Victor Hugo

Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo, qiyaastii 1880
Dhashay	Victor Marie Hugo 26 Febraayo 1802 Besançon, Faransiiska
Dhintay	22 Maay 1885 (da’ ahaan 83 sano) Paris, Faransiiska
Shaqo	gabayaa, qoraa riwaayado, qoraa sheekooyin, qoraa maqaalo, u ololeeya xuquuqda aadanaha
Literary movement	Romantikisam
Saxeexa

​Victor Marie Hugo (26 Febraayo 1802 – 22 May 1885) wuxuu ahaa Faransiis abwaan ah, riwaayad-qore, sheeko-faneed-qore, hoggaamiye dowlad iyo xuquuqda aadanaha u-doodahooda. Wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaray dhaqdhaqaaqii Romaantiigga ee Faransiiska. ​

Hugo wuxuu markii hore caan ku noqday Faransiiska gabayadiisa darteed, iyo sidoo kale sheeko-faneedyadiisa iyo riwaayadihiisa. Les Contemplations iyo La Légende des siècles ayaa ah ururinta gabayadiisa ugu caansan. Meel ka baxsan Faransiiska, sheeko-faneedyadiisa Les Misérables iyo Notre-Dame de Paris (ee af Ingiriisiga sidoo kale loogu yaqaanno The Hunchback of Notre Dame) ayaa ah shaqooyinkiisa ugu caansan. ​Markii uu yaraa, wuxuu ahaa mushaar-doon boqortooyo-taageere ah. Markii uu weynaaday wuxuu noqday mid aad u xorriyad-u-dood ah oo taageera jamhuuriyadda. Shaqadiisu waxay ku saabsanayd qaar badan oo ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka siyaasadeed iyo kuwa bulsho iyo sidoo kale isbeddellada farshaxanka ee xilligiisii. Waxaa lagu aasay Panthéon, ee Paris. ​

Nolosha

Victor Hugo wuxuu ahaa wiilka Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1773–1828) iyo Sophie Trébuchet (1772-1821). Wuxuu lahaa laba walaalo ah oo ka weyn oo la kala oran jiray Abel Joseph Hugo (1798–1855) iyo Eugène Hugo (1800–1837). Wuxuu dhashay 1802, magaalada Besançon (ee gobolka Doubs). Hugo wuxuu ku noolaa France inta badan noloshiisa. Intii lagu jiray xukunkii Napoleon III wuxuu aaday masaafuris. Sannadkii 1851, wuxuu ku noolaa Belgium, magaalada Brussels. Wuxuu u guuray Jersey sannadkii 1852. Wuxuu halkaas joogay ilaa 1855 markaas oo uu aaday si uu u dego Guernsey ilaa 1870. Wuxuu haddana halkaas ku noolaa 1872-1873. Laga soo bilaabo 1859, masaafurintiisu waxay ahayd mid uu isagu doortay. ​Dhacdooyin waaweyn ayaa calaamadeeyay carruurnimadiisii hore. Sanado yar ka hor dhalashadiisa, Boqortooyadii Bourbon ayaa lagu riday Kacaankii Faransiiska. Jamhuuriyaddii Koowaad ayaa kacday oo dhacday, waxaana kacday Boqortooyadii Koowaad ee Faransiiska oo uu hoggaaminayay Napoléon Bonaparte. Napoléon wuxuu noqday Boqor laba sano ka dib dhalashadii Hugo. Boqortooyadii Bourbon ayaa dib loo soo celiyay markii Hugo uu ahaa 17 jir. Waalidkiis waxay lahaayeen aragtiyo siyaasadeed iyo diimeed oo kala duwan. Hugo aabihiis wuxuu ahaa sarkaal. Wuxuu darajo sare ka gaaray ciidankii Napoléon. Wuxuu ahaa mulxid jamhuuri ah, Napoléonna wuxuu u arkayay geesi. Hooyadiis waxay ahayd Kaatoolig aad u mayal adag oo Boqortooyada taageerta. Maadaama Hugo aabihiis uu sarkaal ahaa, qoysku waxay u guuri jireen si joogto ah. Victor Hugo wax badan ayuu ka bartay socdaalladaas. Wuxuu joogay Naples iyo Rome muddo lix bilood ah, ka hor inta uusan dib ugu laaban Paris. Markaas wuxuu ahaa shan jir qura, laakiin socdaalkaas si fiican ayuu u xusuustay. ​Hooyadiis, Sophie, waxay aaday Italy iyadoo la socota ninkeeda oo ahaa gudoomiye gobol u dhow Naples. Waxay sidoo kale aadeen Spain halkaas oo Joseph uu maamulayay saddex gobol oo Isbaanish ah. Sophie waxay si ku-meel-gaar ah uga go'day ninkeedii 1803, maadaama ay noloshaas dhib badnayd. Waxay degtay Paris. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay inay iyadu maamushay waxbarashada Hugo. Sidaa darteed, shaqadii hore ee Hugo, gaar ahaan gabayada, waxay muujinayaan isaga oo ammaanaya boqortooyada iyo iimaanka masiixiga. Kacaankii 1848 wuxuu ka dhigay Hugo mid ka fallaagooba waxbarashadiisii Kaatooligga iyo Boqortooyo-taageeridda ahayd. Kacaankaas ka dib, wuxuu doorbiday jamhuuriyadda iyo xorriyadda fikirka. ​Markii uu yaraa, Victor Hugo wuxuu galay jaceyl. Wuxuu si qarsoodi ah ugu guursaday saaxiibtiisii carruurnimada Adèle Foucher (1803-1868), isagoo ka soo horjeeda rabitaanka hooyadiis. ​Wuxuu guursaday Adèle 1822, ka dib dhimashadii hooyadiis ee 1821. Ilmihiisii ugu horreeyay, Léopold (oo dhashay 1823), wuxuu dhintay isagoo yar. Hugo wuxuu dhalay afar carruur ah oo kale oo la kala oron jiray Léopoldine (28 Agoosto 1824), Charles (4 Noofambar 1826), François-Victor (28 Oktoobar 1828) iyo Adèle (24 Agoosto 1830). Hugo wuxuu daabacay sheeko-faneedkiisii ugu horreeyay 1823 (Han d'Islande). Midkiisii labaad wuxuu soo baxay saddex sano ka dib (Bug-Jargal, 1826). Wuxuu daabacay shan mug oo gabayo ah (Les Orientales, 1829; Les Feuilles d'automne, 1831; Les Chants du crépuscule, 1835; Les Voix intérieures, 1837; iyo Les Rayons et les ombres, 1840) intii u dhaxaysay 1829 iyo 1840. Tani waxay gacan ka gaysatay sumcaddiisa mid ka mid ah abwaannada ugu weyn ee baroordiiqda iyo gabayada-murtida ee xilligiisa. ​Dhimashadii gabadhiisa ugu weynayd ee uu aadka u jeclaa, Léopoldine, waxay Hugo ka dhigtay mid aad u murugaysan. Waxay dhimatay iyadoo 19 jir ah, sannadkii 1843. Tani waxay dhacday waxyar ka dib guurkeeda. Waxay ku qarqantay Webiga Seine ee Villequier. Goonnadeeda cuslaa ayaa hoos u jiiday markii dooni ay rogmatay. Ninkeedii wuxuu dhintay isagoo isku dayaya inuu badbaadiyo. Wakhtigaas; Victor Hugo wuxuu koonfurta Faransiiska kula socdaalay saaxiibtiis. Wuxuu geerida Léopoldine ka bartay wargeys isagoo fadhiya kafeey. Wuxuu ku sifeeyay naxdintiisa iyo murugada gabaygiisa À Villequier:

​

Hélas ! vers le passé tournant un oeil d'envie,
Sans que rien ici-bas puisse m'en consoler,
Je regarde toujours ce moment de ma vie
Où je l'ai vue ouvrir son aile et s'envoler !
​Je verrai cet instant jusqu'à ce que je meure,
L'instant, pleurs superflus !
Où je criai : L'enfant que j'avais tout à l'heure,
Quoi donc ! je ne l'ai plus !
​Alas! isagoo isha hinaasaha u jeedinaya xilligii hore,
isagoon waxba halkan dunida guudkeeda kaga dabcaynin,
waxaan weli eegayaa daqiiqaddaas noloshayda ka midka ah
ee aan arkay iyadoo baalasheeda furaysa oo duulaysa!
​Daqiiqaddaas ayaan arki doonaa ilaa aan ka dhinto,
daqiiqaddaas—oo ilmadu ay aad ugu badatay!
markii aan ku qayliyey: "Ilmihii aan hadda lahaa--
waa sidee! mar dambe ma haysto!"

​Ka dib tan, wuxuu qoray gabayo badan oo ku saabsan nolosha iyo dhimashada gabadhiisa. Mid ka mid ah gabayadiisa ugu caansan waa malaha Demain, dès l'aube. Gabaygan, wuxuu ku sifeeyay isagoo booqanaya qabrigeeda. ​

Qoraallada

François-René de Chateaubriand, qoraaga caanka ah ee Romaantiigga, ayaa saameyn ku yeeshay Hugo intii lagu jiray horraantii 1800-yadii. Markii Hugo uu yaraa, wuxuu yiri wuxuu noqon doonaa Chateaubriand ou rien (“Chateaubriand ama waxba”). Waxyaabo badan oo Chateaubriand sameeyay, Hugo wuxuu ka qaatay tusaale. Markii hore, wuxuu difaacay mabda'a Romaantiigga. Ka dib, wuxuu ku lug yeeshay siyaasadda oo uu taageeray Jamhuuriyadda. Ugu dambeyntii, waxaa lagu qasbay masaafuris sababo la xiriira aragtidiisa siyaasadeed. Xiisaha iyo aftahamada Hugo ee shaqadiisii hore waxay ka dhigtay mid guulaysta oo caan ah isagoo da' yar. Ururintiisii ugu horreysay ee gabayada (Odes et poésies diverses) waxaa la daabacay 1822. Wakhtigaas, Hugo wuxuu ahaa labaatan jir qura. Waxay u horseedday inuu ka helo lacag hawlgab ah (lacag boqorka ka timaada) boqorkii Louis XVIII. Gabayadiisa waa la la yaabay laakiin waxay ahayd ururintiisii xigtay, afar sano ka dib 1826 (Odes et Ballades), tii muujisay in Hugo uu yahay abwaan weyn. ​Shaqadii ugu horreysay ee qaan-gaarnimada ee Victor Hugo ee dhanka khayaaliga waxay soo baxday 1829. Waxay ka tarjumaysay xiisaha uu u hayo bulshada taas oo si weyn ugu soo muuqatay shaqadiisii dambe. Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (The Last Day of a Condemned Man) waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelatay qoraayadii dambe sida Albert Camus, Charles Dickens, iyo Fyodor Dostoevsky. Claude Gueux waxay soo baxday 1834. Waa sheeko gaaban oo dukumentari ah oo ku saabsan gacan-ku-dhiigle dhab ah oo lagu dilay Faransiiska. Hugo laftiisu wuxuu u tixgeliyey inay tahay horseedka shaqadiisa weyn ee ku saabsan caddaalad-darro bulshada, Les Misérables. Laakiin sheeko-faneedkii ugu horreeyay ee guulaystay ee Hugo wuxuu ahaa Notre-Dame de Paris (The Hunchback of Notre Dame), oo la daabacay 1831. Si degdeg ah ayaa loogu turjumay luqado kale oo Yurub oo dhan ah. Mid ka mid ah saamaynta sheeko-faneedku lahaa waxay ahayd in dadka deggan Paris ay dib u hagaajiyaan kaniisadda la dayacay ee Cathedral of Notre Dame, taas oo soo jiidanaysay kumanaan dalxiisayaal ah oo akhriyey sheeko-faneedka caanka ah. Buuggu wuxuu sidoo kale dhiirigeliyay qaddarin cusub oo loo hayo dhismayaashii ka horreeyay xilligii Renaissance-ka, kuwaas oo bilaabay in si firfircoon loo ilaaliyo. ​Hugo wuxuu bilaabay qorshaynta sheeko-faneed weyn oo ku saabsan dhibaatada bulshada iyo caddaalad-darrada horraantii 1830-yadii, laakiin waxay ku qaadatay 17 sano oo buuxda in Les Misérables la dhammaystiro oo ugu dambeyntii la daabaco 1862. Qoraagu wuxuu si weyn u ogaa tayada sheeko-faneedka, daabacaadda shaqaduna waxay u gacan gashay cidda bixisay qiimaha ugu sarreeya. Guriga daabacaadda ee Belgian Lacroix iyo Verboeckhoven ayaa sameeyay olole suuq-geyn oo aan caadi ahayn wakhtigaas, iyaga oo soo saaray war-saxaafadeedyo ku saabsan shaqada lix bilood ka hor intaan la soo saarin. Sidoo kale waxay markii hore daabaceen qaybtii hore ee sheeko-faneedka oo keliya (“Fantine”), taas oo isku mar laga soo saaray magaalooyinka waaweyn. Qaybaha buugga ayaa lagu iibsaday saacado gudahood, waxayna saameyn weyn ku yeesheen bulshada Faransiiska. Dadka wax naqdiya guud ahaan way ka hor yimaadeen sheeko-faneedka; Taine wuxuu u arkay mid aan daacad ahayn, Barbey d'Aurevilly wuxuu ka cabanayaa inuu yahay mid hooseeya, Flaubert wuxuu dhexdeeda ka helay "run iyo weynaan toona," walaalaha Goncourts waxay cambaareeyeen farsamadiisa, iyo Baudelaire - in kasta oo uu dib-u-eegis wanaagsan ku siiyay wargeysyada - wuxuu si gaar ah ugu tilmaamay "mid aan dhadhan lahayn oo aan habboonayn." Les Misérables waxay u muuqatay mid ay dadku aad u jecel yihiin taas oo keentay in arrimihii ay iftiimisay dhowaan lagu daro ajandaha Golaha Qaranka ee Faransiiska. Maanta sheeko-faneedku wuxuu weli yahay shaqadiisa ugu caansan ee waarta. Waa mid caan ka ah adduunka oo dhan, waxaana loo habeeyay filimada, telefishanka iyo bandhigyada masraxa. ​Waraaqihii ugu gaabnaa taariikhda waxay dhex mareen Hugo iyo madbacaddiisa Hurst & Blackett sannadkii 1862. Waxaa la sheegaa in Hugo uu fasax ku jiray markii la daabacay Les Misérables (kaas oo ka badan 1200 bog). Wuxuu u soo diray farriin hal xaraf ah '?' madbacaddiisa, kuwaas oo ugu jawaabay hal '!' oo keliya. ​Hugo wuxuu ka weecday arrimaha bulshada ama siyaasadda sheeko-faneedkiisii xigay, Les Travailleurs de la Mer (Toilers of the Sea), oo la daabacay 1866. Weli, buugga si fiican ayaa loo soo dhaweeyay, malaha sababtoo ah guushii hore ee Les Misérables. Waxaa loo hibeeyay jasiiradda marinka ee Guernsey, halkaas oo uu ku qaatay shan iyo toban sano oo masaafuris ah, sheekada Hugo ee ku saabsan dagaalka ninka iyo badda iyo makhluuqaadka ku jira moolkeeda, waxay bilowday isbeddel aan caadi ahayn oo ka dhacay Paris: awaannada. Laga soo bilaabo suxuunta awaanka iyo bandhigyada, ilaa koofiyadaha awaanka iyo xafladaha, dadka reer Paris waxay aad u xiiseeyeen makhluuqaadkaas badda ee aan caadiga ahayn. ​Hugo wuxuu dib ugu soo laabtay arrimaha siyaasadda iyo bulshada sheeko-faneedkiisii xigay, L'Homme Qui Rit (The Man Who Laughs), oo la daabacay 1869 uuna ku sawiray sawir naqdin leh oo ku saabsan dabaqadda sare (aristocracy). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sheeko-faneedku ma guulaysan sidii dadaalladiisii hore, Hugo laftiisuna wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka faalloodo fogaanta sii kordhaysa ee u dhaxaysa isaga iyo asxaabtiisa suugaaneed ee casriga ah sida Flaubert iyo Émile Zola, kuwaas oo sheeko-faneedyadooda xaqiiqada iyo dabeecadda ku dhisnaa ay hadda ka sarreeyeen caannimada shaqadiisa. Sheeko-faneedkiisii ugu dambeeyay, Quatre-vingt-treize (Ninety-Three), oo la daabacay 1874, wuxuu ku saabsanaa mawduuc uu Hugo markii hore iska ilaalin jiray: Xilligii Argagaxa intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Faransiiska.

​==Nolosha siyaasadeed iyo masaafurinta==

Ka dib saddex isku day oo aan guulaysan, Hugo waxaa ugu dambeyntii loo doortay Académie française sannadkii 1841, isagoo xaqiijiyay booskiisa adduunka farshaxanka iyo suugaanta Faransiiska. Koox aqoonyahanno Faransiis ah, gaar ahaan Etienne de Jouy, ayaa la dagaallamayay "horumarka romaantiigga" waxayna ku guulaysteen inay dib u dhigaan doorashada Victor Hugo. Taas ka dib wuxuu si sii kordhaysa ugu lug yeeshay siyaasadda Faransiiska. Waxaa darajada sare ee peer-ka u dallacsiiyay Boqor Louis-Philippe 1841 wuxuuna galay Rugta Sare isagoo ah pair de France, halkaas oo uu kaga hadlay ka soo horjeedka ciqaabta dilka iyo caddaalad-darrada bulshada, isagoo taageerayay xorriyadda saxaafadda iyo is-maamulka Poland. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu sidoo kale noqonayay mid aad u taageera nidaamka dawladnimo ee Jamhuuriyadda, waxaana ka dib Kacaankii 1848 iyo dhismihii Jamhuuriyaddii Labaad, loo doortay Golaha Dastuuriga ah iyo Golaha Sharciga. ​Markii Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) uu qabsaday awoodda buuxda 1851, isagoo dhisay dastuur ka soo horjeeda baarlamaanka, Hugo wuxuu si cad ugu dhawaaqay inuu yahay khaa'inul wadan u galay Faransiiska. Wuxuu u guuray Brussels, ka dib Jersey, ugu dambeyntiina wuxuu qoyskiisa kula deggay jasiiradda marinka ee Guernsey ee Hauteville House, halkaas oo uu ku noolaa masaafuris ilaa 1870. ​Isagoo masaafur ku jira, Hugo wuxuu daabacay buug-yarayaashiisa siyaasadeed ee caanka ah ee ka dhanka ahaa Napoleon III, Napoléon le Petit iyo Histoire d'un crime. Buug-yarayaashaas waa laga mamnuucay Faransiiska, laakiin haddana saameyn weyn ayay halkaas ku yeesheen. Wuxuu sidoo kale curiyay ama daabacay qaar ka mid ah shaqadiisii ugu wanaagsanayd intii uu joogay Guernsey, oo ay ku jiraan Les Misérables, iyo saddex ururin oo gabayo ah oo si weyn loo ammaanay (Les Châtiments, 1853; Les Contemplations, 1856; iyo La Légende des siècles, 1859). ​Wuxuu ku qanciyay dawladda Boqorad Victoria inay badbaadiyaan nolosha lix qof oo Irish ah oo lagu helay falal argagixisanimo, saamayntiisana waxaa loo aaneeyaa in ciqaabta dilka laga saaray dastuurrada Geneva, Portugal iyo Colombia. Wuxuu sidoo kale u duceeyay Benito Juarez inuu badbaadiyo boqorkii dhowaan la qabtay ee Maximilian I of Mexico laakiin waxba kama suuragelin. ​In kasta oo Napoleon III uu cafis u fidiyay dhammaan dadka siyaasadda u masaafuriyay 1859, Hugo wuxuu diiday, maadaama ay ka dhignaan lahayd inuu yareeyo naqdintiisa ku aadan dawladda. Waxay ahayd markii Napoleon III uu awoodda ka dhacay oo Jamhuuriyaddii Saddexaad lagu dhawaaqay in Hugo uu ugu dambeyntii ku laabtay dalkiisii hooyo 1870, halkaas oo isla markiiba loo doortay Golaha Qaranka iyo Senetka. ​Wuxuu joogay Paris intii lagu jiray go'doomintii ay ciidamada Prussian-ka ku hayeen 1870, isagoo caan ku ahaa cunista xayawaanka la siiyay ee ka yimid beerta xayawaanka ee Paris. Markii go'doomintu sii socotay, oo cuntadu ay sii yaraatay, wuxuu ku qoray xusuus-qorkiisa inuu ku khasbanaaday "cunista wax aan la garanayn". ​Sababtoo ah walaaca uu ka qabo xuquuqda farshaxannada iyo xuquuqda qoraalka, wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, taas oo keentay Heshiiskii Berne ee Ilaalinta Shaqooyinka Suugaanta iyo Farshaxanka. ​

Aragtida diimeed

Aragtida diimeed ee Hugo si xun ayay isu beddeshay intii ay noloshiisu socotay. Markii uu yaraa, wuxuu isu sheegi jiray inuu yahay Kaatoolig wuxuuna muujiyay ixtiraam loo hayo kala sarreynta iyo awoodda Kaniisadda. Halkaas wuxuu ka noqday Kaatoolig aan diinta ku dhaqmin, wuxuuna si sii kordhaysa u muujiyay aragtiyo ka soo horjeeda Kaatooligga. Wuxuu xiiso aan caadi ahayn u lahaa Ruuxi-nimada intii uu masaafurka ku jiray (halkaas oo uu sidoo kale ka qayb qaatay fadhiyada ruux-u-yeerista), sanadihii dambena wuxuu ku degay Rationalist Deism oo la mid ah kii uu u doodi jiray Voltaire. Qof dadka tirinaya ayaa weydiiyay Hugo 1872 haddii uu yahay Kaatoolig, wuxuuna ugu jawaabay, "Maya. Waxaan ahay Mufakir xor ah". ​Hugo marna ma lumin nacaybkii uu u qabay Kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee Roomaanka, taas oo inta badan ka dhalatay waxa uu u arkay inay tahay danayn la'aanta Kaniisadda ee dhibaatada dabaqadda shaqaysata ee ku hoos jirtay cadaadiska boqortooyada; iyo malaha sidoo kale sababtoo ah inta jeer ee shaqada Hugo ay ka soo muuqatay liiska Baapa-ha ee "buugaagta mamnuuca ah" (Hugo wuxuu tiriyay 740 weerar oo lagu qaaday Les Misérables oo ku jiray saxaafadda Kaatooligga). Markii ay dhimanayeen wiilashiisa Charles iyo François-Victor, wuxuu ku adkaystay in lagu aaso iskutallaab ama wadaad la'aan, dardaarankiisana wuxuu ku daray isla shuruudaas dhimashadiisa iyo aaskiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kasta oo Hugo uu aaminsanaa in dogma-da Kaatooligga ay tahay mid duug ah oo dhimanaysa, marna si toos ah uma weerarin hay'adda lafteeda. ​Rationalism-ka Hugo waxaa laga heli karaa gabayada sida Torquemada (1869, oo ku saabsan xagjirnimada diinta), The Pope (1878, wadaad-diid), Religions and Religion (1880, oo diidaya waxtarka kaniisadaha) iyo, kuwii la daabacay geeridiisa ka dib, The End of Satan iyo God (1886 iyo 1891 siday u kala horreeyaan, kuwaas oo uu Masiixiyadda ugu matalay sidii makhluuqa griffin-ka ah uuna Rationalism-ka ugu matalay sidii malag). ​

Victor Hugo iyo muusikada

In kasta oo kartida badan ee Hugo aysan ku jirin awood muusik oo aan caadi ahayn, haddana wuxuu saameyn weyn ku yeeshay adduunka muusikada iyada oo loo marayo dhiirigelinta aan dhammaadka lahayn ee shaqadiisu u fidisay curiyayaasha qarniyadii 19-aad iyo 20-aad. Hugo laftiisu wuxuu si gaar ah ugu raaxaysan jiray muusikada Gluck iyo Weber wuxuuna aad u la yaabay Beethoven, si aan caadi ahaynna xilligiisii, wuxuu kaloo qaddarin jiray shaqooyinka curiyayaasha qarniyadii hore sida Palestrina iyo Monteverdi. Laba fannaan oo caan ah qarnigii 19-aad waxay saaxiib la ahaayeen Hugo: Berlioz iyo Liszt. Kan dambe wuxuu Beethoven ku garaacay guriga Hugo, Hugona wuxuu ku kaftamay warqad uu u qoray saaxiibkii in mahadnaqa casharradii biyaano ee Liszt, uu bartay sida loo garaaco hees uu jecel yahay biyaanada – xitaa haddii ay tahay hal far oo qura! Hugo wuxuu sidoo kale la shaqeeyay curiyaha Louise Bertin, isagoo u qoray libretto loogu talagalay opera-deedii 1836 ee La Esmeralda taas oo ku salaysnayd jilaagii ku jiray The Hunchback of Notre Dame. In kasta oo sababo kala duwan awgood opera-du ay u xirantay waxyar ka dib bandhigeedii shanaad oo aan maanta si fiican loo aqoon, haddana waxay dhowaan helaysay soo noolayn, labadaba nooca riwaayadda biyaanada/heesta ah ee Liszt ee Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2007 iyo nooca orkestrada buuxda ee lagu soo bandhigay bishii Luulyo 2008 ee Le Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon. ​In ka badan kun curis muusik ah ayaa laga dhiirigeliyay shaqooyinkii Hugo laga soo bilaabo 1800-yadii ilaa maanta. Gaar ahaan, riwaayadaha Hugo, kuwaas oo uu ku diiday xeerarkii masraxa caadiga ahaa isagoo doorbiday riwaayadda romaantiigga, waxay soo jiiteen xiisaha curiyayaal badan oo u habeeyay sidii opera. In ka badan boqol opera ayaa ku salaysan shaqooyinka Hugo waxaana ka mid ah Donizetti’s Lucrezia Borgia (1833), Verdi’s Rigoletto (1851) iyo Ernani (1844), iyo Ponchielli’s La Gioconda (1876). Sheeko-faneedyada Hugo iyo sidoo kale riwaayadihiisa waxay u noqdeen isha dhiirigelinta weyn ee muusikiistayaasha, iyaga oo ku kiciyay inay abuuraan ma aha oo kaliya opera iyo ballet laakiin masrax muusik sida Notre-Dame de Paris iyo tan weligeed caanka ah ee Les Misérables, oo ah masraxa muusikada ee ugu muddada dheer London ee West End theatre. Waxaa intaas dheer, gabayada quruxda badan ee Hugo waxay soo jiiteen xiiso aan caadi ahayn oo ay u qabaan muusikiistayaasha, melodies badan ayaana lagu saleeyay gabayadiisa oo ay curiyeen fannaaniin ay ka mid yihiin Berlioz, Bizet, Fauré, Franck, Lalo, Liszt, Massenet, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninov iyo Wagner. ​Maanta, shaqada Hugo waxay sii wadataa inay kiciso muusikiistayaasha si ay u abuuraan curisyo cusub. Tusaale ahaan, sheeko-faneedkii Hugo ee ka dhanka ahaa ciqaabta dilka, The Last Day of a Condemned Man, ayaa dhowaan loo habeeyay sidii opera uu qoray David Alagna (libretto-na waxaa qoray Frédérico Alagna). Walaalkood, tenor-ka Roberto Alagna, ayaa bandhiggii ugu horreeyay ee opera-da ku qabtay Paris xagaagii 2007 iyo mar kale bishii Febraayo 2008 ee Valencia isaga iyo Erwin Schrott iyadoo qayb ka ah Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2008. Gudaha Guernsey, labadii sanaba mar Victor Hugo International Music Festival Archived Juun 13, 2016 // Wayback Machine wuxuu soo jiitaa muusikiistayaal fara badan iyo soo bandhigidda heeso si gaar ah looga codsaday Guillaume Connesson oo ku salaysan gabayada Hugo. ​

Sanadihii hoos u dhaca iyo geerida

Markii Hugo uu ku laabtay Paris 1870, dalku wuxuu u dabaaldegay sidii geesi qaran. In kasta oo uu caan ahaa, Hugo wuxuu ku guuldarraystay isku daygiisii ahaa in dib loogu doorto Golaha Qaranka 1872. Muddo kooban gudaheed, wuxuu la kulmay istaroog fudud, gabadhiisa Adèle oo la geeyay isbitaalka dadka dhimirka ka xanuunsan, iyo geerida labadiisa wiil. (Taariikh nololeedkii Adèle waxay dhiirigelisay filimka The Story of Adele H.) Xaaskiisa Adèle waxay dhimatay 1868. Saaxiibtiisii aaminka ahayd, Juliette Drouet, waxay dhimatay 1883, laba sano uun ka hor dhimashadiisa. In kasta oo uu lumiyay dadkiisii, Hugo wuxuu weli u hellanaa u-doodista isbeddelka siyaasadeed. 30kii Janaayo 1876 Hugo waxaa loo doortay Senetka cusub ee la dhisay. Wajigii ugu dambeeyay ee mustaqbalkiisa siyaasadeed waxaa loo arkaa mid fashilmay. Hugo wuxuu qaatay door ah qof iska madax bannaan (maverick) wax badanna kama uusan qaban Senetka. ​Bishii Febraayo 1881 Hugo wuxuu u dabaaldegay dhalashadiisa 79-aad. Si loo sharfo xaqiiqda ah inay u bilaabatay sannadkiisii siddeetanaad, mid ka mid ah abaal-marinnada ugu weyn ee loo sameeyo qoraa nool ayaa la qabtay. Dabaal-degyadu waxay bilowdeen 25-kii markii Hugo la guddoonsiiyay weelka Sèvres, oo ah hadiyadda dhaqanka u ah madaxda. 27-kii mid ka mid ah socodyadii ugu weynaa taariikhda Faransiiska ayaa la qabtay. Dadka soconayay waxay ka soo bilaabmeen Avenue d'Eylau, ilaa hoos ee Champs-Élysées, iyo dhammaan jidka ilaa badhtamaha Paris. Dadka socday waxay socdeen lix saacadood si ay u ag maraan Hugo isagoo fadhiya daaqadda gurigiisa. Inji kasta iyo faahfaahin kasta oo dhacdadaas ka mid ah waxay ahayd mid Hugo loogu talagalay; hagayaashii rasmiga ahaa xitaa waxay xirnaayeen ubaxa cornflowers si loogu matalo heestii Cosette ee Les Misérables. ​Hugo wuxuu ku dhintay 22 May 1885 magaalada Paris, France isagoo u dhintay caabuq, da'diisuna waxay ahayd 83 sano. Geeridiisu waxay dhalisay baroor-diiq qaran oo aad u xooggan. Looma arkayn oo keliya shaqsi ka dhex muuqda suugaanta, wuxuu ahaa nin dawladeed oo qaabeeyay Jamhuuriyadda Saddexaad iyo dimuqraadiyadda Faransiiska. In ka badan laba milyan oo qof ayaa ku biiray socodkii aaskiisa ee Paris laga soo bilaabo Arc de Triomphe ilaa Panthéon, halkaas oo lagu aasay. Wuxuu qabri kula wadaagaa gudaha Panthéon Alexandre Dumas, père iyo Émile Zola. Inta badan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Faransiiska waxay leeyihiin waddo loogu magac daray isaga. Waddada uu ku dhintay, ee Paris, hadda waxay sidataa magaciisa. ​

Sawirrada

Dad badan ma oga in Hugo uu ku dhowaad u farshaxan badnaa dhanka muuqaalka sidii uu u ahaa dhanka suugaanta, isagoo soo saaray in ka badan 4,000 oo sawir noloshiisa intii ay jirtay. Markii hore wuxuu u sameyn jiray sidii hiwaayad, sawir-gacmeedku wuxuu noqday mid muhiim u ah Hugo wax yar ka hor masaafurintiisa, markii uu qaatay go'aanka ah inuu joojiyo qoraalka si uu isugu dhiibo siyaasadda. Sawir-gacmeedku wuxuu noqday halka keliya ee uu ka soo saaro hal-abuurkiisa muddadii 1848-1851. ​Hugo wuxuu ku shaqayn jiray warqad keliya, iyo cabbir yar; badanaa wuxuu isticmaali jiray midabka bunni madow ama madow ee qalin-iyo-khad, mararka qaarna wuxuu ku dari jiray taabasho cad, mar dhif ahna midab. Sawirradii ka haray waa kuwo si la yaab leh loo dhammaystiray oo "casri" ku ah qaabkooda iyo fulintooda, iyagoo sii odorosaya farsamooyinka tijaabada ah ee Surrealism iyo Abstract Expressionism. ​Kama labalabayn jirin inuu isticmaalo stencils-ka carruurtiisa, dhibcaha khadka, wasakhda, raadadka shalashka, "pliage" ama laablaabista, "grattage" ama xoqidda, isagoo inta badan isticmaali jiray dhuxusha ka timaada qoryaha kabriidka ama farahiisa beddelka qalinka ama buraashka. Mararka qaarna wuxuu xitaa ku dhex tuuri jiray kafee ama qiiq si uu u helo saamaynta uu rabo. Waxaa la sheegay in Hugo uu inta badan ku sawiri jiray gacantiisa bidix ama isagoo aan eegin bogga, ama inta lagu jiro fadhiyada ruux-u-yeerista, si uu u galo maskaxda miyir-qabka ka hooseysa, oo ah fikrad dhowaan ka dib uu caan ka dhigay Sigmund Freud. ​Hugo wuxuu farshaxankiisa ka qarin jiray indhaha dadweynaha, isagoo ka cabsanaya inay hadhayso shaqadiisa suugaanta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ku raaxaysan jiray inuu sawirradiisa la wadaago qoyskiisa iyo saaxiibadiisa, badanaa qaabka kaararka booqashada ee lagu sameeyay gacanta, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah hadiyad ahaan loo siiyay booqdayaasha markii uu ku jiray masaafurinta siyaasadeed. Qaar ka mid ah shaqadiisa waxaa la tusay, oo ay qaddariyeen, fannaaniintii xilligaas sida Van Gogh iyo Delacroix; kan dambe wuxuu muujiyay ra'yiga ah in haddii Hugo uu go'aansan lahaa inuu noqdo rinjiye halkii uu qoraa ka noqon lahaa, uu ka dhex muuqan lahaa fannaaniinta qarnigooda. ​Sawirada:

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  Crépuscule ("Gadh-madoobaad"), Jersey, 1853-1855.
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  Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown, 1847.
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  Pieuvre avec les initales V.H., ("Awaan leh xarfaha hore ee V.H."), 1866.
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  Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire ("Dhagaxa Ermitage ee muuqaal khayaali ah")
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  Le phare ("Guriga iftiinka/Laydhka badda")

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Xusuus-qoryada

​ Dadka dega Guernsey waxay ka dhisneen taalada Candie Gardens (St. Peter Port) si ay u xusuustaan joogitaankiisii jasiiradaha. Magaalada Paris waxay ilaalisay hoygiisii Hauteville House, Guernsey iyo 6, Place des Vosges sidii matxafyo. Gurigii uu degganaa ee Vianden, Luxembourg, sannadkii 1871 isna wuxuu noqday matxaf. ​Hugo waxaa loo weyneeyaa sidii awliyo ahaan diinta dadka reer Vietnam ee Cao Dai. ​Waddada Avenue Victor-Hugo ee ku taal degmada XVIème ee Paris waxay sidataa magaca Hugo, waxayna isku xirtaa Place de l'Étoile iyo agagaarka Bois de Boulogne iyadoo sii marta Place Victor-Hugo. Fagaarahan waxaa u adeega Paris Métro istaag isna loogu magac daray isaga. Tiro waddooyin iyo jidad ah oo ku yaal Faransiiska oo dhan ayaa sidoo kale loogu magac daray isaga. Iskuulka Lycée Victor Hugo waxaa laga aasaasay magaaladii uu ku dhashay ee Besançon ee Faransiiska. Avenue Victor-Hugo, oo ku taal Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada, waxaa loogu magac daray in lagu sharfo isaga. ​Magaalada Avellino, ee Italy, Victor Hugo wuxuu si kooban u joogay waxa hadda loo yaqaanno Il Palazzo Culturale, markii uu la midoobayay aabbihiis, Leopold Sigisbert Hugo, sannadkii 1808. Victor wuxuu hadhow ka qori lahaa joogitaankiisii koobnaa ee halkaas isagoo soo xiganaya "C’était un palais de marbre...". Magaalada Edinburgh, ee Scotland waxaa ku yaal dukaan raashinka fudud (delicatessen) oo loo bixiyay Victor Hugo Delicatessen, waxaa markii hore maamuli jiray lamaane Faransiis ah laakiin waxaa la iibsaday 2005. Dukaanku wuxuu ku yaal Melville Terrace, isagoo eegaya seeraha (meadows) kuna dhow kuleejka degaanka ee University of Edinburgh, Sciennes. ​

Shaqooyinka

Kuwa la daabacay intii uu Hugo noolaa

​ Odes et poésies diverses (1822) ​Odes (Hugo) (1823) ​Han d'Islande (1823) (Hans of Iceland) ​Nouvelles Odes (1824) ​Bug-Jargal (1826) ​Nils Gunnar Lie's history (1826) ​Odes et Ballades (1826) ​Cromwell (1827) ​Les Orientales (1829) ​Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (1829) (The Last Day of a Condemned Man) ​Hernani (1830) ​Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), (The Hunchback of Notre Dame) ​Marion Delorme (1831) ​Les Leaves d'automne (1831) ​Le roi s'amuse (1832) ​Lucrèce Borgia (1833) (Lucretia Borgia) ​Marie Tudor (1833) ​Littérature et philosophie mêlées (1834) ​Claude Gueux (1834) ​Angelo, tyran de padoue (1835) ​Les Chants du crépuscule (1835) ​La Esmeralda (only libretto of an opera written by Victor Hugo himself) (1836) ​Les Voix intérieures (1837) ​Ruy Blas (1838) ​Les Rayons et les ombres (1840) ​Le Rhin (1842) ​Les Burgraves (1843) ​Napoléon le Petit (1852) ​Les Châtiments (1853) ​Les Contemplations (1856) ​Les TRYNE (1856) ​La Légende des siècles (1859) ​Les Misérables (1862) ​William Shakespeare (1864) ​Les Chansons des rues et des bois (1865) ​Les Travailleurs de la Mer (1866), (Toilers of the Sea) ​La voix de Guernsey (1867) ​L'Homme qui rit (1869), (The Man Who Laughs) ​L'Année terrible (1872) ​Quatrevingt-treize (Ninety-Three) (1874) ​Mes Fils (1874) ​Actes et paroles — Avant l'exil (1875) ​Actes et paroles - Pendant l'exil (1875) ​Actes et paroles - Depuis l'exil (1876) ​La Légende des Siècles 2e série (1877) ​L'Art d'être grand-père (1877) ​Histoire d'un crime 1re partie (1877) ​Histoire d'un crime 2e partie (1878) ​Le Pape (1878) ​La pitié suprême (1879) ​Religions et religion (1880) ​L'Âne (1880) ​Les Quatres vents de l'esprit (1881) ​Torquemada (1882) ​La Légende des siècles Tome III (1883) ​L'Archipel de la Manche (1883) ​Poems of Victor Hugo ​===Kuwa la daabacay Hugo geeridiisa ka dib=== ​Théâtre en liberté (1886) ​La fin de Satan (1886) ​Choses vues (1887) ​Toute la lyre (1888) ​Amy Robsart (1889) ​Les Jumeaux (1889) ​Actes et Paroles Depuis l'exil, 1876-1885 (1889) ​Alpes et Pyrénées (1890) ​Dieu (1891) ​France et Belgique (1892) ​Toute la lyre - dernière série (1893) ​Les fromages (1895) ​Correspondences - Tome I (1896) ​Correspondences - Tome II (1898) ​Les années funestes (1898) ​Choses vues - nouvelle série (1900) ​Post-scriptum de ma vie (1901) ​Dernière Gerbe (1902) ​Mille francs de récompense (1934) ​Océan. Tas de pierres (1942) ​L'Intervention (1951) ​Conversations with Eternity ​

Qoraallada online-ka ah

​Shaqooyinka Victor Hugo ee Internet Archive ​Shaqooyinka Victor Hugo ee The Online Books Page ​Khudbadaha siyaasadeed ee Victor Hugo: Aargoosigaygu waa Walaalnimo! ​Gabayada la doortay ​Taariikh nololeedka iyo khudbadii 1851 ​Wararka geerida ee The Times ​

Tixraac

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Tixraacyada online-ka ah

​ Afran, Charles (1997). “Victor Hugo: French Dramatist”. Mareegta: Discover France. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1997, v.9.0.1.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bates, Alfred (1906). “Victor Hugo”. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 11–13.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bates, Alfred (1906). “Hernani”. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 20–23.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bates, Alfred (1906). “Hugo’s Cromwell”. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 18–19.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bittleston, Misha (taariikh la'aan). "Drawings of Victor Hugo". Mareegta: Misha Bittleston. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Burnham, I.G. (1896). “Amy Robsart”. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay Victor Hugo: Dramas. Philadelphia: The Rittenhouse Press, 1896. pp. 203–6, 401-2.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2001-05). “Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte”. Mareegta: Bartleby, Great Books Online. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Haine, W. Scott (1997). “Victor Hugo” Archived Abriil 11, 2008 // Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Mareegta: Ohio University. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Illi, Peter (2001-2004). “Victor Hugo: Plays” Archived Abriil 15, 2009 // Wayback Machine. Mareegta: The Victor Hugo Website. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Karlins, N.F. (1998). "Octopus With the Initials V.H." Mareegta: ArtNet. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Liukkonen, Petri (2000). “Victor Hugo (1802-1885)”. Books and Writers. Mareegta: Pegasos: A Literature Related Resource Site. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Meyer, Ronald Bruce (2004). “Victor Hugo”. Mareegta: Ronald Bruce Meyer. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Robb, Graham (1997). “A Sabre in the Night”. Mareegta: New York Times (Books). (Laga soo qaatay Graham, Robb (1997). Victor Hugo: A Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Roche, Isabel (2005). “Victor Hugo: Biography”. Meet the Writers. Mareegta: Barnes & Noble. (Laga soo qaatay Barnes & Noble Classics daabacaadda The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 2005.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. “Victor Hugo”. Mareegta: Spartacus Educational. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. “Timeline of Victor Hugo”. Mareegta: BBC. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. (2000-2005). “Victor Hugo”. Mareegta: The Literature Network. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. "Hugo Caricature" Archived Jannaayo 28, 2002 // Wayback Machine. Mareegta: Présence de la Littérature a l’école. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​

Akhris dheeraad ah

​ Barbou, Alfred (1882). Victor Hugo and His Times. University Press of the Pacific: 2001 daabacaadda warqadda ah. ​Barnett, Marva A., ed. (2009). Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ​Brombert, Victor H. (1984). Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel. Boston: Harvard University Press. ​Davidson, A.F. (1912). Victor Hugo: His Life and Work. University Press of the Pacific: 2003 daabacaadda warqadda ah. ​Dow, Leslie Smith (1993). Adele Hugo: La Miserable. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions. ​Falkayn, David (2001). Guide to the Life, Times, and Works of Victor Hugo. University Press of the Pacific. ​Feller, Martin, Der Dichter in der Politik. Victor Hugo und der deutsch-französische Krieg von 1870/71. Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland. Doctoral Dissertation, Marburg 1988. ​Frey, John Andrew (1999). A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. ​Grant, Elliot (1946). The Career of Victor Hugo. Harvard University Press. Gebi ahaanba waa dhammaaday. ​Halsall, A.W. et al. (1998). Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama. University of Toronto Press. ​Hart, Simon Allen (2004). Lady in the Shadows: The Life and Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Muse to Victor Hugo. Publish American. ​Houston, John Porter (1975). Victor Hugo. New York: Twayne Publishers. ​Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2001), Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil. Paris: Fayard. ​Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2008), Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I. Paris: Fayard. ​Ireson, J.C. (1997). Victor Hugo: A Companion to His Poetry. Clarendon Press. ​Laster, Arnaud (2002). Hugo à l'Opéra. Paris: L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no. 208. ​Maurois, Andre (1956). Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo. New York: Harper & Brothers. ​Maurois, Andre (1966). Victor Hugo and His World. London: Thames and Hudson. Gebi ahaanba waa dhammaaday. ​Pouchain, Gérard and Robert Sabourin (1992). Juliette Drouet, ou, La dépaysée. Paris: Fayard. ​Robb, Graham (1997). Victor Hugo: A Biography. W.W. Norton & Company: 1999 daabacaadda warqadda ah. ​Tonazzi, Pascal (2007) Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie) Paris, Editions Arléa ISBN 978-2-86959-795-2 ​

Mareegaha kale

​Faransiiska Victor Hugo Archived Maarso 29, 2017 // Wayback Machine ​Mareegta rasmiga ah ee Guernsey ee Victor Hugo Archived Abriil 8, 2008 // Wayback Machine ​Guernsey’s Victor Hugo International Music Festival Archived Juun 13, 2016 // Wayback Machine ​Victor Hugo Central ​Shaqooyinka Victor Hugo: qoraalka, iswaafajinta iyo liisaska inta jeer ee la isticmaalo ​1867 Sawir-gacmeedka Victor Hugo ee André Gill ​Victor Hugo le dessinateur ​Turjumaadda qoraalka Victor Hugo ee laga helay "Hunchback of Notre Dame," daabacaadda Faransiiska Archived Maarso 28, 2017 // Wayback Machine ​Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Hugo's At Dawn Tomorrow (Demain, dès l'aube) ​Turjumaad kale oo Ingiriisi ah ee Demain, dès l'aube ​Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Hugo's A Villequier ​Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Hugo's Oh ! je fus comme fou dans le premier moment ('Oh! Waxaan ahaa sidii nin waalan daqiiqaddii ugu horreysay') ee ku saabsan dhimashadii gabadhiisa Léopoldine ​Mareegta rasmiga ah ee Société des Amis de Victor Hugo Archived Abriil 11, 2008 // Wayback Machine ​Mareegta rasmiga ah ee Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux ​Turjumaadda Halyeeyga Victor Hugo ee Paul Lafargue

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xilka kaga horeeyey Népomucène Lemercier

Kursiga 14aad Académie française 1841–1885

Xilka  kala wareegay Charles Leconte de Lisle

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