Webiga Kafue
| Kafue | |
|---|---|
 Webiga Kafue, Chamufumbu, u dhow Lubungu Pontoon, Zambia | |
 Dooxada Webiga Kafue | |
| Waddan | Zambia |
| Baasin | |
| Ilaha Ugu Muhiimsan | Xadka Zambia iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo waqooyi-galbeed ee Kipushi, Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed, Zambia 1,350 m (4,430 ft) |
| Afka Wabiga | u dhow Chirundu, Gobolka Koonfurta, Zambia 410 m (1,350 ft) |
| Nidaamka Wabiga | Zambezi |
| Baaxadda Basinka Biyaha | 155,000 km2 (60,000 sq mi) |
| Astaamaha Jirka | |
| Dhererka | 1,576 km (979 mi) |
| Socodka Biyaha |
|
Webiga Kafue oo dhererkiisu yahay 1576 km waa webiga ugu dheer ee si buuxda ugu dhex yaal Zambia.[1] Biyihiisa waxaa loo isticmaalaa waraabka iyo dhalinta korontada biyaha.[2] Waa qulqulka ugu weyn ee Zambezi,[3] waxaana ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn ee Zambia, waa kan ugu dhexeeya uguna magaalaysan. In ka badan 50% ka mid ah dadka Zambia waxay ku nool yihiin Dooxada Webiga Kafue, kuwaas oo qiyaastii 65% ay yihiin dad magaalo.[1]
Wuxuu leeyahay heer qulqul celcelis ahaan ah 320 m3/s qaybtiisa hoose, iyadoo leh kala duwanaansho xilliyeed weyn. Webigu wuxuu sannadkii 10 km3 ku shubaa Webiga Zambezi.[4]
Marinka
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Isha
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Webiga Kafue wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa joog dhan 1350 m oo ku yaal madal-dhuleed siman oo ka hooseeya xadka u dhexeeya Zambia iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo 120 km waqooyi-galbeed ee Chingola ee Copperbelt Province. Isha Webiga Kafue waxay ku taal Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed ee Zambia. Aaggu waa Miombo woodland oo ku taal biyaha qaybiya ee Congo-Zambezi, iyadoo leh dambos badan oo laamood leh kuwaas oo 10 ilaa 20 m ka hooseeya dhulka ugu sarreeya, iyadoo soo saaraysa topography si jilicsan u ruxmaya. Webigu wuxuu ku bilaabmaa sida dhibic ka timaada dambos qoyan (Munyanshi Swamp waa qulqul) iyo iyadoo leh jiir hoose si loo dardargeliyo qulqulka webiga, wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-bari si caajis ah, 50 km gudaheedna wuxuu u yeeshaa dabeecadda webi qaangaar ah. Aaggu wuxuu helaa qiyaastii 1200 mm oo roob ah xilliga roobka, kanaalka webiguna wuxuu dhawaan gaaraa 100 m ballac iyadoo leh dhul-daad dambos fluvial ah oo ballacoodu yahay 1 ilaa 2 km.[5]
Copperbelt
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Kahor inta uusan webigu gaarin magaalooyinka Copperbelt, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu lumiyaa dhul-daadkiisa ballaaran, kanaalku wuxuu cidhiidhi ku noqdaa 30–40 m wuxuuna yareeyaa qallooca, dooxad gacmeed 40 m ama wax ka badan ka hooseeya madal-dhuleedka ku xeeran. Wuxuu u qulqulaa meel u dhow magaalooyinka Copperbelt ee Chililabombwe, Chingola iyo Mufulira, wuxuuna dhex maraa duleedka Kitwe.[6] Goobta caanka ah ee loo dalxiiso ee Hippo Pool ee waqooyiga Chingola ayaa loo ilaaliyay sidii taallo qaran.
Copperbelt-ka, biyaha waxaa laga qaadaa webiga si loo waraabiyo beeraha yaryar iyo beeraha suuqa. Kitwe wuxuu ka beddelaa jihada koonfur-galbeed wuxuuna u qulqulaa kaynta iyo aagagga dhagaxa fidsan kuwaas oo uu fataho xilliga roobka, isagoo ku sii jira kanaal qiyaastii 50 m ballac ah xilliga abaarta.[5][7]
Lukanga Swamp
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Webigu wuxuu mar kale horumariyaa qalloocyo adag iyo xirmo kanaallo ah oo ku yaal dhul-daad qoyan, oo leh oxbow lakes iyo lagoons. Wuxuu u qulqulaa 20 km galbeedka qaybta joogtada ah ee Lukanga Swamp oo ka buuxisa niyad-jab wareeg ah, taas oo ku qulqulata kanaal ilaa Kafue. Aagga u dhexeeya qoyanada iyo webiga waa dhul-daad marka taasi iyo aagagga ku xeeran ay fatahaan xilliga roobka, qoyanada isku-dhafan waxay ka badan yihiin 6,000 km2.[5] Tani waa kii ugu horreeyay ee saddexda aag ee ugu waaweyn duurjoogta webiga, waana kan ugu yar ee la sahmiyo oo la ilaaliyo.
Kafue National Park
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Dabeecadda webigu way isbeddeshaa mar kale, maadaama uu sameeyo kanaal xilli-abaareed oo aan qalloocanayn oo leh bangiyo ciid ah iyo jasiirado. Isagoo sii wada koonfur-galbeed wuxuu galaa Kafue National Park, oo ah beerta qaran ee labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, halkaas oo uu ka helo labadiisa qulqul ee ugu waaweyn, webiyada Lunga iyo Lufupa, sidoo kale waqooyiga.[6] Kafue waxay ku taal geeska koonfur-bari ee Busanga Plain, oo ah mid ka mid ah aagagga duurjoogta ee ugu horreeya Afrika, oo loo yaqaan raxan badan oo cape buffalo, zebra iyo antelope. Xilliga roobka Lufupa wuxuu fatahaa bannaanka.[8]
Itezhi-Tezhi Gap
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Sida webiyada sare ee Zambezi, Okavango iyo Cuando, Kafue wuxuu u qulquli jiray koonfur ilaa Lake Makgadikgadi iyo ilaa Limpopo River, laakiin dhulka aaggaas ayaa la kordhiyay. Dooxada rift-ka ayaa samaysay oo u qulqulaysay bari ilaa meesha Kafue National Park uu hadda yahay, webiga Kafue wuxuu ka nabaad-guuriyay kanaal la yiraahdo Itezhi-Tezhi Gap iyada oo loo marayo buuro qiyaastii 100 m ah, isagoo u qulqulaya bari. Itezhi-Tezhi Dam waxaa la dhisay 1977 meesha bannaanka ah waxayna hadda samaysaa kayd biyo ah oo dhererkiisu yahay 50 km iyo ilaa 10 km ballac.[8]
Kafue Flats
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Sii bari, webigu wuxuu si caajis ah ugu qulqulaa bannaanka fidsan ee loo yaqaan Kafue Flats (oo hore loo yiqiin Butwa ka dib dadka Twa) iyo markii saddexaad wuxuu horumariyaa qalloocyo adag oo ku yaal kanaallo qoyan iyo lagoons. Markan si kastaba ha ahaatee wuxuu sidoo kale leeyahay dhul-daad weyn oo aan waddooyin ama tareenno ka gudbin, 240 km dherer iyo qiyaastii 50 km ballac,[5] oo fatahay ilaa qoto dheer oo ka yar mitir xilliga roobka (qoto dheer lagoons qaar iyo aagag qoyan joogto ah), iyo engegitaanka ilaa ciid madow oo dhoobo ah xilliga abaarta. Kafue Flats waa aagga saddexaad ee ugu weyn duurjoogta webiga. Tobanaan kun oo Kafue Lechwe ah ayaa ku nool Kafue Flats waxaana loo habeeyay inay u gudbaan aagagga fatahay. Aaggani wuxuu kaloo leeyahay mid ka mid ah noocyada iyo cufnaanta ugu weyn ee shimbiraha adduunka. Lochinvar iyo Blue Lagoon National Parks ayaa laga dhisay bannaanka.
Agagaarka Mazabuka marka webigu u dhawaado magaalada Kafue, beeraha sonkorta iyo hantida kale ee waaweyn ee beeraha ayaa laga dhisay ciidda madow ee bacrinka ah waxayna isticmaalaan biyaha webiga xilliga abaarta.[8]
Kafue Gorge iyo Dam
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Kafue Flats waxay ku dhammaataa magaalada Kafue iyo halkaas, maadaama dooxada rift-ku ay sii qoto dheeraanayso, webigu wuxuu hoos ugu dhacaa 550 m muddo 60 km ah iyada oo loo marayo Kafue Gorge.[5] Biyo-xireen labaad, Kafue Gorge Dam, oo leh kayd biyo ah oo yar, ayaa dhaliya koronto. Zambezi-ga hoose (oo asal ahaan ahaa webi gooni ah) ayaa dib u dhex maray dooxooyinka rift-ka ugu dambeyntiina qabsaday Kafue. Isku-darkoodu waa qiyaastii 20 km waqooyiga Chirundu.[6]
Buundooyinka
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Tareenka
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Fiiri Kafue Railway Bridge si aad u hesho xisaab buuxda. Waxaa la furay 1906 si loogu xiro Kafue iyo Mazabuka asal ahaanna waxaa loola jeeday inay qayb ka noqoto Cape to Cairo Railway.
Waddada
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Buundada waddada ee ugu horreysay ee ka gudubta Kafue ayaa asal ahaan laga dhisay Thames ee London intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Dagaalka ka dib, waa la kala dhigdhigay waxaana la rakibay qiyaastii 9 km hoos u socota buundada tareenka. Markii hore, taraafikada waddada ayaa ka gudbi jiray webiga pontoon.
T3 road waxay ka gudubtaa webiga u dhexeeya Chililabombwe iyo Chingola iyo sidoo kale magaalada Kitwe, labaduba waxay ku yaalliin Copperbelt Province. T2 road (Cape to Cairo Road) waxay ka gudubtaa webiga 10 km koonfurta xarunta magaalada Kafue. Lusaka–Mongu Road waxay ka gudubtaa webiga ee Kafue Hook Bridge ee Kafue National Park.
Arrimaha deegaanka
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Wasakhaynta
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Maadaama uu dhex maro Copperbelt Webiga Kafue wuxuu halis weyn ugu jiraa wasakhaynta, ma aha oo kaliya qashinka magaalada laakiin ka naxaas macdanta.[9] Aagagga qoyan ee galbeedka Lukanga Swamp waxay caawiyaan wasakhda inay degto si webigu u noqdo mid cad dhinaca hoose. Warbixin bishii Abriil 2002 ayaa tiri: … qoyanada dabiiciga ah ayaa aad waxtar ugu leh xakameynta wasakhaynta biyaha ee macdanta Copperbelt … Imtixaanadu waxay muujinayaan in Kafue uu ka nadiif yahay wasakhda macdanta ee hoose ee Copperbelt.[10]
Kafue flats, dheecaanka fosfatka ee xad-dhaafka ah ee ka yimaada beeraha ganacsiga iyo Nakambala Sugar Estate waxay keeni karaan koritaanka haramaha, iyadoo hoos u dhigaysa dadka kalluunka.[4]
Dheecaanka ka yimaada macdanta ee leh cadmium, lead iyo mercury ayaa burburiyay Webiga Kafue. Bixinta biyaha magaalada ayaa la hakiyay markii Webiga Kafue uu noqday buluug sababtoo ah dheecaanka slurry.
Sababo la xiriira baaxaddiisa iyo goobtiisa juqraafi, dooxada Webiga Kafue waa ecosystem oo bixiya adeegyo iyo taageero bulshooyinka iyo warshadaha oo leh dano kala duwan iyo mararka qaarkood iska hor imanaya isticmaalka khayraadka webiga. 1999, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) waxay bilowday wadahadal u dhexeeya Dawladda Zambia, Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation (ZESCO) iyo dadka deegaanka si loo soo celiyo qaab qulqul dabiici ah oo dheeraad ah oo ka yimaada sii daynta biyaha ee Itezhi-Tezhi Dam oo laga dhisay Webiga Kafue.[11]
Mashruucan ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay horumarinta siyaasadda Dawladda Zambia ee khayraadka biyaha iyo bishii Febraayo 2010, Golaha Wasiirada ee Zambia waxay ansixiyeen siyaasad qaran oo biyo ah oo dib loo eegay oo "ujeedadeedu tahay in la horumariyo maareynta khayraadka biyaha iyadoo la dhisayo isuduwidda hay'adaha, ka qayb qaadashada hababka casriga ah ee maareynta khayraadka biyaha ee isku-dhafan iyada oo la dhimayo siyaasadda dawladda si wax looga qabto dano kala duwan oo ka dhex jira qaybta biyaha".[12]
Burburka biyo-xireenka Tailings
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]18 Febraayo 2025, tailings dam oo ay lahayd macdan naxaas ah oo ay maamulayso Sino-Metals Leach Zambia burburtay ee Copperbelt Province, taas oo keentay 50 milyan oo litir oo qashin ah oo leh asiidh xoog leh, adke iyo biraha culus inay galaan qulqulka Webiga Kafue iyo kicinta xiritaanka biyaha ee Kitwe.[13]
Itezhi-Tezhi iyo Kafue Gorge Dams
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Kuwani waxay saameyn weyn oo xun ku yeesheen webiga.[4]
Biyo waraabka
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Beeraha ganacsiga, gaar ahaan kuwa xuduudka la leh Kafue flats waxay qaataan tiro badan oo biyo ah waraabka. Midda ugu weyn waa Nakambala Sugar Estate, oo soo saarta in ka badan 720,000 m3 maalintii si loo waraabiyo 134.13 kilomitir labajibbaaran oo dhul ah si loo beero sonkor.[4]
Tixraac
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- 1 2 Kambole, Michael (2003). "Managing the water quality of the Kafue River" (PDF). Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 28 (20–27): 1105–1109. Bibcode:2003PCE....28.1105K. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Webiga Kafue".
- ↑ The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank (2010). The Zambezi River Basin A Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis (PDF) (Report).
- 1 2 3 4 American Association for the Advancement of Science website : H N. Weza Chabwela & Wanga Mumba, "Integrating Water Conservation and Population Strategies on the Kafue Flats", Report of a Workshop on Water and Population Dynamics, Montreal, Canada, October 1996.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Google Earth la helay 1 Maarso 2007.
- 1 2 3 Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000
- ↑ Norrgren, L.; Pettersson, U.; Örn, S.; Bergqvist, P.-A. (2000-04-01). "Environmental Monitoring of the Kafue River, Located in the Copperbelt, Zambia". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 38 (3): 334–341. Bibcode:2000ArECT..38..334N. doi:10.1007/s002449910044. ISSN 0090-4341. PMID 10667931. S2CID 11407966.
- 1 2 3 Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.
- ↑ Visit Zambia website Archived Jannaayo 10, 2007 // Wayback Machine : "Kafue Province Campaigners consider suing KCM, Zambian Government over Kafue River Pollution." La helay 1 Maarso 2007.
- ↑ Blacksmith Institute website: Zambia Country Report (April 2002) Archived Oktoobar 11, 2007 // Wayback Machine la helay 1 Maarso 2007.
- ↑ United, Nations. "Innovations for Sustainable Development: Local case studies from Africa" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ↑ "Global Dimensions of Change in River Basins: Threats Linkages and Adaptation" (PDF). Global Systems Water Project. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ↑ Kille, Richard; Zimba, Jacob (15 March 2025). "A river 'died' overnight in Zambia after an acidic waste spill at a Chinese-owned mine". AP News (in Ingiriisi). Archived from the original on 17 March 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
Xiriirinta dibadda
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
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