U bood nuxurka

Nubiya Hoose

Ka Wikipedia
Nubia-da Hoose oo lagu soo bandhigay liis ka mid ah taallooyinka khatarta ku jira ee UNESCO Courier-kii 1960-kii

Nubiya Hoose (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Wawat)[1][2] waa qaybta ugu waqooyiga ee Nubia, taas oo ku dhowaad la jaanqaadaysa Lake Nasser-ka casriga ah, kaas oo qariyey gobolka taariikhiga ah 1960-meeyadii dhismaha Aswan High Dam. Taallooyin badan oo qadiimi ah oo Nubia-da Hoose ah, iyo dhammaan dadkeeda casriga ah, ayaa loo raray qayb ka mid ah International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia; Qasr Ibrim waa goobta kaliya ee weyn ee qadiimiga ah ee aan la rarin ama aan la qarin.[3][4] Shaqada qadiimiga ah ee xooggan ee la qabtay ka hor fatahaadda ayaa ka dhigan in taariikhda aagga si aad ah looga yaqaan tan Nubia-da Sare. Sida uu qabo David Wengrow, qoomiyadda A-Group Nubian ee dhammaadkii millennium-kii 4aad ee BCE si liidata ayaa loo fahmay maadaama inta badan haraaga qadiimiga ah ay ku hoos jiraan Lake Nasser.[5]

Taariikhdeeda waxaa sidoo kale laga yaqaan xiriirkeeda dheer ee ay la lahayd Masar, gaar ahaan Masar-ta Sare ee deriska ah. Gobolka waxaa taariikh ahaan lagu qeexay inuu u dhexeeyo Katarakta Koowaad iyo Katarakta Labaad ee taariikhiga ah, kuwaas oo hadda labaduba ku jira Lake Nasser. Gobolka waxaa juqraafiga Greco-Roman u yaqaaneen Triakontaschoinos.

Waa hoos-u-socodka Niil-ka laga bilaabo Nubia-da Sare.

Taariikh

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Nubia-da Hoose waxay inta badan u dhaxaysaa katarakta koowaad iyo labaad iyadoo ay jiraan qaar ka mid ah is-dulsaarida taariikhiga ah.

Intii lagu jiray Middle Kingdom, Nubia-da Hoose waxaa qabsaday Masar. markii Masar ay ka baxeen intii lagu jiray second Intermediate Period, Nubia-da Hoose waxay u muuqataa inay qayb ka noqotay Boqortooyada Kerma ee Nubia-da Sare. New Kingdom waxay qabsatay dhammaan Nubia iyo Nubia-da Hoose waxay si gaar ah si dhow ugu dhex milantay Masar, laakiin Third Intermediate Period waxay noqotay xarunta dawladda madaxa-bannaan ee Kush oo ku salaysan Napata meel gaar ah. Waxaa laga yaabaa in qiyaastii 591 BC caasimadda Kush loo wareejiyay koonfurta Meroe iyo Nubia-da Hoose waxaa xukumi jiray Jasiiradda Meroe.

Markii ay dhacday Boqortooyadii Meroitic qarnigii afraad ee AD aaggu wuxuu noqday hoyga X-Group, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Ballana culture kuwaas oo u badnaa Nobatae. Tani waxay u xuubsiibatay dawladdii Christian ee Nobatia qarnigii shanaad. Nobatia waxaa lagu biiriyay dawladdii Nubia-da Sare ee Makuria, laakiin Nubia-da Hoose waxay si joogto ah u noqotay mid Arabized iyo Islamicized oo ugu dambeyntii noqotay mid madax-bannaan de facto oo ah dawladda al-Maris. Inta badan Nubia-da Hoose waxaa si rasmi ah ugu biiriyay Masar intii lagu jiray qabsashadii Cismaaniyiinta ee 1517, waxayna qayb ka ahayd Masar ilaa wakhtigaas, iyadoo koonfurta oo kaliya ay tahay Sudan.

Luuqad

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Caddaymaha luuqadeed waxay muujinayaan in Cushitic languages looga hadli jiray Nubia-da Hoose, oo ah gobol qadiimi ah oo ku yaal koonfurta Masar ee hadda iyo qayb ka mid ah waqooyiga Sudan, iyo in luuqadaha Nilo-Saharan looga hadli jiray Nubia-da Sare ee koonfurta (dadka Kerma culture), iyadoo luuqadaha North Eastern Sudanic ee ka yimid Nubia-da Sare ay markii dambe beddeleen luuqadaha Cushitic ee Nubia-da Hoose.[6][7][8][9]

Julien Cooper (2017) wuxuu sheegay in qadiimiga, luuqadaha Cushitic looga hadli jiray Nubia-da Hoose (qaybta ugu waqooyiga ee Sudan-ta casriga ah):

Qadiimiga, luuqadaha Afroasiatic ee Sudan waxay badanaa ka tirsanaayeen phylum-ka loo yaqaan Cushitic, oo looga hadlo xeebta bari ee Afrika iyo laga bilaabo Sudan ilaa Kenya, oo ay ku jiraan Buuraleyda Itoobiya.[10]

Julien Cooper (2017) wuxuu sidoo kale sheegay in dadka ku hadla Eastern Sudanic ee ka yimid koonfurta iyo galbeedka Nubia ay si tartiib tartiib ah u beddeleen dadkii hore ee ku hadli jiray Cushitic ee gobolkan:

Nubia-da Hoose waxaa ku jiray luuqad Afroasiatic ah, oo u badan laan ka mid ah Cushitic. Dhammaadkii millennium-kii koowaad ee CE gobolkan waxaa ku soo duulay oo beddelay dad ku hadla Eastern Sudanic oo ka yimid koonfurta iyo galbeedka, si marka hore loogu aqoonsado Meroitic iyo ka dib socdaalka loo nisbeeyo dadka ku hadla Nubian.[11]

Buugga Handbook of Ancient Nubia, Claude Rilly (2019) wuxuu sheegay in luuqadaha Cushitic ay mar Nubia-da Hoose u talin jireen oo ay la socdeen luuqadda Ancient Egyptian. Rilly (2019) wuxuu sheegay: "Laba luuqadood oo Afro-Asiatic ah ayaa ka jiray qadiimiga Nubia, kuwaas oo ah Ancient Egyptian iyo Cushitic."[12]

Rilly (2019) wuxuu soo xigtay diiwaanno taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan qawmiyad awood badan oo ku hadasha Cushitic taas oo maamuli jirtay Nubia-da Hoose iyo magaalooyin qaar ka mid ah Masar-ta Sare. Rilly (2019) wuxuu sheegay: "Blemmyes waa qabiil kale oo ku hadla Cushitic, ama waxay u badan tahay qayb ka mid ah dadka Medjay/Beja, taas oo lagu caddeeyey qoraallada Napatan iyo Masar laga bilaabo qarnigii 6aad BC."[13]

Bogga 134: "Laga bilaabo dhammaadkii qarnigii 4aad ilaa qarnigii 6aad AD, waxay haysteen qaybo ka mid ah Nubia-da Hoose iyo magaalooyin qaar ka mid ah Masar-ta Sare."[14]

Wuxuu soo xigtay xiriirka luuqadeed ee ka dhexeeya luuqadda casriga ah Beja language iyo luuqadda qadiimiga ah ee Cushitic Blemmyan ee maamuli jirtay Nubia-da Hoose iyo in Blemmyes loo tixgelin karo qabiil gaar ah oo Medjay ah:

Luuqadda Blemmyan waxay aad ugu dhowdahay Beja-da casriga ah oo waxay u badan tahay inay tahay lahjad hore oo isku luuqad ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, Blemmyes waxaa loo tixgelin karaa qabiil gaar ah oo Medjay ah.[15]

Masar-ta Sare iyo Nubia-da Hoose ee Waqooyi waxaa ka jiray taxane dhaqamo, Badarian, Amratian, Gerzean, A-Group, B-Group, iyo C-Group. Caddaymaha luuqadeed waxay muujinayaan in luuqadaha Cushitic looga hadli jiray Nubia-da Hoose, oo ah gobol qadiimi ah oo ku yaal koonfurta Masar ee hadda iyo waqooyiga Sudan, ka hor imaatinka luuqadaha North Eastern Sudanic ee Dooxada Dhexe ee Niil.[16]

Taariikh nololeed

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  • Roxana Flammini, "Ancient Core-Periphery Interactions: Lower Nubia During Middle Kingdom Egypt (ca. 2050–1640 B.C.)", in Journal of World Systems Research, Volume XIV, Number 1 (2008) PDF (wuxuu ka hadlayaa aragtida Masar ee Nubia intii lagu jiray Boqortooyadii Dhexe iyo Cusub).

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (2009-12-11). "The Gathering Of My Name". The Atlantic (in Ingiriisi). Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  2. ↑ Ferreira, Eduardo (2019-01-05). "The Lower Nubian Egyptian Fortresses in the Middle Kingdom: A Strategic Point of View" (PDF). Athens Journal of History. 5 (1): 32. doi:10.30958/ajhis.5-1-2.
  3. ↑ A.J. Clapham; P.A. Rowley-Conwy (2007). "New Discoveries at Qasr Ibrim". In R.T.J. Cappers (ed.). Fields of Change: Progress in African Archaeobotany. Groningen archaeological studies. David Brown Book Company. p. 157. ISBN 978-90-77922-30-9. Retrieved 2022-11-05. ... Qasr Ibrim is the only in situ site left in Lower Nubia since the flooding of the Nile valley
  4. ↑ Ruffini, G.R. (2012). Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-999620-9. Retrieved 2022-11-05. Qasr Ibrim is critically important in a number of ways. It is the only site in Lower Nubia that remained above water after the completion of the Aswan high dam.
  5. ↑ Wengrow, David (2023). "Ancient Egypt and Nubian: Kings of Flood and Kings of Rain" in Great Kingdoms of Africa, John Parker (eds). [S.l.]: THAMES & HUDSON. pp. 1–40. ISBN 978-0500252529.
  6. ↑ Rilly C (2010). "Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ↑ Rilly C (January 2016). "The Wadi Howar Diaspora and its role in the spread of East Sudanic languages from the fourth to the first millennia BCE". Faits de Langues. 47: 151–163. doi:10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000010. S2CID 134352296.
  8. ↑ Rilly C (2008). "Enemy brothers. Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba)". Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Nubian Studies Warsaw University 27 August-2 September 2006. Part 1. Main Papers. doi:10.31338/uw.9788323533269.pp.211-226. ISBN 9788323533269.
  9. ↑ Cooper J (2017). "Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubian placenames in the Third and Second Millennium BCE: a view from Egyptian Records". Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies. 4. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23.
  10. ↑ Cooper, Julien (2017). "Conclusion". Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubian placenames in the Third and Second Millennium BCE: a view from Egyptian Records. Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies: Vol. 4, Article 3. pp. 208–209. Retrieved 2019-11-20. "In antiquity, Afroasiatic languages in Sudan belonged chiefly to the phylum known as Cushitic, spoken on the eastern seaboard of Africa and from Sudan to Kenya, including the Ethiopian Highlands.
  11. ↑ Cooper, Julien (2017). "Conclusion". Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubian placenames in the Third and Second Millennium BCE: a view from Egyptian Records. Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies: Vol. 4, Article 3. pp. 208–209. Retrieved 2019-11-20. "The toponymic data in Egyptian texts has broadly identified at least three linguistic blocs in the Middle Nile region of the second and first millennium BCE, each of which probably exhibited a great degree of internal variation. In Lower Nubia there was an Afroasiatic language, likely a branch of Cushitic. By the end of the first millennium CE this region had been encroached upon and replaced by Eastern Sudanic speakers arriving from the south and west, to be identified first with Meroitic and later migrations attributable to Nubian speakers.
  12. ↑ Rilly, Claude (2019). "Languages of Ancient Nubia". Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110420388. Retrieved 2019-11-20. "Two Afro-Asiatic languages were present in antiquity in Nubia, namely Ancient Egyptian and Cushitic.
  13. ↑ Rilly, Claude (2019). "Languages of Ancient Nubia". Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110420388. Retrieved 2019-11-20. "The Blemmyes are another Cushitic speaking tribe, or more likely a subdivision of the Medjay/Beja people, which is attested in Napatan and Egyptian texts from the 6th century BC on.
  14. ↑ Rilly, Claude (2019). "Languages of Ancient Nubia". Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110420388. Retrieved 2019-11-20. "From the end of the 4th century until the 6th century AD, they held parts of Lower Nubia and some cities of Upper Egypt.
  15. ↑ Rilly, Claude (2019). "Languages of Ancient Nubia". Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110420388. Retrieved 2019-11-20. "The Blemmyan language is so close to modern Beja that it is probably nothing else than an early dialect of the same language In this case, the Blemmyes can be regarded as a particular tribe of the Medjay.
  16. ↑ Cooper, Julien (2017) "Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubia Until the Common Era", Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies: Vol. 4, Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/djns/vol4/iss1/3
Waxaa laga keenay "https://so.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nubiya_Hoose&oldid=299816"