U bood nuxurka

Webiga Omo

Ka Wikipedia
Webiga Omo
Webiga Omo oo u dhow Omorati
Khariidad
DalItoobiya
GobolladaGobolka Itoobiya ee Koonfurta, Oromiya
Baasin
Ilaha Ugu Muhiimsan2,281 m (7,484 ft)
Afka Wabiga388 m (1,273 ft)
Nidaamka WabigaBassin-ka Omo
Baaxadda Basinka Biyaha86,657 km2 (33,459 sq mi)[1]
Dadweynaha15,500,000[2]
Astaamaha Jirka
Dhererka1,104 km (686 mi)[1]
Socodka Biyaha
  • Location:
    Afka[1]
  • Minimum rate:
    164.6 m3/s (5,814 cu ft/s)
  • Average rate:
    915.5 m3/s (32,330 cu ft/s)
  • Maximum rate:
    2,295 m3/s (81,030 cu ft/s)
Astaamaha
Laamo Wabi
Dooxada Hoose ee Omo
Goob Dhaxal-dhireedka Dunida
Khariidad
GoobtaItoobiya
ShuruudahaCultural: (iii)(iv)
Tixraac17
Diiwaangelinta1980 (4aad Kalfadhiga)
Isuduwaha4°48′N 35°58′E / 4.800°N 35.967°E / 4.800; 35.967
Khalad Lua ee Module:Location_map ee sadarka 526: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Itoobiya" does not exist.

Webiga Omo (Af-Amxaari: ኦሞ ወንዝ; oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Omo-Bottego) oo ku yaal koonfurta Itoobiya waa wabiga ugu weyn ee Itoobiya ee ka baxsan Bassin-ka Niil. Waddadiisa oo dhan waxay ku dhex jirtaa xuduudaha Itoobiya, wuxuuna ku shubmaa Harada Turkana oo ku taal xuduudda Kenya. Wabigu waa durdurka ugu weyn ee Bassin-ka Turkana, oo ah bassin-ka qulqulka gudaha ah.

Bassin-ka wabiga ayaa caan ku ah tirada badan ee haraaga hominid-ka hore iyo natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista qadiimiga ah sida qalabka dhagaxa ah ee hore, taas oo keentay in lagu daro UNESCO Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka sanadkii 1980.[3]

Juqraafi

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Webiga Omo Delta

Webiga Omo wuxuu ku samaysmaa isku darka Webiga Gibe, oo ah kan ugu weyn guud ahaan wabi laamoodka Webiga Omo, iyo Webiga Gojeb, oo ah wabi laamood weyn oo dhanka midig ka ah Omo.[4] Marka la eego cabbirkooda, dhererkooda iyo waddooyinkooda, qofku wuxuu u qaadan karaa in Omo iyo Gibe ay yihiin hal wabi oo isku mid ah laakiin leh magacyo kala duwan. Sidaa darteed, dhammaan bassin-ka wabiga waxaa mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Bassin-ka Webiga Omo-Gibe. Bassin-kan wabigu wuxuu ka kooban yahay qayb ka mid ah galbeedka Gobolka Oromiya iyo dhexda Gobolka Qoomiyadaha, Qowmiyadaha iyo Shucuubta Koonfureed.[1]

Waddadiisu guud ahaan waa dhanka koonfureed, in kasta oo uu leeyahay leexasho weyn oo dhanka galbeed ah qiyaastii 7° N 37° 30' E ilaa ku dhawaad 36° E halkaas oo uu u leexdo dhanka koonfureed ilaa 5° 30' N halkaas oo uu ka samaynayo leexasho S-ah oo weyn ka dibna dib u bilaabaya waddadiisa koonfureed ee ku socota Harada Turkana. Sida laga soo xigtay agabka ay daabacday Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe (Itoobiya), Webiga Omo-Bottego waa 760 kilometres (470 mi) dherer.[5]

Waddadiisa Omo-Bottego wuxuu guud ahaan ka dhacaa ku dhawaad 700 metres (2,300 ft) min isku darka wabiyada Gibe iyo Wabe oo jooga 1,060 metres (3,480 ft) ilaa 360 metres (1,180 ft) oo ah heerka harada, sidaas darteedna waa durdur xawaare ku socda qaybihiisa sare, isagoo ka jaban Kokobi iyo dhaca kale, waxaana la dhex mari karaa oo keliya masaafo gaaban oo ka sarreysa halka uu ku shubmo Harada Turkana, oo ka mid ah harooyinka Gregory Rift. Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia wuxuu ku tilmaamay inay tahay goob caan ku ah white-water rafting bilaha Sebtembar iyo Oktoobar, marka wabigu weli sarreeyo xilliga roobka.[6] Wabi laamoodkiisa ugu muhiimsan waa Webiga Gibe; wabi laamoodyada yaryar waxaa ka mid ah wabiyada Wabi, Denchya, Gojeb, Mui iyo Usno.

Webiga Omo-Bottego wuxuu sameeyay xuduudaha bari ee boqortooyooyinkii hore ee Janjero, iyo Garo. Omo wuxuu kaloo dhex maraa Mago iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Omo, kuwaas oo caan ku ah duurjoogta.[7] Xayawaanno badan ayaa ku nool agagaarka iyo wabiga, oo ay ku jiraan qiiro-biyoodka, yaxaasyada iyo puff adders.

Natiijooyinka qadiimiga ah

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Webiga Omo oo laga gudbayo

Dhammaan bassin-ka wabiga Omo ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah juqraafi ahaan iyo qadiimi ahaan. In ka badan 50,000 oo haraaga fosil ah ayaa laga aqoonsaday dooxada hoose, oo ay ku jiraan 230 haraaga hominid oo soo laabtay ilaa Pliocene iyo Pleistocene.[8] Haraaga fosil ee ka tirsan jinsiga Australopithecus iyo Homo ayaa laga helay dhowr goobood oo qadiimi ah, iyo sidoo kale qalab laga sameeyay quartzite, kuwa ugu da'da weyn oo soo laabta ku dhawaad 2.4 milyan oo sano ka hor.[3] Markii la helay, waxaa loo malaynayay in qalabku laga yaabo inuu qayb ka ahaa waxa loogu yeero warshadaha pre-Oldowan, xitaa mid ka primitive badan wixii laga helay Olduvai Gorge. Cilmi-baaris dambe ayaa muujisay in muuqaalka cayriin ee qalabku uu dhab ahaantii sababay qalab cayriin oo aad u liita, iyo in farsamooyinka la isticmaalay iyo qaababku ay oggolaadaan in lagu daro Oldowan.

Dahfurka qadiimiga ah ee ugu horreeyay ee aagga ayaa ahaa 1901, oo ay samaysay duullimaad Faransiis ah. Dahfurka ugu muhiimsan waxaa la sameeyay mar dambe, intii u dhaxaysay 1967 iyo 1975, oo ay samaysay koox qadiimi ah oo caalami ah.[7] Kooxdan ayaa heshay dhowr shay oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan daanka qof Australopithecus ah, oo lagu qiyaasay inuu yahay 2.5 milyan oo sano.[9][7] Qadiimiga ayaa sidoo kale helay qaybo fosil ah oo ka mid ah Olduwan hominid-ka laga soo bilaabo xilligii Pleistocene hore iyo ilaa xilligii Pliocene. Qalabka Quartz ayaa laga helay qaar ka mid ah haraaga Homo sapiens ee dambe ee laga helay banka wabiga.[7] Tan iyo markaas, qodista waxaa fuliyay koox wadajir ah oo Faransiis iyo Maraykan ah.[10]

Marka laga soo tago fosil-ka hominid-ka hore, noocyo kala duwan oo naasley[10] iyo kalluun[11] fosil ah ayaa laga helay gudaha Dooxada Omo.[8]

Saamaynta aadanaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Dooxada Webiga Omo

Dooxada hoose ee Omo ayaa hadda loo malaynayaa in qaar ay ahayd isgoys muddo kumanaan sano ah maadaama dhaqamo iyo kooxo qowmiyadeed kala duwan ay u guureen agagaarka gobolka, iyadoo ay jiraan tiro badan oo fosil hominid ah.[12] Ilaa maantadan, dadka Dooxada Hoose ee Omo, oo ay ku jiraan Mursi, Suri, Nyangatom, Dizi iyo Me'en, ayaa loo daraaseeyaa kala duwanaanshahooda.[13]

Sahamiye Talyaani ah Vittorio Bottego ayaa markii ugu horreysay gaaray wabiga Omo 29 Juun 1896 intii lagu jiray duullimaadkiisii labaad ee Afrika (1895–97), isagoo ku dhintay intii lagu jiray duullimaadkan 17 Maarso 1897. Webiga Omo ayaa dib loogu magacaabay Omo-Bottego si loogu sharfo isaga. Herbert Henry Austin iyo raggiisa ayaa gaaray delta-da Omo 12 Sebtembar 1898, waxayna ogaadeen in duullimaad Itoobiyaan ah, oo uu hoggaaminayay Ras Wolda Giyorgis, ay horay u taageen calanka Itoobiya xeebta woqooyi ee Harada Turkana 7 Abriil. Lieutenant Alexander Bulatovich ayaa hoggaamiyay duullimaad labaad oo Itoobiyaan ah kaas oo gaaray harada 21 Agoosto 1899, wuxuuna ahaa mid siman oo burbur ah. In kasta oo ay taasi jirtay, Faransiiskii kooxda ku jiray ayaa si sax ah u sawiray markii ugu horreysay qaar badan oo ka mid ah meanders-ka delta-da Webiga Omo. Bandhiggan Webiga Omo ayaa sii jiray ilaa 1930-yadii markii khariidad-sameeyayaashii gumeysiga Talyaanigu ay sameeyeen bandhig cusub oo sax ah oo ku saabsan wabiga iyo delta-diisa.[14]

Saldhigyada korontada biyaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Waxaa jira dhowr saldhig oo koronto iyo biyo-xireenno ah oo ku yaal bassin-ka Webiga Omo kuwaas oo loogu magac daray Webiga Gilgel Gibe iyo Webiga Gibe, kuwaas oo ah wabi laamoodka Webiga Omo. In kasta oo magacaabista ay xoogaa jahwareerinayso, waxay yihiin saldhigyo koronto oo asal ah iyo biyo-xireenno ku yaal Webiga Omo.

Saldhigga Korontada Gilgel Gibe II

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Saldhigga Korontada Gilgel Gibe II 7°45′23″N 37°33′45″E / 7.756492664604506°N 37.56255950100352°E / 7.756492664604506; 37.56255950100352 waa koronto-biyood saldhig koronto oo ku yaal Webiga Omo oo leh awood koronto oo dhan 420 Megawatt (MW). Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu biyo ka helaa albaabka tunnel-ka 7°55′27″N 37°23′16″E / 7.92417°N 37.38778°E / 7.92417; 37.38778 (Gilgel Gibe II Power Station headrace tunnel entrance) oo ku yaal Webiga Gilgel Gibe ee nidaamka run-of-river. Albaabka tunnel-ka ayaa fadhiya dhanka hoose ee Biyo-xireenka Gilgel Gibe I sidoo kale ku yaal Webiga Gilgel Gibe oo ay la samaystaan koronto-biyood cascade ah.

Biyo-xireenka Gibe III

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Biyo-xireenka Koronto-biyoodka Gibe III waa 243 metres (797 ft) oo dherer ah roller-compacted concrete biyo-xireen oo leh warshad koronto-biyood oo la xiriirta Webiga Omo ee Itoobiya. Waa warshadda koronto-biyoodka ugu weyn Itoobiya oo leh awood koronto oo ku dhow 1870 Megawatt (MW), sidaas darteed in ka badan labanlaab awoodda guud ee la rakibay ee Itoobiya min heerkeedii 2007 ee 814 MW.[15][16] Khilaaf ayaa ka dhashay dhismahiisa, iyadoo dhowr NGO-yo ay samaysteen olole ay ku horjeedaan. Sida laga soo xigtay Terri Hathaway, agaasimaha barnaamijka Afrika ee International Rivers, Gibe III waa "biyo-xireenka ugu burburka badan ee dhismaha ku socdo Afrika." Mashruucu wuxuu xukumi lahaa "nus milyan oo ka mid ah dadka ugu nugul gobolka gaajo iyo colaad."[17] Koox ka mid ah ololaha caalamiga ah ayaa bilaabay codsi internet-ka ah oo ka dhan ah mashruuca biyo-xireenka Itoobiya oo ku saabsan welwelka xuquuqda aadanaha.[18][19]

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Azeb Asnake, maamulaha mashruuca Gibe III ee dawladda bixiyaha korontada, ayaa sheegay in cabbirka yaraynta la diyaariyay haddii wax dhacaan. Marka laga reebo tan, Asnake ma saadaalin wax saameyn xun oo ka dhalan kara mashruuca, isagoo ku daray in in ka badan kala bar dadka ku nool aagga ay ku tiirsan yihiin gargaarka cuntada iyo in saldhigga cusub uu lagama maarmaan yahay maadaama hadda shirkaddu ay koronto siiso oo keliya 25 boqolkiiba dadka.[20]

Fatahaaddii 2006

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Roobab mahiigaan ah oo dhacay 2006 ayaa sababay in Omo uu fataho waddadiisa hoose, isagoo dilay ugu yaraan 456 qof iyo in ka badan 20,000 oo qof oo ku xayirmay intii u dhaxaysay shan maalmood oo ku dhammaaday 16 Agoosto. In kasta oo roobab mahiigaan ah ay caadi u yihiin qaybtan dalka, overgrazing iyo jarista dhirta ayaa lagu eedeeyay masiibadan. "Wabiyada Itoobiya waxay leeyihiin awood yar oo ay ku hayaan biyo inta ay la'eg yihiin sanado ka hor, sababtoo ah waxaa lagu buuxinayaa dhoobo," ayay tiri afhayeenka World Food Programme Paulette Jones. "Waxay qaadataa xoog yar oo roobab ah ... si wabiga meel kasta oo dalka ka mid ah u fataho."[21] Fatahaadda xilliga ee Webiga Omo waa muhiim u ah kooxaha asaliga ah ee ku nool agagaarka wabiga. Fatahaaddu waxay keentaa dhoobo bacrin ah waxayna ku qoyaan bankiyada biyo, taasoo ka dhigaysa beerashada banka wabiga mid suurtogal ah. Dadka kala duwan ee ku nool hoose ee Omo—oo ay ku jiraan Turkana, Dassanach, Hamer, Nyangatom, Karo, Kwegu, Mursi, Bodi, iyo Me'en—ayaa ka soo saara qayb weyn oo ka mid ah sahaydooda cuntada laga soo bilaabo beerashada fatahaadda.[22]

Fatahaaddii weynayd ee burburka ahayd ee 2006 waa tii keliya ee dhacday kontonkii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Hoos u dhaca dhawaan ku yimid heerka Harada Turkana, oo guud ahaan loo aqoonsan yahay inay hesho ku dhawaad boqolkiiba sagaashan biyaha ka imanaya qulqulka Webiga Omo, ayaa horey u sababay kor u kaca heerka cusbada.

Sidoo kale eeg

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Karo woman and child near Omo River

Xusuusin

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. 1 2 3 4 Lehner, Bernhard; Verdin, Kristine; Jarvis, Andy (2008-03-04). "New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 89 (10): 93–94. doi:10.1029/2008eo100001. ISSN 0096-3941.
  2. ↑ Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105
  3. 1 2 "Lower Valley of the Omo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  4. ↑ "Impact of Land use Land cover change on Stream flow (Case Study Gilgel Gibe III)". Addis Abeba University. Addis Abeba University - Institute of Technology School of Garaduate Studies Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 9 November 2025.
  5. ↑ "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)", Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)
  6. ↑ Camerapix (2000), p. 262
  7. 1 2 3 4 Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 281. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
  8. 1 2 Alemseged, Z (April 2003). "An integrated approach to taphonomy and faunal change in the Shungura Formation (Ethiopia) and its implication for hominid evolution". Journal of Human Evolution. 44 (4): 451–478. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00012-5. PMID 12727463.
  9. ↑ Crandall (2007)
  10. 1 2 Plummer, Thomas W.; Ferraro, Joseph V.; Louys, Julien; Hertel, Fritz; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Bishop, L.C. (November 2015). "Bovid ecomorphology and hominin paleoenvironments of the Shungura Formation, lower Omo River Valley, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 88: 108–126. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.006. hdl:10211.3/198525. PMID 26208956.
  11. ↑ Trapani, Josh (September 2008). "Quaternary fossil fish from the Kibish Formation, Omo Valley, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (3): 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.017. PMID 18691738.
  12. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Lower Valley of the Omo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (in Ingiriisi). Retrieved 2025-01-06.
  13. ↑ Hurd (2006)
  14. ↑ "Local History in Ethiopia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2016-05-02. The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 1 May 2016)
  15. ↑ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website Archived 2016-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on October 17, 2009
  16. ↑ Energy Information Administration:Ethiopia Energy Profile Archived 2010-08-31 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on October 27, 2009
  17. ↑ BBC:Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam, 23 March 2010
  18. ↑ "Web campaign against Ethiopia dam" (in Ingiriis Biritish). 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  19. ↑ International, Survival. "Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia" (in Ingiriisi). Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  20. ↑ "Ethiopia - Gilgel Gibe III managers dismiss environmental concerns" nazret.com. 30 Mar 2009. Last accessed 22 Apr 2011.
  21. ↑ "More than 700 killed or missing in Ethiopian floods", Zeenews.com 16 August 2006; "Ethiopian floods feared to have killed 870" by Tsegaye Tadesse Archived Maarso 12, 2007 // Wayback Machine Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, Eircom net, 16 August 2006
  22. ↑ "Ethiopia's Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2009-10-17.

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  • Butzer, Karl W. (1971). Recent history of an Ethiopian delta: the Omo River and the level of Lake Rudolph, Research paper 136, Department of Geography, University of Chicago, 184 p., LCCN 70-184080
  • Camerapix (2000). Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia, First American Ed., Brooklyn: Interlink, ISBN 1-56656-350-X
  • Crandall, Ben (2007). The Omo River Valley, eMuseum @ Minnesota State University, Mankato; website accessed 31 October 2007
  • Hurd, W. (2006). "Rangers by Birth", Cultural Survival Quarterly, 30.2, website accessed 31 October 2007
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2007). Lower Valley of the Omo, World Heritage List, website accessed 31 October 2007
  • Vannutelli, L. and Citerni, C. (1899). Seconda spedizione Bòttego: L'Omo, viaggio d'esplorazione nell'Africa Orientale, Milano : Hoepli, 650 p.

Xiriirinta dibadda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]


Waxaa laga keenay "https://so.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webiga_Omo&oldid=302741"