheegaa inuu leeyahay qoorta dheer oo aad u dabacsan iyo hal il keliya laakiin mid aad u dheer; qaar waxay yiraahdaan waa gees. Qaar yar ayaa ka hadlay dabo dheer, oo muruq leh sida tan alligator. Doomaha u dhowaanaya waxaa la sheegaa inay doomay yihiin; xayawaanka waxaa la sheegaa inuu weeraro maraakiibta markiiba oo uu dilo shaqaalaha laakiin isagoon cunin meydadka. Xayawaanka waxaa la sheegaa inuu ku nool yahay godad ay wabiga ka maydheen dhoobada xeebaha meelaha qaloocsan. Waxaa la sheegaa inuu fuulo xeebaha xitaa maalintii raadinta cunnada; cuntadiisa waxaa la sheegaa inay tahay gebi ahaanba khudrad. Habkan ayaa ka hor imaanaya sharraxaadda suurtagalka ah ee khuraafaad ahaan. Warshadda la doorbiday ayaa la i tusay, waa nooc ka mid ah liana oo leh ubaxyo waaweyn oo cad, oo leh sap caano leh iyo tufaax-oo kale midho. Wabiga Ssombo waxaa la i tusay waddo la sheegay inay samaysay xayawaankani si uu u helo cunnadiisa. Waddadu waxay ahayd mid cusub waxaana u dhowaa dhir nooca la tilmaamay. Laakiin maadaama ay jireen raadad aad u badan oo maroodi, jeer, iyo naasley kale oo waaweyn, waxay ahayd wax aan macquul ahayn in la ogaado raad gaar ah oo leh wax kasta oo hubaal ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida uu sheegay Brian Dunning, buug Jarmal ah oo 1929 oo uu qoray qoraaga sayniska Wilhelm Bölsche oo lagu magacaabo Dragons: Legend and Science, Bölsche wuxuu qoray in von Stein uu si cad u rumaysnaa in xayawaanka la tilmaamay uusan ahayn xayawaan dhab ah, laakiin taa beddelkeeda aanu ahayn wax aan ka ahayn khuraafaadka maxalliga ah.[10]

Sida uu sheegay reer Jarmal adventurer Lt. Paul Gratz oo ka hadlayay 1911:

Yaxaaska waxaa laga helaa oo kaliya muunado aad u go'doonsan oo ku yaalla Harada Bangweulu, marka laga reebo afka wabiyada waaweyn ee waqooyiga. Dhiiqada dhexdeeda waxaa ku nool nsanga, oo dadka waddaniga ah ay aad uga cabsadaan, saurian xumaaday oo qofku si fiican u wareeri karo yaxaaska haddii aysan ahayn in maqaarkiisu uusan lahayn qolof iyo suulashiisa ay hubaysan yihiin ciddiyaha. Kuma guulaysan inaan toogto nsanga, laakiin jasiiradda Mbawala waxaan ku helay xoogaa strips oo maqaarkiisa ah.[11]

Sheekooyinka xayawaanka sida mokele-mbembe, saurian-ka nool ama xayawaannada waaweyn ee aan la aqoon ee saynis ahaan ku socda kaynta roobka ee Afrika, maaha kuwo naadir ah; waxaa jiray sheekooyin badan oo ah quadrupeds waaweyn oo maqaar siman leh oo leh qoorta dheer oo ku quudiya ugaarsiga waaweyn ee weli ku nool bartamaha Afrika.[12] Kaliya ka dib markii sharraxaadda mokele-mbembe ay soo baxday ayay adduunka intiisa kale bilaabeen inay u tarjumaan halyeeyadaas inay leeyihiin qaab dhismeedka jirka oo u eg dinosaur. Tusaale caan ah wuxuu noqon lahaa emela-ntouka, xayawaan maroodi-cabbir ah oo wadaaga waxyaabo badan oo la mid ah mokele-mbembe. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inuu leeyahay maqaar siman, dabo xoog leh oo muruq leh, iyo "gees" ama "il".[13] Xayawaan kale oo la mid ah, jago-nini, waxaa ku sifeeyay Alfred Aloysius Smith, oo u shaqayn jiray shirkad ganacsi oo Ingiriis ah waxa hadda ah Gaboon dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, kaas oo si kooban u sheegay buuggiisa xusuus-qorka ee 1927.[14]

Dib-u-soo-celinta 1897 ee Brontosaurus ee quusa Charles R. Knight; sawirada sida tan oo kale ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay saameeyeen khuraafaadka

Warbixinnada xayawaannada lagu sifeeyay inay yihiin dinosaur-u-eg Afrika waxay keentay dareen yar oo ka mid ah warbaahinta tirada badan, wargeysyada Yurub iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay daabaceen maqaallo badan oo mawduucan ku saabsan horraantii 1910-meeyadii; qaar baa warbixinnada u qaatay qiimaha wejiga, halka kuwa kalena ay ahaayeen kuwo shakisan. Waxaa xusid mudan in Yurubta Galbeed iyo Ameerika ay ku jireen xiisaha dhaqanka pop ee ku saabsan dinosaurs, kaas oo Brontosaurus uu ahaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan. Isbeddelkan dhaqameed wuxuu gacan ka geysan karaa labadaba warbixinnada iyo sidoo kale u janjeersiga wargeysyada inay sheegaan in xayawaanka la soo sheegay uu ahaa sauropod.[15]

Duullimaadyo dhowr ah, oo leh kalsooni saynis oo kala duwan, ayaa la sameeyay qarnigii 20-aad si loo raadiyo mokele-mbembe ama loo waraysto dadka sheegtay marag-furka. 1980 iyo mar kale 1981, sahamiyaha Henry Powell iyo bayoolaji Roy Mackal waxay booqdeen gobolka Kongo waxayna waraysteen dadka deggan. Ma aysan helin wax caddayn jireed ah, laakiin si kastaba ha ahaatee waxay ku doodeen in bayaannada joogtada ah ee ka imanaya dadka sheegtay marag-furka ay u muuqdaan inay taageerayaan jiritaanka xayawaanka. Mackal wuxuu daabacay buug 1987 oo faahfaahinaya duullimaadyadiisa.[16] Mackal wuxuu qirtay in baaritaankiisu uu ahaa "mid ay ku jirtay xoogaa jacayl ah", laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu ku adkeystay inuu lahaa ujeedo saynis oo dhab ah.[17] Prothero wuxuu ku doodayaa in duullimaadkii Powell-Mackall ay ku dhawaad keligood caan ka dhigeen fikradda casriga ah ee mokele-mbembe ee dadka reer Galbeedka, haddana waxay ahayd mid si xun u khaldan. Tababarka Mackal wuxuu ahaa virology, kaas oo laga yaabo inuusan u qalmin inuu raadiyo xayawaan weyn oo qalaad; Mackalna wuxuu u muuqday mid aan si dhab ah u aqbalin bayaannada marag-furka iyada oo aan laga fiirsan suurtagalnimada in dadku been sheegaan ama ay buunbuuniyaan si ay u helaan faa'iido maaliyadeed, dareen, ama inay ku raaxaystaan booqdayaasha Maraykanka. Intaa waxaa dheer, Mackal wuxuu iska fogeeyay Afrikaan "diiday aqoonta mokele-mbeme" ama kuwa ku dooday in xayawaanku uusan jirin.[18] 1981, sahamiyaha Herman Regusters iyo kooxdiisa duullimaadka waxay u safreen Harada Tele, halkaas oo Regusters uu ku dooday inuu sawir ka qaaday dinosaurka iyo sidoo kale uu duubay codkiisa. Roy Mackal wuxuu ka shakisanaa Regusters iyo kooxdiisa.[19]

Soolaji Marcellin Agnagna wuxuu sheegay inuu filim ka qaaday mokele-mbeme 1983 laakiin filimku si fiican uma horumarin. Prothero wuxuu ku sifeeyay sheekada inay tahay "mid shaki leh", isagoo xusay in faahfaahinta muhiimka ah ee xisaabta Agnagna ay isbeddeleen mana jiro wax lagu taageeray markhaatiyaal kale. Sahamiyaha reer Scotland William "Billy" Gibbons wuxuu hoggaamiyay laba duullimaad 1985 iyo 1992, in kasta oo Prothero uu su'aal ka keenay ujeedooyinkiisa creationist ahaan wuxuuna Gibbons ku sifeeyay inuusan xitaa raacin mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah ee sayniska.[20] Suxufi Rory Nugent buugiisa Drums Along The Congo: On The Trail Of Mokele-Mbembe, the Last Living Dinosaur waxaa daabacay 1993 Houghton Mifflin. Buugga Nugent waxaa ku jiray sawir uu ku dooday inuu suurtagal yahay mokele-mbembe, laakiin kaas oo Prothero ku dooday inuu u badnaa log sabaynaya.[20]

Qarnigii 21-aad

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2001, BBC's Congo, oo ah barnaamij dukumenti telefishan ah oo ku saabsan taariikhda dabiiciga ah ee gobolka, waxaa ka mid ahaa waraysi lala yeeshay dadka Biaka kuwaas oo ku tilmaamay mokele-mbembe inay tahay wiyil markii ay eegayeen buugga lagu sawiray duurjoogta.[21] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, midkoodna noocyada wiyisha Afrika kuma badan Dooxada Kongo, markaa mokele-mbembe waxaa laga yaabaa inay tahay isku-dhafka khuraafaadka iyo xusuusta dadweynaha wakhti wiyisha laga helay gobolka.

2016, koox dukumenti safar oo ka socota Koonfur Afrika ayaa samaysay dukumenti ku saabsan raadinta mokele-mbembe, kuwaas oo ay markii dambe u iibiyeen Discovery Africa.[22][23] Kooxdu waxay ku qaadatay qiyaastii afar toddobaad gobolka Likuoala ee qoyan iyagoo booqday tuulooyin kala duwan oo Aka (pygmy) ah, iyagoo ururinaya sheekooyin ku saabsan jiritaanka xayawaanka. Waxay tilmaameen dhibaatada u dhaxaysa kala duwanaanshaha mokele-mbembe ee jiritaanka metaphysical iyo jireed. Intii ay waraysanayeen dad rumaysnaa jiritaankiisa, kuwa kale waxay sheegeen inuu dhintay ugu yaraan toban sano ka hor.[24]

2018, Lensgreve ee Knuthenborg, Adam Christoffer Knuth, oo ay weheliyaan koox filim laga soo bilaabo Raadiyaha Denmark iyo saynisyahan DNA ah, waxay u safray Harada Tele ee Kongo, iyagoo raadinaya mokele-mbembe. Ma aysan helin cryptid-ka; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay heleen nooc cusub oo algae cagaaran.[25][26]

Aragtiyaha

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La'aanta caddaynta jireed iyo marag-furka is-khilaafsan ayaa ka dhigay jiritaanka xayawaanka mid shaki ku jira inta badan saynisyahannada iyo taariikhyahannada.[4][27][28] Sharraxaadda ugu macquulsan iyo tan la isku raacsan yahay waa in mokele-mbembe ay tahay halyeey ku salaysan wiyil madaw, nooc mar ka barwaaqoobay bartamaha Afrika, halkaas oo sheekooyinka mokele-mbembe ay ka soo jeedeen. Sida uu sheegay saynisyahan shakisan Ben Radford, asalka xayawaanka waxaa laga raadin karaa buug 1909 oo uu qoray saynisyahanka xayawaanka Carl Hagenbeck oo lagu magacaabo Beasts and Men. Iyada oo ku saleysan lafaha dinosaurka ee dhawaan la helay, Hagenbeck wuxuu qiyaasay in sauropods laga yaabo inay weli ku nool yihiin Afrika. In kasta oo uusan soo bandhigin caddayn kale oo aan ahayn khuraafaadka, sheegashooyinka waxaa faafiyay saxaafadda, oo ay ku jirto The Washington Post. Daniel Loxton iyo Donald Prothero waxay ku doodeen inay "bilaabeen waxa noqon doona halyeeyga cryptozoological ee casriga ah ee mokele-mbembe". Waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in warbixinnada ku saabsan xayawaanka uusan ahayn natiijada caddayn adag ama xisaab-celin dhab ah oo qof ugu horreeya oo dadka maxalliga ah ay kula kulmeen xayawaanka, laakiin taa beddelkeeda "distillation" oo ah sheekooyin badan oo si hal-abuur leh u kala duwan oo ka imanaya gobollo aad u kala fog.[29] Maqnaanshaha caddaynta taageeraya jiritaanka xayawaanka, inkastoo dhowr qarni oo xiriir reer Galbeed ah ay la yeesheen gobolka, duullimaadyo badan oo raadinaya xayawaanka, iyo ilaalinta hawada iyo dayax-gacmeedka ee xilliyada qaarkood, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ogaaday maroodiyaasha iyo xayawaanno kale oo waaweyn - laakiin ma jiro sauropods - dhammaantood waxay u adeegaan inay ka doodaan jiritaanka mokele-mbembe. Buuggiisa Beasts and Men (1909), Carl Hagenbeck wuxuu halyeeyga ku xiray xanta "bar maroodi, bar masduulaagii".[6][7][30]

Dhaqanka caanka ah

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  • Khad aan faa'iido lahayn oo ka mid ah furitaanka chess-ka Alekhine's Defence waxaa loogu magac daray xayawaanka: "mokele-mbembe variation".[31]
  • Mokele-mbembe waxaa lagu soo bandhigay The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs qaybta "Earnest." Waa ka mid ah xayawaannada ay qabteen Earnest Anyway.
  • Filimkii 1985 Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend, xanta ku saabsan aragtida mokele-mbembe waxay u horseedaysaa jilayaasha ugu waaweyn qoys ka tirsan sauropods nool.
  • 1989 The Punisher/Wolverine African Saga (On the Track of Unknown Animals/Endangered Species, The Punisher War Journal #6-#7) by Carl Potts iyo Jim Lee, labada superhero ee la soo sheegay waxay joojiyeen koox ugaarsato ah oo isku dayay inay ugaarsadaan mokele-mbembe.
  • Ciyaartii fiidiyowga ee 1994 Uncharted Waters: New Horizons, mokele-mbembe waxaa laga heli karaa Wabiga Kongo.
  • Ciyaartii fiidiyowga ee 2010 Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, Mokele-mbembe waa mid ka mid ah cryptids-ka la sheegay inay yihiin dinosaurs oo uu Chico u sheego Big Boss.
  • Maajo 2013 kooxda muusikada tijaabada ah ee Norway Sturle Dagsland waxay sii daayeen hees cinwaankeedu yahay "mokele-mbembe".
  • Roland Smith buugga Cryptid Hunters wuxuu ku wareegsan yahay raadinta mokele-mbembe iyo soo kabashada guulaysata ee laba ka mid ah ukumahooda (kaliya shaybaarka dadka waaweyn ee la yaqaan oo dhintay ka hor) oo ka yimid kaymaha Kongo.
  • Mokele-mbembe waa mid ka mid ah lix cryptids ah oo ay raadinayaan majaajilayste iyo suxufi Dom Joly buuggiisa safarka Scary Monsters and Super Creeps.
  • Fannaanka Maraykanka David Choe wuxuu ku sheegay qayb ka mid ah The Joe Rogan Experience inuu dhallinyaro ahaan ugu safray Kongo isagoo raadinaya mokele-mbembe ka dib markii uu ka akhriyay majalad markii uu ku noolaa Israel.
  • Caalamka World of Darkness ee White Wolf Publishing, Mokole waa taranka gurguurta kuwaas oo u adeega sidii "xusuusta" Gaia.
  • Filimka 2019 Godzilla: King of the Monsters wuxuu sheegayaa Titan la magacaabay Mokele-mbembe, in kasta oo aan lagu arkin filimka. Laakiin sawirka xayawaanka waxaa lagu arkay qashinka iyo qashinka ku jira Outpost 75 Jebel Barkal, Sudan halka uu ka kaco oo uu baxsado ka dib markii uu toosay King Ghidorah oo ay la socdaan 17-ka kale ee titans. Xayawaanka waxaa si weyn loogu soo bandhigay buugga filimka.
  • SCP Foundation, mokele-mbembe waa waxa tuulo ka mid ah dadka Mbochi ay ugu yeeraan shaybaarka SCP-1265, gaar ahaan Camarasaurus. Waxay kaloo sheegaan mbielu-mbielu-mbielu inay sidoo kale qayb ka yihiin SCP-1265, iyadoo ay tahay Kentrosaurus.
  • Buugga Mortal Engines, Captain Khora markabkiisa hawada waxaa loo magacaabay Mokele Mbembe.
  • Xilligii labaad ee Goblin Slayer anime, adventure-ku waxay la kulmaan xayawaan weyn oo loo yaqaan "Mokele Mubenbe", xayawaan weyn oo u eg sauropod oo leh kiristaalo guduudan oo ka soo baxaya haraggiisa.

Sidoo kale eeg

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Tixraac

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ Loxton & Prothero (2013), pp. 262–295.
  2. ↑ Prothero (2015), pp. 233–235.
  3. ↑ Funnell, Rachael (2023-08-03). "Mokele-Mbembe: The "Living Dinosaurs" People Thought Lived In The Congo". IFLScience (in Ingiriisi). Retrieved 2025-10-18.
  4. 1 2 Guimont, Edward (18 March 2019). "Hunting Dinosaurs in Central Africa". Contingent Magazine (in Ingiriisi). Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  5. ↑ "Expédition sur les traces du mystérieux Mokélé Mbembé, le dernier dragon d'Afrique - Edition du soir Ouest-France - 07/10/2021". Ouest-France.fr (in Faransiis). 2021-10-07. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  6. 1 2 Gold, Simon (2024-07-08). "The Legend of Mokele-Mbembe: Africa's Hidden Dinosaur". Discovery UK (in Ingiriis Maraykan). Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  7. 1 2 Hagenbeck, Carl (1909). Beasts and Men.
  8. ↑ "History of Mokele Mbembe And Expeditions To Africa". The Daily Journalist. 29 March 2017.
  9. ↑ Ley, Willy (1941). The Lungfish and the Unicorn. Modern age books. pp. 138–139.
  10. ↑ Dunning, Brian (12 May 2020). "Hunting the Mokele-Mbembe". skeptoid.com. Skeptoid Media, Inc. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  11. ↑ Ley, Willy (1959). Exotic Zoology. New York, Viking Press. p. 70.
  12. ↑ Guimont, Edward (2019-03-18). "Hunting Dinosaurs in Central Africa". CONTINGENT (in Ingiriis Maraykan). Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  13. ↑ MacKal, Roy P. (1987). A Living Dinosaur?: In Search of Mokele-Mbembe (in Ingiriisi). Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-08543-5.
  14. ↑ Horn, Trader; Lewis, Ethelreda (1927). Trader Horn : being the life and works of Alfred Aloysius Horn. Internet Archive. New York : Simon and Schuster.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  15. ↑ Naish, Darren (8 June 2018). "Misreading the Mokele-Mbembe (the Mokele-Mbembe, Part 1)". Scientific American Blog Network (in Ingiriisi).
  16. ↑ Mackal, Roy P. (1987). A living dinosaur? In search of Mokele-Mbembe. New York: E. J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08543-2.
  17. ↑ American men & women of science : a biographical directory of today's leaders in physical, biological, and related sciences. Vol. 5 (21. ed.). Detroit: Gale Group. 2003. p. 85. ISBN 9780787665289.
  18. ↑ Loxton & Prothero (2013).
  19. ↑ "An aerospace engineer claimed Tuesday he and his wife... - UPI Archives".
  20. 1 2 Loxton & Prothero (2013), p. 284.
  21. ↑ "Spirits of the Forest – min 45:00". BBC.
  22. ↑ Cowen, Nick (24 August 2018). "Backpacking into the Unknown". The Citizen. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  23. ↑ "New on TV Today: Tuesday 7 August". TVSA (in Ingiriisi). 7 August 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  24. ↑ hitched, Congo. "hitched.congo Webseries". hitched series. Tomfoolery TV. Retrieved 4 October 2019. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help)
  25. ↑ Almbjerg, Sarah Iben (28 November 2018). "Uimodståelig Dino-jagt på DR2". Berlingske (in Dhaanish). Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  26. ↑ Madsen, Fie West (28 November 2018). "Lensgreve Christoffer Knuth har brugt kæmpe summer på vild dinosaur-jagt: 'Vi fandt noget, som ingen har set før'". BT.dk (in Dhaanish). Berlingske Media A/S. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  27. ↑ Hebblethwaite, Cordelia (2011-12-28). "The hunt for Mokele-mbembe: Congo's Loch Ness Monster". BBC News (in Ingiriis Biritish). Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  28. ↑ Naish, Darren (2016-01-06). Hunting Monsters: Cryptozoology and the Reality Behind the Myths. Arcturus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78428-191-5.
  29. ↑ Radford, Benjamin (13 August 2013). "Mokele-Mbembe: The Search for a Living Dinosaur". livescience.com. Future US Inc. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  30. ↑ "Episode 002: The Mokele Mbembe and the Coelacanth | Strange Animals Podcast" (in Ingiriis Maraykan). 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  31. ↑ Watson, John L.; Schiller, Eric (1995). The big book of busts. San Francisco: Hypermodern Press. pp. 120 & 121. ISBN 9781886040137.

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