Webiga Giba
| Webiga Giba | |
|---|---|
 Webiga Giba oo ku yaal Addi Lihtsi | |
  Webiga Giba ee Gobolka Tigray | |
| Wadan | Itoobiya |
| Gobol | Gobolka Tigray |
| Degmooyin (woreda) | |
| Baasin | |
| Ilaha Ugu Muhiimsan | Shugu'a Shugu'i ee Emni Ankelalu 1,770 m (5,810 ft) |
| Afka Wabiga | Hoos ka xiga Jo’amare ee Kola Tembien 970 m (3,180 ft) |
| Socodka Wabiga | Tekezé→ Atbarah→ Niil→ Badda Miditerranée |
| Nidaamka Wabiga | Wabi joogto ah |
| Baaxadda Basinka Biyaha | 5,200 km2 (2,000 sq mi) |
| Astaamaha Jirka | |
| Dhererka | 121 km (75 mi) |
| Ballaca |
|
| Socodka Biyaha | |
| Socodka Biyaha
(location 2) | |
| Astaamaha | |
| Laamo Wabi |
|
| Biyo dhacyo | Mustaqbalka Lake Giba, Gereb Segen iyo barkado badan oo yaryar |
| Buundooyinka | Qarano, Buundada hore (Debre Nazret), Abergele |
| Topography | Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer |
Giba waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga Itoobiya. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa isgoyska Genfel iyo Sulluh (kaas oo ka kaca buuraha Mugulat) (3,298 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda) wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa Tekezé.[2] Mustaqbalka Lake Giba wuxuu qabsan doonaa bannaanka ay ku kulmaan webiyada Sulluh, Genfel iyo Agula'i, sidaas darteedna wuxuu noqon doonaa isha mustaqbalka ee Webiga Giba.
Biyaha
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Waa wabi xiran, maxalli ahaan meandering ku ah bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, leh jiirada 7 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Iyadoo ay la socdaan wabiyaasheeda, wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox qoto dheer.[3]
Wabiyaasha ku shuba
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Wabiyaasha ugu waaweyn, laga bilaabo hoos ilaa kor, waa[2]
- Tanqwa
- May Selelo
- Zikuli
- Gra Adiam, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Webiga Bitchoqo
- Zeyi
- Inda Sillasie
- Addi Keshofo
- May Gabat
- Inda Anbesa
- Ruba Bich'i
- Hurura
- Ilala
- Qarano
- Agula'i
- Genfel
- Sulluh
Biyo
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Sifooyinka biyaha
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Runoff footprint ama mugga guud ee qulqulka sanadlaha ah waa 558 milyan m³. Qulqulka ugu sarreeya oo gaaraya ilaa 1740 m³ ilbiriqsikii ayaa dhaca qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro biyo ka buuxaan meelo badan. Boqolkiiba roobka guud ee si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida qulqulka duufaanka (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 8%.[1]
Wadarta guud ee sediment-ka la qaado ee webigan ayaa gaaraya 3.96 milyan oo tan sanadkii. Feejignaanta sediment-ka dhexdhexaadka ah ee biyaha wabiga waa 10 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay kor u kici kartaa ilaa 42 g/L. Feejignaanta sediment-ka ugu sarreeya waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carro dabacsan iyo boodh ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.[4] Maaddaama biyaha noocaas ah ay ku jiraan nafaqooyin badan (maxalli ahaan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay ku qiyaasaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.[3] Guud ahaan, celceliska sediment yield waa 1065 tan kiilomitirkiiba iyo sanadkii. Dhammaan cabbirada waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhigyo si ula kac ah loo rakibay, oo ku yaal webiyada Giba iyo Tanqwa, dhanka sare ee isgoyskooda, sanadihii 2006 iyo 2007.[4]
Fatahaado kedis ah
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan fatahaado kedis ah). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa inta badan dhaca fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka qulqulaya ayaa dhaca galabtii.[3]
Isbeddellada waqtiga
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Caddeynta ay bixiyeen sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, oo la qaaday 1930-yadii waxay muujinayaan in 49% bassin-ka lagu daboolay dhirta alwaaxda leh (ka hor 35% 2014). Dhirtaan ayaa hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka iyo coefficient-ka qulqulka wuxuu ahaa mid yar (5% 1935 ka hor 8% 2014). Sidaas darteed, qulqulka wabiga wuxuu ahaa mid yar, wabiguna wuxuu ahaa mid ka cidhiidhsan maanta.[5] Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.[6] Webigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisii ugu weynaa iyo ballaciisii muddadaas.
Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. At Gemgema, Afedena, May Be'ati iyo meelo kale oo badan oo dhaadheer, degaano xiran ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta dhuuxitaanka, fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.[7] Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida qodobbada dhagaxa ah[8][9] iyo check dams ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.[10][11]
Beeraha waraabka
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Ka sokow ilaha biyaha iyo barkadaha, waraabka wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka wabiga. Beeraha noocan oo kale ah ee la waraabiyo waxay muhiim u yihiin buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.[3] Dhul la waraabiyo ayaa laga dhisay bannaannada cidhiidhiga ah ee wabiga oo dhan, badanaaba iyadoo la isticmaalayo waraabka bamka. Aad bay u badantahay in miraha kulaylaha lagu beero dooxooyinkan maadaama cimiladu ay ka diiran tahay buuraleyda ku hareeraysan.
Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Gunta dooxada ee wabigan, tusaale ahaan Inda Mihtsun, ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha. Socodka xoolaha wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay qabsadaan dalagyada. Daaqsiyeyaasha dhalinyarada ah waxay xoolaha tuulada u kaxaysan doonaan dooxada waxayna ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.[12]
Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.[13]
- Phonolite plugs
- Basalt-ka sare
- Lacustrine deposits
- Basalt-ka hoose
- Amba Aradam Formation
- Antalo Limestone
- Adigrat Sandstone
- Edaga Arbi Glacials
- Quaternary alluvium iyo freshwater tufa[14]
Si macquul ah, qeybaha sare ee wabiga, kaliya quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro.
Xadka dabiiciga ah
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu leeyahay saddex xuduudood oo degmo ("woreda") ah.[15] Qaybaha kala duwan:
- Giba Sare: xadka u dhexeeya Dogu’a Tembien iyo Inderta
- Giba Dhexe: xadka u dhexeeya Dogu’a Tembien iyo Saharti Samre
- Giba Hoose: xadka u dhexeeya Kola Tembien iyo Abergele (woreda)
Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.[16] Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.[17]
- Socodka 15, oo ay weheliso koorsada dhexe ee Giba
- Socodka 22, oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee Debre Nazret
- Socodka G, oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee Amanit
- Socodka S1 iyo S2, oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee Abergele (woreda)
Xilliga roobka, fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas waa wax aan macquul ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga.[18]
Tixraacyo
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- 1 2 3 Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). "Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.
- 1 2 Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
- 1 2 3 4 Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199099067.
- 1 2 Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). "Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia". Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.
- ↑ Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.
- ↑ Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). "Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)". Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.
- ↑ Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). "Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia". Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.
- ↑ Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). "Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia". Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.
- ↑ Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). "Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.
- ↑ Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). "The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia". Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x. S2CID 98547102.
- ↑ Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). "Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia". Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. Bibcode:2017JHyd..545..299G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.
- ↑ Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)". Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.
- ↑ Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
- ↑ Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). "Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.
- ↑ Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
- ↑ Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. 2019. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
- ↑ "Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl".
- ↑ Nyssen, Jan (2019). "Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia". Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. GeoGuide. Springer-Nature. pp. 537–556. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199198251.