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Webiga Malagarasi

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Webiga Malagarasi
WaddanBurundi
WaddanTanzania
Baasin
Nidaamka WabigaWebiga Congo
Baaxadda Basinka Biyaha130,000 km2 (50,000 sq mi)
Astaamaha Jirka
Dhererka475 km (295 mi)

Webiga Malagarasi waa webi ku yaal galbeedka Tanzania, kaas oo mara Gobolka Kigoma, inkasta oo mid ka mid ah wabi-gacmeedyadiisu ay ka yimaadaan koonfur-bari Burundi. Webigu wuxuu kaloo sameeyaa xadka galbeedka Gobolka Tabora, xadka koonfureed ee Gobolka Kagera iyo xadka koonfur-galbeed ee Gobolka Geita. Waa webiga labaad ee ugu dheer Tanzania marka laga reebo Rufiji—Great Ruaha, wuxuuna leeyahay biyaha ugu badan ee ka soo qulqula webi kasta oo ku shuba Harada Tanganyika.[1] Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi waxaa loo asteeyay inay yihiin goob Ramsar. Qabaa'ilka maxalliga ah ayaa u bixiyay Malagarasi naanaysta ah "webiga ruuxyada xun".

Juqraafi

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Malagarasi waa webiga labaad ee ugu dheer Tanzania, oo dhererkiisu yahay 475 kilometres (295 mi).[2][3]

Isha webigu waxay u dhowdahay xadka Tanzania iyo Burundi.[1] 80 kilometres (50 mi) ee ugu horreeya webiga waxay sameeyaan xadka caalamiga ah ee u dhexeeya Tanzania iyo Burundi. Dhowr wabi-gacmeed oo ka yimid buuraleyda Burundi ayaa ku biira bangigiisa midig. Ka dib isku-darka uu la yeeshay Webiga Lumpungu, Malagarasi wuxuu galaa Tanzania, wuxuu sameeyaa wareeg wuxuuna ku shubaa dhinaca bari ee Harada Tanganyika qiyaastii 25 miles (40 km) koonfur ka xigta Kigoma, meel u dhow Ilagala.[4] Waa mid ka mid ah ilaha ugu waaweyn ee harada. Webiga Moyowosi waa wabi-gacmeedka ugu weyn, oo ay weheliso wabi-gacmeedkeeda Webiga Nikongo;[5] wabi-gacmeedyada kale waxaa ka mid ah Webiga Ugalla, Webiga Gombe, Webiga Ruchugi, Webiga Lumpungu,[6] iyo Webiga Nguya. Waxaa lagu gartaa webi durdur hooseeya,[7] iyo dheecaankeedu wuxuu ka kooban yahay afar biotope: meelaha dhiiqada leh, marinada webiga, webi qulqula oo leh dhowr durdurro dhexdhexaad ah, iyo delta weyn oo laba-laab ah.[8]

Qulqulka webigu wuxuu u kala duwanaadaa si weyn inta u dhaxaysa xilliyada roobka iyo abaarta ee sannadlaha ah, mararka qaarkoodna wuxuu u nugul yahay daadad ama wuxuu u dhimmaa durdur yar; qulqulka waxaa sidoo kale saameeya beeraha maxalliga ah iyo jarista dhirta kuwaas oo kordhiya heerka sediments-ka gudaha webiga.[1] Magaalada Mberagule, qulqulka webiga waxaa lagu qiyaasay 6.9 kiiloomitir kuyuubik sannadkii.[1] Qiyaastii 80 kilometres (50 mi) laga bilaabo afka, webigu wuxuu dhex maraa dhul-qoyanka Moyowosi, oo ah aag "dhiiqo ballaaran iyo daadad" iyo "khiyaamo dhiiqo leh".[9][10] Wuxuu dhex maraa Dodoma Belt, aag juqraafi ah oo ka kooban dhagaxyada crystalline ee Precambrian ee Archaean iyo Proterozoic.[1]

Qulqulka Biyaha

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Iyada oo leh aag basin ah 130,000 square kilometres (50,000 sq mi), Malagarasi waxay leedahay biyaha ugu badan ee dhammaan webiyada ku shuba Harada Tanganyika.[1] Biyaha Malagarasi waxay ka kooban yihiin 30% wadarta guud ee aagga biyaha ee Harada Tanganyika.[11]

Biyaha Malagarasi waxaa xuduud la leh waqooyiga aagga biyaha ee Harada Victoria, bari waxaa xuduud la leh basin xiran ee Southern Eastern Rift, koonfurta waxaa xuduud la leh basin xiran ee Harada Rukwa, iyo bari waxaa xuduud la leh Harada Tanganyika.[12]

Inta badan basin-ku waa kaynta miombo, iyada oo Brachystegia spiciformis iyo Julbernardia globiflora ay yihiin geedaha ugu badan.[13] Waxaa jira aagag ballaaran oo daaqsin daadad ah oo ku yaal basin-ka dhexe ee Malagarasi-Moyowosi, iyo agagaarka Webiga Ugalla ee koonfur-galbeed.[14]

Taariikh

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Sida uu sheegay khabiirka deegaanka Rosemary Lowe-McConnell, "Malagarasi iyo Webiga Rungwa waxaa loo qaataa inay yihiin meelaha ay ka bilowdaan nidaamka Zaire ee ka hor rift".[15] Malagarasi waxay ka horraysaa Harada Tanganyika waxayna ahayd waqtiyadii ka hor rift wabi-gacmeedka Webiga Congo ee dhinaca galbeed. Harada Tanganyika ayaa tan iyo markaas la sheegay inay "la kulantay labadaba gudbid iyo dib-u-gurguurasho, iyada oo dhigaysa sediments cusub, beddelaysa delta, iyo beddelidda marinka webiga".[1] Taariikhdeeda, heerka harada ayaa si weyn isu beddelay inta u dhaxaysa 100 iyo[convert: unknown unit]; xisaabaadka taariikhiga ah ee dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad waxay muujinayaan inay ahayd qiyaastii 10 metres (33 ft) ka sarreeya sidii ay maanta tahay.[1]

Dhaqan

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Qabaa'ilka maxalliga ah ayaa u bixiyay Malagarasi naanaysta ah "webiga ruuxyada xun".[16] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, dadka Wavinza, kuwaas oo maamuli jiray adeegga ferry ee webiga ee bangiga bidix, ayaa iska ilaaliyay is-dhexgalka dadka Wanyamwezi sababtoo ah caqabadda dabiiciga ah ee ay samaysay Malagarasi.[17] Sidoo kale bangiga kale waxay ahaayeen Wangoni (Watutu Zulus).[18] Henry Morton Stanley, oo u arkay missionaries inay muhiim u yihiin "geedi-socodka ilbaxnimada" Afrika, wuxuu sheegay in missionaries ay raaci karaan Malagarasi oo ay ka qaybqaadan karaan "dalxiisyada diin-u-beddelka ee Uvinza, Uha, iyo Ugala".[19]

Dhirta iyo xayawaanka

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Noocyada geedaha ee basin-ka Malagarasi waxaa ka mid ah Albizia gummifera, Bridelia micrantha, Cyperus papyrus, Diospyros mespiliformis, Ficus sycomorus, Ficus verruculosa, Isoberlinia spp., Khaya senegalensis, Parkia filicoidea, Phoenix reclinata, Syzygium cordatum, iyo Syzygium owariense.[5] Cows-ka ugu caansan ee daaqsinka dooxada waa noocyo ka mid ah Hyparrhenia, Themeda, iyo Echinochloa.[20]

Malagarasi sardine (Mesobola spinifer) waa mid ku nool webiga oo keliya.[21] Malagarasi waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah oo ka dhaca basin-ka Webiga Congo laakiin aan ka dhicin Harada Tanganyika.[5] Giant freshwater Mbu pufferfish, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku dhacaan labadaba Central iyo Upper Zaire Basin iyo Webiga Malagarasi.[22]

Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi

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Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi waxay ku yaalliin bartamaha basin-ka, oo joogga 1200 mitir ah isgoyska Malagarasi ee Gombe, Muyovozi, Ugalla, iyo webiyada kale ee wabi-gacmeedyada. Dhul-qoyanka waxaa ku jira 250,000 hectares (620,000 acres) oo ah harooyinka xilliga abaarta iyo biyo furan oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka Sagara iyo Nyamagoma, iyo 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres) oo ah dhiiqo papyrus oo joogto ah. Daaqsinka daadadku ay saameeyaan ee ku yaal daadka hareeraha waxay u kala duwanaadaan xilli ahaan iyo roobabka sannadlaha ah, waxayna dabooli karaan ilaa 1.5 million hectares (3.7×10^6 acres).[23]

Dhiiqooyinka papyrus waxaa ku badan sedge Cyperus papyrus iyo cawska Oryza barthii. Daaqsinka daadadku saameeyaan waxaa ka mid ah Hyparrhenia rufa iyo Echinochloa pyramidalis, iyada oo Hyparrhenia ay ku badan tahay meelaha ugu yar ee daadku gaaro, Echinochloa oo ku badan meelaha inta badan daadadku gaaraan, iyo Vossia oo ugu dhow dhul-qoyanka joogtada ah.[24]

Meelaha dhexe iyo kuwa sare ee Webiga Ugalla waxaa ka mid ah daadad xilliyeed dhererkoodu yahay 120 kilometres (75 mi) iyo ballacoodu yahay 50 kilometres (31 mi). Daadadku waxay taageeraan daaqsin ballaaran, oo ay ku badan yihiin cawska Echinochloa haploclada, Themeda triandra, Setaria spp., Andropogon spp., Eragrostis spp., Digitaria spp., iyo Sporobolus spp. Daadadku waxaa ka mid ah geedo kala firirsan oo ay ku jiraan Combretum fragrans, C. obovatum iyo C. purpureiflorum, hawdka timirta Borassus aethiopum, iyo qaybo yaryar oo kayn ah oo ku yaal buuraha waaweyn ee quraanjada.[25]

Xayawaanka nugul oo khatarta ku jira ee dhul-qoyanka waxaa ka mid ah Shoebill (Balaeniceps rex), Wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), Sitatunga (Tragalephus spekii) iyo Central African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops leptorhynchus). Dhul-qoyanka waa hoy u ah 50 nooc oo kalluun ah, oo ay ku jiraan Dark stonebasher (Pollimyrus nigricans) iyo noocyo kala duwan oo khatar ku jira, endemik ah, iyo noocyo cunto ah.[26][27] Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) iyo hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) ayaa ku badan dhul-qoyanka.[20] Walaac ayaa laga muujiyay ugaarsiga hippo-ga ee basin-ka webiga by dadka Wanyahosa, kuwaas oo doorbida hilibka marka loo eego kalluunka.[28]

Aagagga la ilaaliyo

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Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi waxay noqdeen goob loo asteeyay Ramsar bishii Abriil 13, 2000.[29] Waa goobtii ugu horreysay ee Ramsar ee dalka. Iyada oo leh 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu weyn Ramsar ee adduunka.[27]

Tixraac

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Shick, Kate; Flaccus, Kathy. "Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika" (PDF). Geology Department of the University of Arizona. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 Bisha Sideedaad 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
  2. ↑ Kisangani, Emizet F.; Bobb, F. Scott (2010). Qaamuuska Taariikhiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Congo. Scarecrow Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-8108-5761-2. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  3. ↑ Elf-Aquitaine (Company) (1992). Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production Elf-Aquitaine. Société nationale Elf-Aquitaine (Production). Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  4. ↑ Khariidadaha (Map). Google Maps.
  5. 1 2 3 Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). Tusaha Dhul-qoyanka Afrika. IUCN. pp. 244–. ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  6. ↑ Brownlie, Ian; Burns, Ian R. (1979). African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia. C. Hurst. p. 748. ISBN 978-0-903983-87-7. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  7. ↑ Klerkx, J.; Imanackunov, Beishen (1 January 2003). Harada Issyk-Kul: Deegaankeeda Dabiiciga ah. Springer. pp. 231–. ISBN 978-1-4020-0900-6. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  8. ↑ Thieme, Michele L. (5 April 2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press. pp. 197–. ISBN 978-1-55963-365-9. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  9. ↑ Kamukala, G. L.; Crafter, S. A. (1993). Dhul-qoyanka Tanzania: Warbixinnada Seminaarka Dhul-qoyanka Tanzania, Morogoro, Tanzania, 27-29 November, 1991. IUCN Wetlands Programme. p. 34. ISBN 978-2-8317-0185-1. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  10. ↑ Lambrecht, Frank L. (1991). In the Shade of an Acacia Tree: Memoirs of a Health Officer in Africa, 1945-1959. American Philosophical Society. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-87169-194-1. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  11. ↑ Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019.
  12. ↑ "Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019.
  13. ↑ "Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019.
  14. ↑ "Zambezian Flooded Grasslands". WWF ecoregion profile, accessed 18 September 2019.
  15. ↑ Lévêque, C. (13 May 1997). Dhaqdhaqaaqa Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha iyo Ilaalinta: Kalluunka Biyaha Macaan ee Afrika Kulul. Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-0-521-57033-6. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  16. ↑ Grant, Richard (25 October 2011). Crazy River: Exploration and Folly in East Africa. Simon and Schuster. pp. 339–. ISBN 978-1-4391-5414-4. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  17. ↑ The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (Public domain ed.). Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 1883. pp. 8–. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  18. ↑ Newman, James L. (2010). Paths Without Glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 105–. ISBN 978-1-59797-287-1. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  19. ↑ Newman, James L. (1 November 2004). Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-1-57488-597-2. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  20. 1 2 Tanzania Society (1980). Tanzania notes and records. Tanzania Society. pp. 96–100. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  21. ↑ Seegers, L. (November 15, 2011). "Mesobola spinifer (Bailey & Matthes, 1971) Malagarasi sardine". FishBase. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  22. ↑ Davies, Bryan Robert (31 July 1986). The Ecology of River Systems. Springer. p. 218. ISBN 978-90-6193-540-7. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  23. ↑ Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019.
  24. ↑ Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019.
  25. ↑ Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019.
  26. ↑ Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019.
  27. 1 2 "Mashruuca Maareynta Joogtada ah iyo Midaysan ee Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site (SIMMORS)". Ramsar. March 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  28. ↑ Tanganyika Society (1963). Tanganyika notes and records. Tanganyika Society. p. 210. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  29. ↑ "TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Ramsar Site 1024;(WI Site 1TZ001)". Wetlands International. Retrieved 2 June 2012.[xiriiriye dhintay]

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