Webiga Bani
Webiga Bani waa wabi-gacmeedka ugu weyn ee Webiga Niger ee dalka Mali.[3] Webigu wuxuu ka samaysmaa is-goyska webiyada Baoulé iyo Bagoé qiyaastii 160 km (99 mi) bari ka xiga Bamako wuxuuna ku biiraa Niger meel u dhow Mopti. Dhererkiisu waa qiyaastii 1,100 km (680 mi).
Juqraafiga
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Webiga Bani wuxuu leeyahay saddex wabi-gacmeed oo waaweyn: Baoulé oo ka soo kaca meel u dhow Odienné ee Côte d'Ivoire oo mara koonfurta Bougouni, Webiga Bagoé oo ka soo kaca meel u dhow Boundiali ee Côte d'Ivoire iyo Banifing-Lotio oo ka miira gobolka ku hareeraysan Sikasso. Biyo-qabashada ee ka sarreeya Douna waxay leedahay bed dhan 102,000 km2 (39,000 sq mi), 85% oo ka mid ah waxay ku taal koonfurta Mali iyo 15% waqooyiga Côte d'Ivoire.
Roobabka sannadlaha ah way ku kala duwan yihiin qaybaha biyo-qabashada iyadoo aagga koonfureed ee Côte d'Ivoire ay helaan 1,500 mm (59 in) sannadkii halka aagga waqooyi ee ku wareegsan Douna[1] ay helaan 700 mm (28 in) oo keliya.[4][5][6] Muddadii 1965-1995 celceliska roobabka sannadlaha ah ee biyaha waxaa ahaa 1,100 mm (43 in).[7] Roobabku waa xilliyeed iyadoo roobabka intooda badan ay da'aan inta u dhaxaysa Maajo iyo Oktoobar. Roobabka ugu badan waxay dhacaan bisha Agoosto.
Qulqulka Webiga Bani sidoo kale waa mid aad u xilliyeed, iyadoo qulqulka ugu badan uu dhacayo dhammaadka Sebtembar iyo qulqul aad u yar inta u dhaxaysa Febraayo iyo Juun. Webigu wuxuu galaa Inland Niger Delta waqooyiga San ka dibna roobabka sannadlaha ah webiga ayaa fataha (ereyga Faransiiska crue ayaa mararka qaarkood la isticmaalaa) wuxuuna qariyaa bannaanka webiga.
Waxaa jira kala duwanaansho weyn oo sannadle ah oo ku saabsan roobabka iyo, natiijo ahaan, tirada biyaha ku qulqulaya webiga. Abaartii bilaabatay horraantii 1970-meeyadii ayaa horseeday hoos u dhac aad u weyn oo ku yimid qulqulka ilaa waqtigan xaadirka ah mugga ayaa weli aad uga hooseeya kuwii la arkay 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii. Hoos u dhaca qulqulka webiga ayaa aad uga weynaa hoos u dhaca roobabka. Celceliska roobabka ee 1981-1989 wuxuu ahaa 20% ka yar kii 1961-1970 halka qulqulka webiga uu hoos u dhacay 75%. Saamaynta roobabka yaraaday waxay ahayd mid aan aad u xad-dhaaf ahayn wabi-gacmeedyada kale ee Niger. Isla muddadaas, biyo-qabashada ee Upper Niger waxay la kulmeen 20% hoos u dhac la mid ah roobabka laakiin akhrinta saldhigga Koulikoro ayaa hoos u dhacay 50% oo keliya oo ka mid ah qiyamkii hore.[8] Sababo la xiriira yaraanta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa, xitaa sannad leh roobab badan, qulqulka Webiga Bani waa ka yar yahay kii tobanka sano ee qoyan ee 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii.[7]
Biyo-xireenka Talo
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Sanadkii 2006, Biyo-xireenka Talo waxaa loo dhisay in lagu waraabiyo qaybo ka mid ah bannaanka webiga koonfurta webiga meel u dhow magaalada San. Kahor dhismaha biyo-xireenka, aagaggan waxaa si buuxda u fatahay oo keliya sannado aad u qoyan, kii ugu dambeeyay ee dhacay wuxuu ahaa 1967. Biyo-xireenku wuxuu ku yaallaa 43 km (27 mi) galbeedka San, 66 km (41 mi) hoos ka xiga Douna iyo 110 km (68 mi) kor ka xiga Djenné.[9] Biyo-xireenku wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii xiridda biyaha oo kale iyadoo biyuhu ay ka qulquli karaan korka derbiga haynta. Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ayaa ahaa mid aad looga dooday.[10] Qiimaynta saamaynta deegaanka oo ay soo saartay African Development Bank[11] ayaa loo dhaliilay inaanay si buuxda u tixgelin saamaynta biyaha ee hoos u dhaca biyo-xireenka.[12]
Derbiga hayntu waa 5 m (16 ft) dhererkiisu yahay 295 m (968 ft) dhererkiisu yahay, isagoo abuuraya kayd awood u leh inuu hayo 0.18 km3 (0.043 cu mi) oo biyo ah. Muggani wuxuu matalaa 1.3% ee celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah ee webiga (muddadii 1952-2002 celceliska qulqulka wuxuu ahaa 13.4 km3 (3.2 cu mi).[13][14] Qulqulka hoose ee 10 m3/s (350 cu ft/s) ayaa lagu ilaalin karaa xilliga abaaraha iyadoo la furayo iridda biyaha. Macluumaadka la daabacay kama cadda inta qulqulka guud ee loo leexin doono waraabka iyo, biyaha la leexiyay, inta dib ugu qulquli doonta webiga. Saamaynta hoos u dhaca ee biyo-xireenka ayaa noqon doonta in la daahiyo imaatinka fatahaadda sannadlaha ah iyo in la yareeyo xooggeeda.
Biyo-xireenka Djenné
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Bishii Maajo 2009, African Development Bank waxay ansixisay maalgelinta biyo-xireen/waraabin lagu dhisayo Bani meel u dhow Soala, tuulo ku taal 12 km (7.5 mi) koonfurta Djenné.[15][16] Biyo-xireenku waa hal cunsur oo ka mid ah barnaamij 6-sano ah oo dhan US$66 milyan oo sidoo kale ka mid ah dhismaha biyo-xireen ku yaal Webiga Sankarani meel u dhow Kourouba iyo kordhinta aagga ay waraabiso biyo-xireenka Talo. Biyo-xireenka Djenné ee la soo jeediyay ayaa hayn doona 0.3 km3 (0.072 cu mi) oo biyo ah, in ka badan biyo-xireenka Talo.[17] Waxay oggolaan doontaa "fatahaadda la xakameeyo" ee 14,000 ha ee bannaanka Pondori (dhanka bidix ee webiga koonfurta Djenné) si loogu oggolaado beerista bariiska iyo waraabinta 5000 ha oo dheeri ah oo loogu talagalay koritaanka 'cawska sabeynaya' (Echinochloa stagnina oo maxalliga loogu yaqaan bourgou) ee quudinta xoolaha.
Saamaynta biyo-xireennada ee fatahaadda Inland Niger Delta ee hoos u dhaca Mopti ayaa la filayaa inay noqdaan kuwo dhexdhexaad ah,[18] maadaama qulqulka Bani uu yahay kaliya saddex meelood meel ka mid ah Niger: muddadii 1952-2002 celceliska qulqulka Douna wuxuu ahaa 424 m3/s (15,000 cu ft/s) marka la barbar dhigo 1,280 m3/s (45,000 cu ft/s) ee Niger ee Koulikoro.[14]
Qoraalo
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- 1 2 Saldhigga Biyaha ee Douna wuxuu ku yaallaa 13°12′50″N 5°54′11″W / 13.213853°N 5.903105°W oo u dhow buundada ka gudubta webiga ee qaada waddada weyn ee RN6 ee ka timaadda Ségou una socota Bla.
- ↑ Xogta laga helay UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0.
- ↑ Bani macnaheedu waa "webi yar" oo ku qoran Afafka Mande. Delafosse, Maurice (1912), Haut-Sénégal-Niger. Volume 1 Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues (in French), Paris: Émile Larose, p. 69
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link). - ↑ Golitzen 2005, p. 81 Map 11.
- ↑ Zwarts et al. 2005, p. 18 Fig. 2.3.
- ↑ Mahé 2009, p. 706 Fig. 1.
- 1 2 Mahé 2009.
- ↑ Golitzen 2005, p. 92 Table A2.4.
- ↑ Biyo-xireenku wuxuu ku yaallaa 13°16′39″N 5°17′34″W / 13.2774°N 5.2929°W.
- ↑ Meierotto 2009.
- ↑ Moyen Bani plains development program: Summary of the environmental impact assessment (PDF), African Development Fund, 1997
- ↑ Fisher, Meierotto & Russel 2001.
- ↑ Qulqulka 1 m3 (35 cu ft) wuxuu u dhigmaa 0.0316 km3 (0.0076 cu mi) sannadkii. 424 m3/s (15,000 cu ft/s) wuxuu u dhigmaa 13.4 km3 (3.2 cu mi)/y
- 1 2 Politique Nationale de l'eau (PDF), République du Mali, Ministère des Mines, de l’énergie et de l’eau: Direction Nationale de l'Hydraulique, 2006, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 Bisha Saddexaad 2012, retrieved 27 Feb 2010
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|archive-date=(help) - ↑ Tuulada Saola waxay ku taal dhanka bidix ee Bani ee 13°47′54″N 4°31′54″W / 13.79824°N 4.531775°W
- ↑ Mali: 33.6 billion FCFA and an additional 76.2 billion FCFA for the development of irrigation, African Development Bank, 2009, archived from the original on 22 Bisha Lixaad 2009, retrieved 4 Mar 2010
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|archive-date=(help) - ↑ Mali: Irrigation Development Programme - Phase I, Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (PDF), African Development Bank, 2008, retrieved 4 Mar 2010
- ↑ Zwarts et al. 2005, p. 38.
- ↑ Xogta laga helay ilo dhowr ah. Wixii 1951-1980 laga soo qaatay Hydrographic data for Douna, Mali 1922-1980, Unesco International Hydrological Programme, retrieved 26 Feb 2010. Wixii 1981-1989 laga soo qaatay Zwarts et al. 2005, p. 271 Table I.1. Wixii 1990 laga soo qaatay Descroix 2009, p. 98 Fig. 9. Wixii 1991-1997 laga soo qaatay Golitzen 2005, p. 50 Table 3.6.
Tixraac
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- Descroix, L.; et al. (2009), "Spatio-temporal variability of hydrological regimes around the boundaries between Sahelian and Sudanian areas of West Africa: A synthesis", Journal of Hydrology, 375 (1–2): 90–102, Bibcode:2009JHyd..375...90D, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.012.
- Fisher, William; Meierotto, Lisa; Russel, Ryan (2001), The Talo Dam Project: Projet de Mise en Valeur Des Plaines Du Moyen Bani (PDF), Clark University. Bogagga 30–31 waxay ka kooban yihiin miis taariikhaysan 2003 oo uu diyaariyay J.R. Patenaude, kaas oo bixinaya qiyamka qulqulka biyaha ee sannad celcelis ah (oo loo malaynayo inuu yahay 125 m3/s ama 3.9 km3/y).
- Golitzen, Katherin George, ed. (2005), The Niger River Basin: A vision for sustainable management (PDF), Washington, DC.: World Bank.
- Mahé, Gil (2009), "Surface/groundwater interactions in the Bani and Nakambe rivers, tributaries of the Niger and Volta basins, West Africa", Hydrological Sciences Journal, 54 (4): 704–712, Bibcode:2009HydSJ..54..704M, doi:10.1623/hysj.54.4.704.
- Meierotto, Lisa (2009), "The uneven geographies of transnational advocacy: The case of the Talo Dam" (PDF), Journal of Environmental Management, 90 (Suppl. 3): S279 – S285, Bibcode:2009JEnvM..90S.279M, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.024, PMID 19008033, archived from the original (PDF) on 7 Bisha Labaad 2014, retrieved 23 Apr 2013
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|archive-date=(help). - Zwarts, Leo; van Beukering, Pieter; Kone, Bakary; Wymenga, Eddy, eds. (2005), The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin (PDF), Veenwouden, the Netherlands: Altenburg & Wymenga, ISBN 90-807150-6-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24, retrieved 2011-02-14. Sidoo kale lagu daabacay Faransiis cinwaankiisu yahay "Le Niger: une Artère vitale. Gestion efficace de l’eau dans le bassin du Haut Niger".