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Webiga Awash

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Webiga Awaash
Great Dir River (taariikhi)
Webiga Awaash, Itoobiya
Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka webiga Awaash
Magac kale Great Dir River (taariikhi)
DalItoobiya
GobolladaCafarta, Oromiya, Addis Ababa, Itoobiya Dhexe
Baasin
Ilaha Ugu MuhiimsanMeel u dhow magaalada Ginchi, Aagga Shewa Galbeed, Oromiya
2,929 m (9,610 ft)
Afka Wabiga248 m (814 ft)
Baaxadda Basinka Biyaha69,196 km2 (26,717 sq mi)[1]
Dadweynaha17,900,000[2]
Astaamaha Jirka
Dhererka1,200 km (750 mi)[3]
Socodka Biyaha
  • Location:
    Afka[1]
  • Minimum rate:
    37.9 m3/s (1,340 cu ft/s)
  • Average rate:
    151.9 m3/s (5,360 cu ft/s)
  • Maximum rate:
    510.5 m3/s (18,030 cu ft/s)
Astaamaha
Laamo Wabi

Webiga Awaash (mararka qaarkood loo qoro Awaash; Af-Oromo: Awaash ama Hawaas, Af-Amxaari: ዐዋሽ, Af-Cafaar: Hawaash We'ayot, Af-Soomaali: Webiga Dir, Af-Talyaani: Auasc) waa wabi weyn oo ku yaal Itoobiya. Socodkiisu wuxuu gebi ahaanba ku dhex yaal xuduudaha Itoobiya wuxuuna ku shubmaa silsilad harooyin isku xiran ah oo ka bilaabma Harada Gargori kuna dhammaada Harada Abbe (ama Abhe Bad) oo ku taal xadka Jabuuti, qiyaastii 100 kilometres (62 mi) u jirta madaxa Gacanka Tadjoura. Webiga Awaash waa durdurka ugu weyn ee bassin-ka biyood ee endorheic ka ah, kaas oo daboola qaybo ka mid ah Gobolka Amxaarada, Oromiya iyo Gobolka Soomaalida, iyo sidoo kale qaybta koonfureed ee Gobolka Cafarta. Bassin-ka Webiga Awaash, oo ka kooban 23 aag oo maamul, wuxuu daboolaa 10% bedka Itoobiya.[4]

Bassin-ku badanaa wuxuu leeyahay laba xilli roobaad, mid gaaban oo ku beegan bisha Maarso (Belg), iyo mid dheer oo u dhexeeya Juun ilaa Sebteembar (Kiremt), kuwaas oo qayb ahaan ku dhaca hal xilli roobaad oo dheer. Isbeddelka cimilada ayaa la saadaalinayaa inuu kordhiyo yaraanta biyaha xilli kasta iyo qaybo ka mid ah bassin-ka, sababtoo ah kororka la saadaalinayo ee heerkulka iyo hoos u dhaca roobka.[5]

Bassin-ka Webiga Awaash waa bassin-ka ugu horumarsan, ugu isticmaalka badan, ugu xadgudubka badan, ugu saamaynta badan, iyo kan ugu dadka badan (in ka badan 15% ama ku dhawaad 18.6 milyan oo ka mid ah 120 milyan) ee Itoobiya (laga bilaabo 2021).[6] Kobaca degdega ah ee beeraha, warshadaha iyo magaalaynta gudaha bassin-ka, iyo sidoo kale koritaanka dadweynaha ayaa keenaya baahiyo sii kordhaya oo loo qabo khayraadka biyaha ee bassin-ka. Isha ugu weyn ee wasakhowga biyaha ee bassin-ka sare ee Awaash waxay ka timaadaa qashinka warshadaha iyo magaalooyinka, qulqulka beeraha (sunta cayayaanka, bacriminta), iyo bullaacadaha. Warshadaha wasakhaynaya bassin-ka waxaa ka mid ah warshadaha haragga, warshadaha rinjiga, qowlaysatada, warshadaha dharka, warshadaha cabitaanka, warshadaha sonkorta, isbitaallada, iyo dawooyinka.[6]

Dooxada Awaash (iyo gaar ahaan Awaash-ta Dhexe) waxay caalami ahaan caan ku tahay cufnaanteeda sare ee hominid fossils, taas oo siinaysa aragti aan hore loo arag oo ku saabsan horumarka hore ee Evolution-ka aadanaha.[7] "Lucy", oo ka mid ah fossils-ka hominin-ka ugu caansan, ayaa laga helay Dooxada hoose ee Awaash.[7] Sababtoo ah muhiimaddeeda palaeontological iyo anthropological, dooxada hoose ee Awaash waxaa lagu qoray UNESCO's Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka sannadkii 1980.[7]

Juqraafiga

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Bassin-ka Webiga Awaash, oo ka kooban 23 aag oo maamul, wuxuu daboolaa 10% bedka Itoobiya wuxuuna martigeliyaa qiyaastii 17% dadkeeda.[4] Waxay qayb ahaan ku taallaa Rift-ka Itoobiya ee Weyn. Webiga Awaash waa 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) dherer ah.[3] Waxay ka bilaabataa Buuraleyda Itoobiya joog dhan 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) waxayna martaa meelo dhowr ah ka hor inta aysan ku biirin Harada Abbe joog dhan 250 metres (820 ft).[8] Bassin-ka Webiga Awaash wuxuu u qaybsamaa saddex qaybood: sare, dhexe, iyo hoose.[8]

Awaash waxay ka kacdaa koonfurta Buurta Warqe, galbeedka Addis Ababa ee degmada Dendi, meel u dhow magaalada Ginchi, Aagga Shewa Galbeed, Oromiya. Ka dib markii ay gasho salka Rift-ka Weyn ee Itoobiya, Awaash waxay u qulqushaa koonfurta si ay u wareegto Buurta Zuqualla jihada bari ka dibna waqooyi-bari, ka hor inta aysan gelin Kaydka Koka. Halkaas, biyaha waxaa loo isticmaalaa waraabinta beeraha sonkorta. Hoos u qulqulka, Awaash waxay dhaaftaa magaalada Adama iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Awaash. Waxaa markaas kaga biira dhanka bidix webiga ugu weyn ee laamoodka, webiga Germama (ama Kasam), ka hor inta aysan u leexan waqooyi-bari qiyaastii 11°0′N 40°30′E / 11.000°N 40.500°E / 11.000; 40.500 ilaa waqooyi ilaa 12° ka hor inta aysan u leexan bari si ay u gaarto harada Gargori.

Durdurrada kale ee laamoodka Awaash waxaa ka mid ah (sida ay u kala horreeyaan): Webiga Logiya, Webiga Mille, Webiga Borkana, Webiga Ataye, Webiga Hawadi, Webiga Kabenna iyo Webiga Dukem. Magaalooyinka ku yaalla jidkeeda waxaa ka mid ah Metehara, Awaash, Gewane iyo Asaita.

Waxaa jira webiyo laamood ah, harooyin, il-biyood kulul, iyo dhiiqo ku yaalla Bassin-ka Awaash-ta Dhexe.[8]

Cimilada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Cimilada bassin-ka Webiga Awaash waxaa badanaa saameeya dhaqdhaqaaqa itcz. Inta lagu jiro dhaqdhaqaaqeeda waqooyi ee Maarso/Abriil iyo dib u gurashadeeda koonfurta, ITCZ waxay abuurtaa laba xilli roobaad, mid gaaban oo ku beegan Maarso (Belg), iyo mid dheer oo u dhexeeya Juun iyo Sebteembar (Kiremt), kuwaas oo qayb ahaan ku dhaca hal xilli roobaad oo dheer. Xilliga roobka wuxuu u janjeeraa inuu noqdo bimodal xagga bari ee Itoobiya iyo ku dhawaad unimodal xagga galbeed ee Itoobiya. Waqtiga u dhexeeya Oktoobar iyo Maarso waa xilli abaar ah, oo la yiraahdo Bega.[9] Xaalado semi-arid ilaa arid ah ayaa ka jira Rift Valley. Taas bedelkeeda, buuraleyda waxay qayb ahaan helaan in ka badan 1,600 millimetres (63 in) oo roob ah qiyaastii lix bilood sannadkii.[10]

Isbeddelka cimilada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Daraasad la sameeyay 2018 ayaa baartay saamaynta isbeddelka cimilada ee khayraadka biyaha ee bassin-ka Awaash. Waxay isticmaaleen saddex moodel cimilo oo ka mid ah CMIP5 iyo saddex xilli oo mustaqbalka ah (2006–2030, 2031–2055, iyo 2056–2080). Moodellada waxaa loo doortay iyadoo lagu saleynayo waxqabadkooda qabashada sifooyinka roobka taariikhiga ah. Muddada saldhigga ee loo isticmaalo isbarbardhigga waxay ahayd 1981–2005. Helitaanka biyaha mustaqbalka waxaa lagu qiyaasay farqiga u dhexeeya saadaasha roobka iyo suurtagalnimada evapotranspiration iyadoo la adeegsanayo saadaasha qiiqa (RCP8.5). Saadaasha saddexda xilli ee mustaqbalka waxay muujinaysaa kordhinta yaraanta biyaha xilli kasta iyo qaybo ka mid ah bassin-ka, sababtoo ah kororka la saadaalinayo ee heerkulka iyo hoos u dhaca roobka. Hoos u dhacan ku yimid helitaanka biyaha ayaa kordhin doona cadaadiska biyaha ee bassin-ka, taasoo sii khatar gelinaysa amniga biyaha qaybaha kala duwan.[5]

Hydrology

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Roobka, abaaraha iyo fatahaadaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Roobku aad ayuu ugu kala duwan yahay bassin-ka sannad ilaa sannad kale. Yaraanta biyaha xilliga abaaraha waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay tahay caqabad xagga hawlaha kala duwan sida waraabka iyo saadka biyaha ee gudaha by Awash Basin Authority.[5] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fatahaadaha ayaa sidoo kale si joogta ah u dhaca inta lagu jiro xilliga roobka ugu weyn ee Luulyo iyo Agoosto.[11]

Kobaca degdega ah ee beeraha, warshadaha iyo magaalaynta gudaha bassin-ka Awaash, iyo sidoo kale koritaanka dadweynaha ayaa keenaya baahiyo sii kordhaya oo loo qabo khayraadka biyaha ee bassin-ka. Bassin-ku wuxuu caan ku yahay isbeddelka cimilada sare oo ay ku jiraan abaaraha iyo fatahaadaha, iyo isbeddelka cimilada ayaa u badan inuu sii xoojiyo caqabadaha jira.[5]

Biyaha dhulka hoostiisa

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Groundwater recharge waxay u dhaxaysaa qiyam ka badan 350 millimetres (14 in) sannadkii buuraleyda sare iyo wax dib-u-buuxin ah oo aan ka jirin salka rift valley.[10][12] Biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ayaa inta badan dib loogu buuxiyaa escarpments-ka iyo buuraleyda sare ee 1,900 m a.s.l.,[13] halkaas oo roobka sannadlaha ah uu ka sarreeyo 1,000 millimetres (39 in).[12]

Bassin-ka Awaash waa aag dad badan oo warshadaysan halkaas oo ganacsiyo badan ay ku tiirsan yihiin biyaha dhulka hoostiisa hawlgalkooda. Sidaa darteed, inta badan dadaallada horumarinta aadanaha ee bassin-ka ayaa sii wadi doona inay si weyn ugu tiirsanaadaan tirada iyo tayada biyaha dhulka hoostiisa.[8]

Ecology

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Inta badan bassin-ka Awaash waa qayb ka mid ah ecoregion-ka keymaha buuraleyda Itoobiya. Joogga sare ee beero-da buuraleyda Itoobiya iyo dhulalka kaymaha iyo dhulalka buuraleyda Itoobiya ayaa ka taliya. Ecoregion-ka Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets ayaa ku fadhiya joogga hoose ee Rift-ka.[14]

Fauna

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Dooxada hoose ee Awaash waa mid ka mid ah kaydka duurjoogta ee ugu dambeeya ee Dameerka duurjoogta Afrika. Naasleeygan hadda waa la waayay Beerta Qaranka ee Yangudi Rassa, laakiin weli waxaa laga helaa Beerta Ilaalinta Duurjoogta ee Mille-Serdo.[15] Xayawaannada kale ee waaweyn ee asal ahaan ka soo jeeda aagga waxaa ka mid ah Beisa Oryx, Soemmerring's Gazelle, Dorcas gazelle, gerenuk iyo Grevy's zebra. Yaxaasyada ayaa sidoo kale ku barwaaqoobay webiga.

Hawlaha aadanaha iyo saamaynta

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Bassin-ka Awaash waa bassin-ka ugu horumarsan, ugu isticmaalka badan, ugu xadgudubka badan, ugu saamaynta badan, iyo kan ugu dadka badan (in ka badan 15% ama ku dhawaad 18.6 milyan oo ka mid ah 120 milyan) ee Itoobiya.[6] Awaash-ta Dhexe waxay caan ku tahay lahaanshaha waraabka baaxadda weyn iyo kan yar, iyo sidoo kale beeraha iyo warshadaha sonkorta (Wenji, Methara, iyo warshadaha sonkorta Kesem).[8]

Saadka biyaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Saadka biyaha ee magaalooyinka waaweyn sida Addis Ababa, Mojo iyo Adama, iyo sidoo kale, biyaha waraabka ee beeraha maxalliga ah iyo ganacsiga (sida beerta sonkorta) waxay ku tiirsan yihiin Webiga Awaash iyo laamoodkiisa.[16]

Hawlaha dhaqaalaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Dhaqaalaha bassin-ka Awaash waxaa u badan beeraha iyo qaybaha adeegga. Beeruhu waxay u badan yihiin isticmaalka biyaha (qiyaastii 89% wadarta isticmaalka biyaha ee bassin-ka) waxaana la filayaa inay sii ahaan doonaan aasaaska kobaca dhaqaalaha sannadaha soo socda.

Wasakhowga

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Warshadaha iyo daawaynta bullaacada magaalooyinka ayaa ku yar oo aan waxtar lahayn bassin-ka Webiga Awaash. Halka ay ka jiraan, biyaha wasakhaysan (oo inta badan si liidata loo daweeyey) ayaa lagu shubaa durdurrada u dhow, taas oo wasakhaynaysa biyaha.[16]

Koritaanka warshadaynta iyo magaalooyinka bassin-ka Webiga Awaash ayaa si ba'an u dhaawacay nidaamka deegaanka sababtoo ah sunta lagu shubay meelaha biyaha. Isha ugu weyn ee wasakhowga biyaha ee bassin-ka Webiga Awaash waxay ka timaadaa qashinka warshadaha iyo magaalooyinka, qulqulka beeraha (sunta cayayaanka, bacriminta), iyo bullaacadaha.[6]

Paleontology

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Aadanuhu waxay ku noolaayeen dooxada Awaash ku dhawaad tan iyo bilowgii noocyada. Waxaa laga helay haraaga hominid-ka hore ee aadanaha Awaash-ta Dhexe.[17] Haraaga laga helay Dooxada Awaash waxay taariikh ahaan ka soo jeedaan Miocene-ka dambe, Pliocene, iyo Pleistocene-ka hore (qiyaastii 5.6–2.5 milyan oo sano ka hor), waxaana ka mid ah fossils-ka badan ee Australopithecines, oo ay ku jiraan "Lucy", oo ah shaqsiga ugu caansan Australopithecus.[7][17]

Taariikhda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Qarnigii 16-aad Webiga Awaash waxaa loo yaqaanay webiga weyn ee Dir wuxuuna ku yaallay waddanka Muslimiinta.[18]

Qarnigii 20-aad

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Midkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee raadraaca socodka Awaash ilaa dhammaadkiisa ee Aussa oasis wuxuu ahaa Wilfred Thesiger 1933/1934, kaas oo ka bilaabay magaalada Awaash, raacay socodka webiga ilaa dhammaadkiisa ugu dambeeya ee Harada Abhebad, wuxuuna sii waday safarkiisa bari ilaa Tadjoura.

Sannadkii 1960, Koka Dam ayaa laga dhisay Webiga Awaash meel qiyaastii 75 kilometres (47 mi) u jirta Addis Ababa. Furitaankeeda ka dib, waxay noqotay il weyn oo korontada biyaha ah oo ka jirta aagga.

Bulshada iyo dhaqanka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Dooxada Awaash oo ka bilaabma qiyaastii 9° N hoos u qulqulaya waa guriga dhaqanka ee dadka Cafarta iyo Issa dadka Soomaaliyeed.[19]

Bangiga Awash International Bank waxaa loogu magac daray Webiga Awaash.[20]

Sidoo kale eeg

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. 1 2 Lehner, Bernhard; Verdin, Kristine; Jarvis, Andy (2008-03-04). "New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 89 (10): 93–94. Bibcode:2008EOSTr..89...93L. doi:10.1029/2008eo100001. ISSN 0096-3941.
  2. ↑ Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105
  3. 1 2 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)", Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 Diseembar 2009)
  4. 1 2 Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay ":5".
  5. 1 2 3 4 Taye, Meron Teferi; Dyer, Ellen; Hirpa, Feyera A.; Charles, Katrina (2018). "Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia". Water (in Ingiriisi). 10 (11): 1560. Bibcode:2018Water..10.1560T. doi:10.3390/w10111560. ISSN 2073-4441.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. 1 2 3 4 Abebe, Yosef; Whitehead, Paul; Alamirew, Tena; Jin, Li; Alemayehu, Esayas (2023). "Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (in Ingiriisi). 195 (10): 1188. Bibcode:2023EMnAs.195.1188A. doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z. ISSN 0167-6369.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Lower Valley of the Awash". UNESCO World Heritage Site. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 Sebteembar 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Abebe, Yosef; Alemayehu, Taye; Birhanu, Behailu; Alamirew, Tena; Alemayehu, Esayas (2024). "Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use". Sustainability (in Ingiriisi). 16 (12): 5257. Bibcode:2024Sust...16.5257A. doi:10.3390/su16125257. ISSN 2071-1050.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ↑ Seleshi, Yilma; Zanke, Ulrich (2004-06-30). "Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia". International Journal of Climatology (in Ingiriisi). 24 (8): 973–983. doi:10.1002/joc.1052.
  10. 1 2 Knoche, Malte; Fischer, Christian; Pohl, Eric; Krause, Peter; Merz, Ralf (2014). "Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia". Journal of Hydrology. 519: 2049–2066. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003.
  11. ↑ Taye, M.T., Haile, A.T., Dessalegn, M., Nigussie, L., Bekele, T.W., Nicol, A., Dyer, E. & Tekleab, S. 2024. Policy and practice recommendations on flood risk management in the Awash basin. REACH Discussion brief.
  12. 1 2 Ayenew, Tenalem; Demlie, Molla; Wohnlich, Stefan (2008). "Hydrogeological framework and occurrence of groundwater in the Ethiopian aquifers". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 52 (3): 97–113. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2008.06.006.
  13. ↑ Bretzler, Anja; Osenbrück, Karsten; Gloaguen, Richard; Ruprecht, Janina S.; Kebede, Seifu; Stadler, Susanne (2011). "Groundwater origin and flow dynamics in active rift systems – A multi-isotope approach in the Main Ethiopian Rift". Journal of Hydrology. 402 (3–4): 274–289. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.022.
  14. ↑ "The ecozones of the world. The ecological division of the geosphere". ResearchGate (in Ingiriisi).
  15. ↑ Moehlman, P.D.; Kebede, F.; Yohannes, H. (2015). "Equus africanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7949A45170994.en.
  16. 1 2 Zinabu, Eskinder; Alamirew, Tena; Gebrehiwot, Solomon G.; Whitehead, Paul; Charles, Katrina; Zeleke, Gete (2024). "Information synthesis to identify water quality issues and select applicable in-stream water quality model for the Awash River basin in Ethiopia: A perspective from developing countries". Scientific African. 23 e02063. doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02063.
  17. 1 2 Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (2001-07-12). "Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 412 (6843): 178–181. doi:10.1038/35084063.
  18. ↑ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003-01-01). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Hollywood: Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-9723172-6-9.
  19. ↑ Markakis, John (2003). "Anatomy of a Conflict: Afar & Ise Ethiopia". Review of African Political Economy. 30 (97): 445–453. doi:10.1080/03056244.2003.9659777.
  20. ↑ "assessment of credit risk management policies" (PDF). 1 Noofembar 2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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