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Webiga Vaal

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Vaal / ǀHai
Lekwa, IliKwa
Wabiga Vaal oo laga arkay waddada weyn ee N3, oo ku taal kor webiga Vaal Dam. Halkan wuxuu ka samaystaa xadka u dhexeeya gobollada Mpumalanga iyo Free State.
Webiga Vaal is located in South Africa
Webiga Vaal
Goobta uu afka ka galo Wabiga Vaal
Khariidad
Magac kale Lekwa, IliKwa
WaddanKoonfur Afrika
GobolFree State, Gauteng, Northern Cape, Mpumalanga
Baasin
Ilaha Ugu MuhiimsanMeel u dhow Breyten
Afka WabigaMeel u dhow Douglas
1,241 m (4,072 ft)
Baaxadda Basinka Biyaha196,438 km2 (75,845 sq mi)
Astaamaha Jirka
Dhererka1,458 km (906 mi)
Socodka Biyaha
  • Average rate:
    125 m3/s (4,400 cu ft/s)
Astaamaha
Laamo Wabi

Wabiga Vaal (/ˈvɑːl/ Af Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈfɑːl]; Khoemana: ǀHaiǃarib) waa laanta ugu weyn ee Wabiga Orange ee dalka Koonfur Afrika. Wabigu wuxuu ka soo bilaawdaa meel u dhow Breyten oo ka tirsan gobolka Mpumalanga, dhanka bari ee Johannesburg iyo qiyaastii 30 kilometres (19 mi) waqooyi ka xigta Ermelo isla markaana kaliya 240 kilometres (150 mi) u jira Badweynta Hindiya.[1] Wuxuu markaas u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa uu ka gaaro kulanka uu la leeyahay Wabiga Orange koonfur-galbeed ee Kimberley oo ku taal Northern Cape. Wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay 1,458 kilometres (906 mi), wuxuuna ka samaystaa xadka u dhexeeya Mpumalanga, Gauteng iyo Gobolka North West ee dhanka waqooyi, iyo Free State dhanka koonfurta.

Waa wabiga saddexaad ee ugu weyn Koonfur Afrika ka dib Wabiga Orange (2200 km) iyo Wabiga Limpopo (1750 km), waxaana loo aasaasay inuu noqdo isha ugu weyn ee biyaha ee aagga weyn ee Witswatersrand ka dib duulaankii dahabka ee qarnigii 19-aad.[2] Vaal Dam wuxuu ku yaallaa Wabiga Vaal ee Deneysville oo wax yar ka xiga koonfurta xadka u dhexeeya Gauteng iyo Free State. Wabiga Vaal waa wabiga ugu dheer ee gebi ahaanba ku dhex yaalla xuduudaha Koonfur Afrika.

Vaal waa magac Hollandi ah (oo hadhow noqday Af-Afrikaans), kaas oo ay u tarjumeen Griqua-da ama Boers[3] magac hore oo Kora Khoekhoe ama !Orakobab ah, mararka qaarkood loo qoro Tky-Gariep (oo higgaadda Khoekhoegowab ah ǀHai!garib, wabi midab-xun).[4] Labada Vaal iyo Tky (oo higgaadda casriga ah ǀHai) waxay labaduba ka dhigan yihiin "midab-xun" ama "caajis", taas oo tixraacaysa midabka biyaha, gaar ahaan xilliga fatahaadda marka wabigu uu la yimaado dhoobo badan. Meelaha sare ee wabiga waxaa loogu magac daray iLigwa (Af-Sindebele), Ikwa ama Igwa (isiZulu), ilikwa (Af-Swati), lekwa (Af-Sesotho), ama cuoa oo ay yiraahdeen Khoekhoe, kuwaas oo dhammaantood tixraacaya bannaanka uu maro.[4]

Taariikh

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Pont (dooni) ku taal Wabiga Vaal (sannadkii 1899)

Taariikh ahaan, wabigu wuxuu sameeyay xadka waqooyi ee boqortooyada Basotho ee Moshoeshoe I xilligii uu ugu sarreeyay[xigasho u-baahan] bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, ka dibna wuxuu noqday xadka u dhexeeya laba jamhuuriyadood oo Boer ah: Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika (oo hadhow noqotay gobolka Transvaal) iyo Orange Free State. Magaca juqraafiyeed ee "Transvaal" wuxuu ka yimid magaca wabigan, oo macnihiisu yahay "ka baxsan wabiga Vaal". Tani waxay ahayd iyadoo la tixraacayo Cape Colony iyo Natal, oo ahaa meelaha ugu waaweyn ee degitaanka Yurub xilligaas, kuwaas oo ku yaallay koonfurta Vaal.

Intii lagu jiray dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, waxaa jiray qulqul dad u soo haajiray Witwatersrand iyagoo raadinaya dahab. Wabiga Vaal wuxuu ugu dambeyntii noqon doonaa isha ugu weyn ee biyaha ee Witwatersrand. Dadka sii kordhaya ayaa markii hore isticmaali jiray biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee Zuurbekom Wells oo ku taal West Rand ee Gauteng. Ugu dambeyntii kuwan ayaa qallali doona, dadkuna waxay u baahan doonaan il cusub oo bixin karta baahidooda gudaha, beeraha iyo hawlaha warshadaha.[5]

Qorshayaasha biyaha waxaa markii hore aasaasay qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay si wax looga qabto baahida sii kordhaysa. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ahaa Braamfontein Water Company's Vierfontein Syndicate oo aasaasay 1893 iyo Sivewright Concession oo aasaasay 1887 shirkadda Johannesburg Waterworks and Exploration Company. Biyuhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo qaali ah oo inta badan aan la heli karin dadka deggan inta badan.[6]

Rand Water Board

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Guddiga Biyaha Rand (Rand Water Board) waxaa la aasaasay 1903 si ay ula wareegaan hawlaha qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay iyada oo leh waajibaad ah inay baaraan sahayda biyaha waarta iyo adeegyada fayadhowrka. Ururku wuxuu si buuxda u bilaabi doonaa hawlgalka 1905, isagoo si ballaaran u siinaya biyo Witwatersrand. Xubnaha ururka waxaa ka mid ahaa saraakiil ka tirsan Golaha Magaalada Johannesburg, Rugta Macdanta iyo maamulada kale ee maxalliga ah ee gudaha Witwatersrand.[6]

Rand Water waxay kaga jawaabeen yaraanta biyaha iyagoo soo rogay xannibaado dadka deggan Witwatersrand 1913. Waxay kaloo horumariyeen qorshayaal biyood waaweyn oo ka jawaabi doona baahida sii kordhaysa. Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1998, ururku wuxuu la shaqeeyay hay'ado kala duwan oo dawladeed iyo kuwo gaar loo leeyahay si ay u wadaan qorshaha Wabiga Vaal iyo barrage (1914–1924). Qorshaha Wabiga Vaal wuxuu ahaa hindise loo aasaasay in lagu maamulo qaybinta biyaha. Guddiga Biyaha Rand waxay kaloo aasaaseen Xarunta Bamka Vereeniging (1924), Xarunta Bamka Zwartkopjes, Vaal Dam (1938), Xarunta Bamka Zuikerbosch (1949) iyo Lesotho Highlands Water Project (1998).[6]

Kaydka Wabiga

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Kaydka Wabiga Vaal. Kaydka Vaal oo jaalle ah iyo Kaydka Oranje oo liin ah.

Roobka iyo biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ayaa ku urura meelo, vleis iyo durdurro iyo meelaha ay ku xirmaan, waxaa dhasha Wabiga Vaal ee u qulqula dhanka galbeed. Wabigu wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka ilaa Grootdraai Dam ee meel u dhow Standerton, Mpumalanga. Socodkiisa ku wajahan Vaal Dam ee Vereeniging, wabiga waxaa ku biira dhowr laamood. Wabiga Yar ee Vaal (Little Vaal River) wuxuu ka bilaabmaa escarpment meel u dhow Ermelo. Meel u dhow Memel ee Free State waa halka uu ka bilaabmo Klip River. Wabiga Watervals wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Secunda, Mpumalanga. Wilge River waxay ku kulmi jirtay Wabiga Vaal ka hor inta aan la dhisin Vaal Dam 1938; hadda biyuhu waxay toos ugu qulqulaan biyo-xireenka.[5] Kromelmboogspruit waxay ku biirtaa Vaal meel u dhow Vaal Barrage.

Wabiga Vaal meel u dhow Venterskroon

Vaal Dam

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Vaal Dam oo buuxa 2010

Maadaama socodka biyaha ee Wabiga Vaal uu yahay mid aan joogto ahayn, biyo-xireenno waaweyn ayaa lagu dhisay jidkiisa si loo ururiyo biyaha. Waqtiyadii hore, ka hor inta aan wabiga loo aasaasin il rasmi ah oo biyo ah oo loogu talagalay qayb ka mid ah Gauteng, dhowr biyo-xireenno yaryar ayaa ay beeralaydu u dhisteen waraabka.

Markii dhismaha Vaal Dam la dhammeeyey 1938, biyo-xireenku wuxuu xaqiijiyay sahayda biyaha sannad walba xitaa marka wabigu uusan buuxin. Biyo-xireenku wuxuu heli doonaa biyo ka yimaada goobaha biyuhu ka yimaadaan (catchment areas) iyada oo loo marayo mashaariic kala duwan.[5]

Qorshaha Wareejinta Tugela-Vaal

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Laba qorshe oo wareejinta biyaha ah ayaa la horumariyay si loo siiyo xudunta dhaqaalaha ee dalka (oo markaas loo aqoonsaday xarunta Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging) iyada oo loo marinayo biyaha Wabiga Vaal meelo kale oo catchment area ah intii u dhaxaysay 1970-yadii iyo 1990-yadii. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah Lesotho Highlands Water Project iyo Qorshaha Wareejinta Biyaha Tugela-Vaal ee KwaZulu-Natal.[7] Qorshaha Wareejinta Tugela-Vaal waxaa la dhammeeyey 1974 si looga wareejiyo Wabiga Tugela ee KwaZulu Natal iyada oo loo marayo kanaalo, tuubooyin iyo biyo-xireenno loona gudbiyo nidaamka Wabiga Vaal [5]

Mashruuca Biyaha ee Buuraleyda Lesotho

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Khariidadda Mashruuca Biyaha ee Buuraleyda Lesotho

Lesotho Highlands Water Project waxaa ugu dambeyntii la bilaabay 1997, waxaana uu ku lug lahaa dhismaha saddex waji oo kordhin doona biyaha ka yimaada Lesotho loona gudbin doono Wabiga Vaal, oo ay ku jiraan afar biyo-xireen oo waaweyn. Laga soo bilaabo 1954, Golaha Horumarinta Kheyraadka Dabiiciga ah ayaa soo jeediyay in Koonfur Afrika ay hesho xoogaa biyo ah oo ka yimaada Lesotho dariska ah. Wadahadallo u dhexeeya labada waddan ayaa bilaabmay dabayaaqadii 1970-yadii. Heshiis ku saabsan horumarinta qorshaha waxaa la saxiixay 24 Oktoobar 1987 wakiillo ka socda Lesotho, Koonfur Afrika, Midowga Yurub, Qaramada Midoobay iyo Bangiga Adduunka. Waxaa markaas lagu qiyaasay inay ku kacayso R9.1 bilyan wajiga koowaad ee mashruuca oo kaliya.[6]

Koonfur Afrika waxay Lesotho siisaa R150 milyan sannad kasta iyadoon loo eegin inay isticmaalaan dhammaan biyaha la bixiyo iyo in kale.[6]

Deegaanka Kaydka

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Sida uu qabo Hogan, qaybta sare ee kaydka ayaa taageerta endemism sare oo reptiles ah, halka meelaha hoose ee watershed-ka ay yihiin heerar sare oo endemism ah oo loogu talagalay naasleyda yaryar.[8]

Warshadaha iyo Beeraha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Biyaha waxaa laga soo saaraa Vaal si loogu daboolo baahiyaha warshadeed ee Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area iyo qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Free State. 1881, Kimberley Waterworks Company, waxay bixisay biyo laga keenay Vaal ilaa Cape Diamond Fields iyada oo qiimihiisu yahay hal shilling halkii 100 imperial gallons (450 l; 120 US gal).[9][10]

Iyada oo qayb ka ah Qorshaha Vaal-Hartz, waa isha ugu weyn ee biyaha ee waraabka. Biyaha laga soo saaro Vaal waxay taageeraan 12 milyan oo macaamiil ah oo ku nool Gauteng iyo aagagga ku xeeran.[11]

Isticmaalka Hadda

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Inta badan biyaha Wabiga Vaal ee ka sarreeya Vaal Dam waxaa loo isticmaalaa macdanta iyo isticmaalka warshadaha sida macdanta dhuxusha iyo hawlaha la xiriira tamarta iyo kiimikada ee Sasol, iyo sidoo kale isticmaalka magaalooyinka iyo tamarta. Meelaha ka hooseeya biyo-xireenka, biyaha waxaa inta badan loo hibeeyaa baahiyaha magaalooyinka, in kasta oo si qiyaas ahaan ka yar, qayb weyn oo ka mid ah qaybtan ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa macdanta iyo warshadaha, waraabka iyo tamarta.[12] Wabigu wuxuu si joogto ah ula kulmaa wasakheynta meelihiisa sare, taasina waxay saameysaa isticmaalayaasha hoose. Intii lagu jiray 2019, xarunta ugu weyn ee daweynta biyaha ee Lekwa Local Municipality ee Standerton waxay ku jirtay dayactir la'aan waxayna keentay dhibaatooyin wasakheyn joogto ah. Si loo caawiyo isticmaalayaasha hoose, biyo nadiif ah ayaa lagu qasbay inay galaan wabiga si loo milo heerarka cusbada leh ee sare, sidaasna loo khasaariyo qadar weyn oo ka mid ah kheyraadkan yar.[13] 2021, warbixin ay soo saartay Guddiga Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Koonfur Afrika waxay ogaatay in wabigu wasakheysan yahay heer aan la aqbali karin, oo ay ku jirto qulqulka wasakhda ceeriin ee Wabiga.[14][15]

Dalxiiska

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Vaal Dam ee Deneysville

Wabiga Vaal wuxuu ka kooban yahay 50 km oo biyo la mari karo. kaydka wabiga wuxuu sidaas darteed bixiyaa noocyo kala duwan oo hawlo biyo ah oo madadaalo leh kuwaas oo soo jiita dalxiisayaasha maxalliga ah iyo kuwa caalamiga ah sannadka oo dhan. Hawlaha waxaa ka mid ah doonida, yachting iyo water skiing.

Deneysville waa magaalo ku taal dhanka Free State ee Wabiga Vaal waana xarun biyo oo caan ah halkaas oo booqdayaashu ay ku raaxaysan karaan dabbaasha, kiteboarding, yachting, doonida, catamaran dalxiis, jet skiing, windsurfing, snorkelling iyo kalluumaysiga.

Sidoo kale eeg

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Tixraacyo

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  1. ↑ Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007
  2. ↑ "9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018". Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  3. ↑ Thompson, G. (1827). Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa I. Henry Colburn, London. pp. 74.
  4. 1 2 du Plessis, E.J. (1973). Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername. Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town. pp. 326, 221. ISBN 0-624-00273-X.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Water Origination". Home. Rand Water. 2019-02-07. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Crooks, J. (2004). "Background / History of Rand Water". Home. Rand Water. Archived from the original on 2019-02-09. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
  7. ↑ "Rivers of South Africa. Manzi's News. Accessed 31 March 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  8. ↑ C. Michael Hogan. 2013. Vaal River. ed. P. Saundry. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
  9. ↑ "The Kimberley Waterworks". The Cornishman. No. 155. 30 June 1881. p. 6.
  10. ↑ "The Kimberley Waterworks". The Cornishman. No. 156. 7 July 1881. p. 4.
  11. ↑ "State of the Environment of South Africa (SOESA), Annual National State of the Environment Report". Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  12. ↑ "Upper Vaal WMA: Overview of water resources availability and utilisation. Department of Water Affairs. Accessed 2 April 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  13. ↑ Saba, Athandiwe (11 Nov 2019). "Tens of millions spent on repairs but sewage still flows in the Vaal". Mail&Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  14. ↑ Mnguni, Elkington Sibusiso (2022). "Pollution of the Vaal River System in South Africa: A Case Study" (PDF). WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 257: 17 – via Wits Press.
  15. ↑ Bhengu, Lwandile. "Flow of raw sewage into Vaal River a violation of human rights, SAHRC rules". News24 (in Ingiriis Maraykan). Retrieved 2023-04-21.

Xiriirka dibadda

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