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Webiga Okavango

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Okavango
Okavango oo ku yaal Kavango, Namibia
Khariidadda dooxada wabiga Okavango
Khariidad
Dalalka
Baasin
Ilaha Ugu MuhiimsanCachiungo, Angola
1,788 m (5,866 ft)
Afka WabigaMoremi Game Reserve, Botswana
978 m (3,209 ft)
Baaxadda Basinka Biyaha530,000 km2 (200,000 sq mi)
Astaamaha Jirka
Dhererka1,700 km (1,100 mi)
Socodka Biyaha
  • Minimum rate:
    350 m3/s (12,000 cu ft/s)
  • Average rate:
    475 m3/s (16,800 cu ft/s)
  • Maximum rate:
    1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
Muuqaalka wabiga Kavango ee Hakusembe river lodge

Wabiga Okavango (oo hore loogu qori jiray Okovango ama Okovanggo) waa wabi ku yaal koonfur-galbeed Afrika. Waxaa looga yaqaan magacan gudaha Botswana, sida Cubango gudaha Angola, iyo Kavango gudaha Namibia.[1] Waa nidaamka afaraad ee ugu dheer wabiyada koonfurta Afrika, isagoo u qulqula koonfur-bari masaafo dhan 1,600 km (1,000 mi). Waxay ka bilaabataa meel sare oo ah 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) oo ku taal buuraleyda bacaadka ah ee Angola. Koonfurta fog, waxay qayb ka tahay xadka u dhexeeya Angola iyo Namibia, ka dibna waxay u qulqushaa Botswana. Okavango ma laha meel uu ka baxo oo bad ah. Taa beddelkeeda, waxay ku dhex shubataa Okavango Delta ama Okavango Alluvial Fan, oo ku yaal dooxada endorheic ee Saxaraha Kalahari. Wabiga Cuito waa wabi-gacmeed weyn.

Magaca

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Magaca Okavango wuxuu ka soo jeedaa Kavango, kaas oo loola jeedo dadka Kavango ee waqooyiga Namibia.

Higgaadda Ingiriisiga ee hore waxaa ka mid ahaa Okovango, halka qaar ka mid ah aqoonyahannada Namibiya ay door bidaan Kavango marka ay tixraacayaan wabiga iyo gobolka Namibiya. Taariikhyahan Andreas Eckl wuxuu xusay in warbixinnadii gumaystaha Jarmalka ay adeegsadeen Okavango, laakiin in O- bilowga ah aysan ku badneyn luuqadaha maxalliga ah ee Kavango, taas beddelkeedana waxaa loo nisbeeyay saamaynta Luuqadda Herero.[2]

Qulqulka

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Wabiyada Cubango iyo Cuito waa wabi-gacmeedyada ugu waaweyn ee Okavango Delta, waxayna saameeyaan caafimaadkeeda.[1][3] Gudaha Angola, gubasho la xakameeyey oo xilliyeed ah oo dhirta ah ayaa xirta qeybaha sare ee Cuito waxayna yareeyaan qulqulka biyaha ee hoose maadaama biyaha urursan ay halkii ka qulqulaan biyo-mareenka bacaadka ah.[4]

Sannadkii 2015, National Geographic waxay bilowday Mashruuca Okavango Wilderness (NGOWP) si ay si ballaaran u sahamiyaan Okavango/Cubango Basin. Sannadkii 2023, NGOWP waxay daabaceen natiijooyinkooda oo ay ku jirtay helitaanka isha asalka ah. Isha waxaa laga helay dhul-beereed cufan oo ku yaal Buuraleyda Angola, oo si habboon loogu magacaabay "Angola Highlands Water Tower" (AHWT) ama Lisima Iya Mwono - oo macnaheedu yahay "Isha Nolosha" - ee luuqadda Luchaze. In ka badan 12 cagood oo qoto dheer meelaha qaar, AHWT waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay haysato 423km3 (ama in ka badan 100 tiriliyan oo galloon) oo biyo ah, taasoo siisa in ka badan 95% biyaha Okavanga Basin. Sannadkii 2026, AHWT waxaa loo asteeyay "Wetland of International Importance" ee ugu horreeya Angola ee uu cayimay Axdiga Ramsar ee ku saabsan dhul-qoyan iyo dawladda Angola.

Kahor inta aysan galin Botswana, wabigu wuxuu hoos u dhacaa 4 m (13 ft) taxane ah oo hirar degdeg ah oo loo yaqaan Popa Falls, oo muuqda marka wabigu hooseeyo, sida inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta.[5]

Xilliga roobka, qulqulka loo qoondeeyey Wabiga Boteti ayaa markeeda xilli ahaan u qulqula Makgadikgadi Pans, kaas oo leh aag ballaaran oo dhul-qoyan ah xilliga roobka halkaas oo tobanaan kun oo flamingos ay ku kulmaan xagaa kasta.[6] Qeyb ka mid ah qulqulka wabiga ayaa buuxiya Harada Ngami.

Fatahaadda

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Popa Falls (2018)

Xilli roobaad kasta, Angola waxay heshaa saddex jeer in ka badan roobabka Botswana, taasoo soo saarta qulqul ka sarreeya sidii caadiga ahayd oo gala Okavango, iyadoo u beddelaysa aagagga saxaraha ee dibadda ah dhul-qoyan weyn.

In kasta oo roobabka xagaaga ay ka da'aan Angola bisha Janaayo, waxay qaataan hal bil oo dhan si ay ugu safraan 1,000 km ee ugu horreeya Wabiga Okavango, ka dibna waxay qaataan afar bilood oo kale si ay ugu sifeeyaan dhirta iyo kanaalo badan oo ka mid ah 250 km ee ugu dambeeya ee delta-ga. Natiijo ahaan, fatahaaddu waa tan ugu weyn inta u dhaxaysa Juun iyo Agoosto, inta lagu jiro bilaha jiilaalka ee abaarta ee Botswana. Delta-gu markaas wuxuu bararaa ilaa saddex jeer oo ka mid ah cabbirkiisa joogtada ah, isagoo soo jiidanaya xayawaanno ka yimid kilomitir hareeraha iyo abuurista mid ka mid ah uruurinta ugu weyn ee Afrika ee duurjoogta.

Meeshiisa ugu ballaaran sannad fatahaad weyn, qoyan-xilliyeedka wuxuu gaaraa 150 km oo ka kala imanaya bari ilaa galbeed; mid ka mid ah arrimaha horseeda dabeecadda mar walba isbeddela ee delta waa fidsanaanta aagga. Haddii qof uu qaato qayb iskutallaab ah oo ka mid ah delta meeshiisa ugu ballaaran, qofku wuxuu ogaan lahaa in isbeddelka dhererka ee ka yimaada celceliska in ka badan 150 km uu ka yar yahay 2 m, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in dhigaal bacaad yar uu keeni karo isbeddello waaweyn.[7]

Sannadaha aadka u roobka badan, qeyb ka mid ah qulqulka wabiga ayaa laga yaabaa inay u fidaan Wabiga Magweggana (dhab ahaantii waa wabi-gacmeed waqooyi-bari ee Okavango Delta) oo gala Wabiga Zambezi, iyagoo dhaafaya Kalahari.

Gaadiidka fariisinta

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Wabigu wuxuu sannadkii qaadaa 28,000 oo tan oo fariisin la hakiyay iyo qaddar la mid ah culeyska sariirta ilaa qoyan-xilliyeedka terminalka.[8] Inta badan fariisinka qaybaha ah ee uu qaado wabigu waa bacaad wanaagsan, oo leh xoogaa dhoobo ah iyo dhiiqo, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay dhismaha juqraafiyeed ee dooxada Wabiga Okavango kaas oo inta badan uu hoos maro bacaadka Kalahari. Waxaa jira uruurin hoose oo ah adkaha milmay ee biyaha wabiga - qiyaastii 40 mg/L, oo inta badan ka kooban silica, calcium iyo magnesium bicarbonates - laakiin adkahan milmay waxay sameeyaan qaybta ugu weyn ee fariisinka loo qaado delta sababtoo ah qaddarka biyaha sannadlaha ah waa mid aad u weyn.[9]

Taariikh

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Intii lagu jiray xilliyadii qaboobaha ee taariikhda Dhulka, qeyb ka mid ah Kalahari waxay ahayd haro weyn, oo loo yaqaan Harada Makgadikgadi. Waqtigan, Okavango waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah wabi-gacmeedyadiisa ugu waaweyn.

Isku biirka Cuito (laga soo bilaabo sare) iyo Okavango (qulqulaya bidix ilaa midig) (2018)
18°01′40″S 020°47′31″E / 18.02778°S 20.79194°E / -18.02778; 20.79194

Khilaafka biyaha

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Labada Namibia iyo Botswana waxay la kulmaan abaaro, natiijo ahaan, walaac ayaa laga muujiyay khilaaf suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan isticmaalka biyaha wabiga. Namibia waxay dhistay kanaalka biyaha, oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii 300 km, waxayna soo jeedisay mashruuc lagu dhisayo dhuun 250 km ah si looga leexiyo biyaha wabiga loo geeyo Namibia si ay u caawiso yareynta abaarta.[10][11]

Botswana, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay isticmaashaa Okavango Delta labadaba dakhliga dalxiiska iyo ilaha biyaha. Waaxda Arrimaha Biyaha ee Botswana waxay soo gudbisay in 97% biyaha wabiga ay ku lumaan uumiga, sidaas darteed dalku ma awoodo inuu lumiyo wax biyo ah oo dheeraad ah.

Namibia, dhankeeda, waxay ku doodday inay leexin doonto oo kaliya nus ka mid ah boqolkiiba qulqulka wabiga, iyo inay xaq u leedahay wixii biyo ah ee ku qulqula dhulkeeda. Si wax looga qabto arrimahaas oo kale, bishii Sebtembar 1994, Angola, Namibia, iyo Botswana waxay saxiixdeen heshiis dhinacyo badan leh si ay u sameeyaan Komishanka Biyaha ee Dooxada Wabiga Okavango ee Joogtada ah, si ay talooyin u siiyaan saddexda waddan oo ku saabsan hababka ugu wanaagsan ee loo wadaagi karo kheyraadka Wabiga Okavango.[11][10]

Sahaminta shidaalka

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ReconAfrica, oo ah shirkad sahaminta batroolka oo xarunteedu tahay Canada, waxay heshay shatiyo sahamin oo loogu talagalay in ka badan 13,600 mayl laba jibaaran oo dhul ah oo ku yaal Gobolkii Kavango ee hore ee Namibia iyo gudaha Botswana. Bishii Janaayo 2021 ReconAfrica waxay ku dhawaaqday bilowga hawlaha qodista ee ceelka sahaminta ugu horreeya. Dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka ayaa muujiyay walaac ah in qorshayaasha ReconAfrica ee ceelashooda tijaabada ah aan si habboon loogu baarin habka dib u eegista deegaanka ee Namibia, si kastaba ha ahaatee ReconAfrica iyo labada dawladood ee Namibia iyo Botswana waxay sheegeen in hawlaha shirkadu ay raaceen habkii saxda ahaa iyo in aysan jiri doonin wax jajabin ah (fracking).[12][13][14] Aagga qodista ee ReconAfrica wuxuu ku yaal gobolka Kavango West kaas oo leh beerta ilaalinta ee dalal badan, lix kayd oo duurjoog ah oo maxalli ah oo la maareeyo, iyo hal goob oo UNESCO World Heritage ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee shatiga qodista kuma jiro mid ka mid ah aagahan la ilaaliyo.[15][16]

Tixraac

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  1. 1 2 Mendelsohn, John (9 September 2021). "A River in Trouble". Conservation Namibia. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  2. ↑ Eckl, Andreas (2007). "Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911" (PDF). Journal of Namibian Studies. 1: 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026. [xiriiriye dhintay]
  3. ↑ Goyder, David J.; Barker, Nigel; et al. (27 November 2018). "The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters". PhytoKeys (113). Pensoft Publishers: 1–31. Bibcode:2018PhytK.113....1G. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439. hdl:2263/71882. ISSN 1314-2003. PMC 6279898. PMID 30524187.
  4. ↑ Society, National Geographic. "Okavango Wilderness Project". www.nationalgeographic.org (in Ingiriisi). Into the Okavango. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020.
  5. ↑ Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, "Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana" webpage: TravelZA-PopaFalls
  6. ↑ Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map. "Makgadikgadi". The Megalithic Portal (in Ingiriisi). Archived from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2025-02-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ "Okavango Delta – Part 2 |". blog.africabespoke.com (in Ingiriisiga Maraykanka). Archived from the original on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2026-05-31.
  8. ↑ Hanibal Lemma, iyo asxaabtiisa (2019). "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia". Journal of Hydrology. 577 123968. Bibcode:2019JHyd..57723968L. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968. S2CID 199099061.
  9. ↑ McCarthy, T S (October 2013). "The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 116 (1): 1–54. Bibcode:2013SAJG..116....1M. doi:10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1.
  10. 1 2 Basedau, Matthias (2005-01-01). Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa (in Ingiriisi). GIGA-Hamburg. p. 294. ISBN 978-3-928049-91-7.
  11. 1 2 Varis, Olli; Tortajada, Cecilia; Biswas, Asit K. (2008-03-15). Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes (in Ingiriisi). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 96. ISBN 978-3-540-74928-8.
  12. ↑ "ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance". Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  13. ↑ "Press release - Clarity on explorative activities by Reconnaissance Energy Botswana". twitter.com (Press release). Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  14. ↑ "Factual Response to article titled: "Oil Drillers Threaten Okavango Ecosystem"". mme.gov.na. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  15. ↑ ReconAfrica waxay bilowday qodista ceelka ugu horreeya ee Kavango Basin, Namibia
  16. ↑ Qodista saliidda, jajabinta suurtagalka ah ee loo qorsheeyay gobolka Okavango—kutaalka ugu dambeeya ee maroodiyaasha

Xiriirinta dibadda

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