View source for Dhul

{{Maqaal Xul Ah}}
{{Caddayn|{{PAGENAME}}|Meere}}
{{Infobox planet
| bgcolour = #c0c0ff
| name = Dhul
| symbol = [[File:Earth symbol (small, bold).svg|24px|alt=🜨|Astaanta dhulka]]
| image = [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|frameless|Muuqaalka Dhulka marka la soo fiiriyo Apollo 17|alt=Muuqaalka guud ee meeraha Dhulka halkaas ooy ka muuqato qaaradaha dunida qaar ka mid ah.]]
| caption = Muuqaalka Dhulka,<br />laga soo sawiray ''[[Apollo 17]]''
| alt_names = Tellus or Telluris, Gaia
| flag = {{flagicon|world}}
| epoch = [[J2000.0]]
| aphelion = 152,098,232&nbsp;km<br /> 1.01671388&nbsp;[[astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 147,098,290&nbsp;km<br /> 0.98329134&nbsp;AU
| semimajor = 149,598,261&nbsp;km<br /> 1.00000261&nbsp;AU
| eccentricity = 0.01671123
| inclination = 7.155° ilaa [[dhul-bare]]ha [[qorax]]da<br />1.57869° ee xagal toosan
| asc_node = 348.73936°
| arg_peri = 114.20783°
| mean_anomaly = 357.51716°
| wakhti = 365.256363004&nbsp;days <br />1.000017421&nbsp;[[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]
| xawaare = 29.78&nbsp;km/s <br />107,200&nbsp;km/h
| satellites = 1 dayax oo dabiici ah&nbsp;([[Dayax]]a),<br /> 8,300+ 
| Astaamaha Muuqaalka = haa
| balaadhan = 0.0033528
| gacanka dhul-badhe = 6,378.1&nbsp;km
| gacanka cidhifyada = 6,356.8&nbsp;km
| gacanka caadiga = 6,371.0&nbsp;km
| isku-wareeg = 40,075.017&nbsp;km&nbsp;([[dhul-bare]]) <br />40,007.86&nbsp;km&nbsp;([[meridional]]) 40,000 km [[metir]] 
| baaxada sare = 510,072,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
{{nowrap|148,940,000 km<sup>2</sup> land (29.2 %)}}<br />
{{nowrap|361,132,000 km<sup>2</sup> water (70.8 %)}}
| muga = [[mug|1.08321{{e|12}}]]&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>
| cufka = 5.97219{{e|24}}&nbsp;kg
3.0{{e|-6}}&nbsp;qoraxda
| culeyska = 5.515&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| cufisjiidadka oogada sare = [[Cufisjiidad|9.780327]] [[metre per second squared|m/s<sup>2</sup>]] <br />0.99732&nbsp;''[[g-force|g]]''
| xawaaraha uu ku socdo = 11.186&nbsp;km/s
| wakhtiga gedgedoonka = 0.99726968&nbsp;d <br />23{{smallsup|h}}&nbsp;56{{smallsup|m}}&nbsp;4.100{{smallsup|s}}
| xawaaraha wareega = {{convert|1674.4|km/h|m/s|abbr=on}}
| axial_tilt = 23°26'21".4119
| albedo = 0.367 ([[Geometric albedo|geometric]])
0.306 ([[Bond albedo|Bond]])
| Cir ma leeyahay = haa
| heerkulka = haa
| temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]]
| min_temp_1 = 184&nbsp;K
| mean_temp_1 = 288&nbsp;K
| max_temp_1 = 330&nbsp;K
| temp_name2 = [[Celsius]]
| min_temp_2 = −89.2&nbsp;°C
| mean_temp_2 = 15&nbsp;°C
| max_temp_2 = 56.7&nbsp;°C
| cadaadiska oogada sare = [[Atmosphere (unit)|101.325]]&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] ([[Sea level|MSL]])
| cirku ka kooban yahay = 78.08%&nbsp;[[nitrojiin]] (N<sub>2</sub>) (hawo qalalan)<br /> 20.95%&nbsp;[[ogsajiin]] (O<sub>2</sub>)<br /> 0.93%&nbsp;[[argon]]<br /> 0.039%&nbsp;[[carbon dioxide]]<br />About 1% [[Uumi|uumi biyood]] (ku kala duwan [[cimilo|cimilada]])
|note = no
}}
[[File:Earth symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|🜨]] 

'''Dhulka''' ({{lang-en|earth}}, {{lang-ar|أرض}}) waa [[meere]]ha [[sadex]]aad ee [[qorax]]da u dhow ee [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]. Waa meeraha ugu muga iyo miisaanka weeyn iyo midka [[shan]]aad ee ugu xajmiga weeyn [[sideed]]da [[meere]] ee[[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]].  Dhulka waxa lagu naaneeysaa '''Meeraha Midabka Buluugan'''<ref>Meeraha Midabka Buluugan</ref> sababtoo ah marka [[hawo]]da sare laga soo fiirinayo waxa muuqda midabka ''buluuga''.

Dhulku waa [[meere]]ha kaliya ee [[nolol]] ka jirto dhamaan meereyaasha aan naqaano. Waxa lagu qiyaasaa meeraha dhulka in da'diisu ku dhowdahay 4.5 [[bilyan]] oo sanno. Dhulka isku-wareegiisa (Circumference) waa 40,007.86 km marka laga [[xisaab]]ayo [[dhul badhe]]ha, sidoo kale baaxada guud ee oogada dhulku waa 510,072,000 km2 - taas oo ka kooban 148,940,000 km<sup>2</sup><ref>"148,940,000 km<sup>2</sup>"</ref> dhul ama [[caro]] iyo [[dhagax]] ah una dhiganta 29.2 %; iyo 361,132,000 km2 [[biyo]] iyo [[bad]] ah, taas oo u dhiganta 70.8 %.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130424102601/http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html NOAA&nbsp;– Ocean]</ref> 

[[Mug]]a dhulku waa 1.08321 ×10 12 km<sup>3</sup> halka [[cuf]]ka meeraha dhulku yahay 5.97219 ×10 24 kg. Sidoo kale, miisaanka [[cuf]] ee dhulku waa 5.515 g/cm<sup>3</sup>,<ref>"[[cuf]]ka dhulku waa 5.515 g/cm<sup>3</sup>"</ref> halka [[cufisjiidad]]ka [[dhul badhe]]hu yahay 9.780327 m/s2 taas oo u dhiganta 0.99732 g. [[Cadaadis]]ka dunidan waa 101.325 kPa (MSL). 

[[Heerkul]]ka oogada sare ee dhulku waa meel dhexaad taas oo ah mida taageertay in [[nolol]]<ref>"[[nolol]] ka jirto"</ref> ka jirto [[meere]]han. Kulka iyo qaboowga dhulku wuu kala duwan yahay ayadoo [[Cidhif]]yada (polars) oogu heerkul hooseeyo taas ka dhigtey qaboow badan, laakiin meelaha ku beegan [[dhul badhe]]ha ayaa ugu heerkul sareeya dunida. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130424102601/http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html Noaa.gov]</ref> Guud ahaan, heerkulka dunidu marka ugu hooseeyo wuxuu gaadhaa 184 K ama −89.2&nbsp;°C, dhex-dhexaad markuu yahay heerkulku waa 15&nbsp;°C ama 288 K, marka uu ugu sareeyo kuleeylku wuxuu gaadhaa 56.7&nbsp;°C ama 330 K.

[[Cir]]ka ama [[Samo]]da sare ee dunidan aan ku nool nahay waxay ka sameeysan tahay 78.08% [[curiye]]ha [[nitrojiin]] (N) taas oo ah [[hawo]], 20.95% [[ogsajiin]] (O), 0.93% argon, 0.039% [[Kaarboon]]-labo-ogsaadh (C<sub>2</sub>O) iyo qiyaastii 1% uumi [[biyo]] ah (in kastoo mararka qaar kala duwan tahay [[cimilo]]du). 

Meeraha dhulku wuxuu sameeyaa [[labo]] wareeg: mid uu ku wareego xariijintiisa taas oo loo yaqaano '''Sidereal rotation period''' oo ku qaadata [[wakhti]] dhan [[saacad|23 saacadood]], [[daqiiqad|56 daqiiqo]] iyo [[ilbiriqsi|4.100 ilbiriqsi]] taas oo ku dhow [[saacad|24 saacadood]] oo ah [[habeen]] iyo [[maalin]].<ref>"[[habeen]] iyo [[maalin]]"</ref> Wareega labaad dhulku wuxuu ku sameeyaa [[qorax]]da waxaanay ku qaadataa 365.25744 [[maalin|maalmood]] oo ah wakhti dhan hal [[sanad]].

==Taariikhda dhulka==

Taariikhda dhulku aad ayay u dheer tahay oo waxaa la sheegaa in dhulku sameeysmay [[bilyan|4.5 bilyan]] oo sano ka hor. Isla mar ahaantaana sii jiri doono 8 ilaa 10 [[bilyan|bilysan sanno]] oo soo socota. 
===Samayska dhulka===
Sida eey isku raaceen khubarada [[cilmi]]ga [[saynis]]ka iyo [[Cilmi Fallag]]u, [[meere]]ha dhulka waxa uu sameeysmay 4.5 [[bilyan]] oo sano ka hor, taas oo [[hal]]kii [[bilyan]] ee ugu horeeyay dhexdiisa [[nolol]] ka bilaabantey. Isla [[wakhti]]yadaas ayay sameeysantey [[Oogo Cir]] ama (atmosphere) kaas oo difaac u ah nolosha dunida kana difaacda [[ileys]]ka halista ah ee [[qorax]]du soo deeyso (solar radiation). In ka badan 71% oo [[duni]]da ah waa [[biyo]]ha<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130424102601/http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html  NOAA&nbsp;– Ocean]</ref> dhanaan ee [[bad]]aha iyo [[har]]ooyinka [[biyo]]ha macaan ee laga helo oogada dhulka. Inta soo hadhay oo ah 29% waa [[qaarad]]aha iyo dhulka caadiga ah. [[Cidhif]]yada aduunka, [[Cidhifka Koonfur]]eed iyo [[Cidhifka Waqooyi]]<ref>"[[Cidhifka Koonfur]]eed iyo [[Cidhifka Waqooyi]]"</ref> dhamaantoodba waa [[baraf]] waana meelaha ugu [[qabow]]ga badan ee [[heerkul]]koodu aad u hooseeyo. [[Cufisjiidad]]ka dunida waxay xidhiidh is-dhexgal oo isku xidhan la leedahay [[meere]]yaasha kale, gaar ahaan [[dayax]]a iyo [[qorax]]da taas oo suurto-gelisay in miisanka dhulku dheeli tirnaado. 

Si la mid ah [[meere]]yaasha kale, dhulku wuxuu sameeyaa [[labo]] wareeg, mid uu ku wareegayo xariijintiisa midaas oo sameeysa [[habeen]]ka iyo [[maalin]]ta una dhiganta [[wakhti]] dhan [[saac|24 saacadood]], iyo wareega dheer ee sameeya [[sanad]]ka ee 365.4 [[maalin]] ee dhulku ku wareego [[qorax]]da ahna tan keenta [[Afarta Xili]] (four seasons) iyo kala duwanaanta [[cimilo]]oyinka dunida. Si ka duwan [[meere]]yaasha kale, dhulku wuxuu leeyahay [[hal]] [[dayax]] oo dabiici ah kaas oo ku wareega dunida [[wakhti]] u dhiganta [[hal]] [[bil]] ama 30 maalmood. Waxa la sheegaa in [[dayax]]u ka go'ay dhulka isla markaana bilaabay inuu ku wareego meerahan [[wakhti]] hada laga joogo 4.43 [[bilyan]] sano.

===Bilowgii nolosha===
Nolosha [[Meere|meeraha]] dhulka guud ahaan loo yaqaano "biosphere", ayaa waxa la aaminsan yahay ineey bilaabantay (qiyaastii) [[bilyan|3.5 bilyan sanno]] ka hor. Dhulku wuxuu hooy u yahay malaayiin nooc oo [[noole]] ah, kaas ooy ka mid yihiin ''Aadamuhu''. Ilaha [[Macdan]]ta iyo habka is-daba-wareega [[biyo]]ha ayaa ah mid u gaar ah meerahan isla markaana suurto gal ka dhigey ineey taageerada noolaha degan dhulka.
===Mustaqbalka dhulka===
[[File:Solar Life Cycle.svg|thumb|upright=2|center|wakhti dhan 14 bilyan sano oo muujinaya da'da Qoraxda. Hada Qoraxdu waxay jirtaa 4.6 bilyan sano, markeey gaadho 6 bilyan sano si tartiib ah ayay u casaani taas oo muujineeysa in awoodeedu soo yaraaneyso. Markey 10 bilyan sano gaadho weey cadaani dhamaanteed - markan qoraxdu weey dhimatey.]]
Jiritaanka [[duni]]du waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha [[Qorax]]da.<ref>"Jiritaanka [[duni]]du waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha [[Qorax]]da."</ref> Haddii isbedel ku yimaado qoraxda nolosha dhulka iyo waxkasta weey doorsoomayaan. Sida la qiyaasayo, [[Hal]] [[bilyan]] sano ka dib, midabka qoraxdu waa isbedeli iftiinkuna waa sii kordhi sababto ah [[Hiliyaam]]ta bu'da qoraxda ayaa sii kordheeysa taas oo keeni doonta in 10% kordho iftiinka, heerkulka iyo falaadhaha khatarta ah ee ka soo baxa qoraxda; halka 3.5 bilyan sano ka dib ay badan doonto 40%. [[Aqoon|Aqoonyahanada Cimiladu]] waxay sheegeen isbedelkaas [[Qorax|qoraxda]] ku yimid wakhtigaas sare u qaadi [[Ileys|ilayska halista]] ah ee "radiation" taas oo lumin doonto [[Bad|biyaha badaha]] dhulka.<ref>"[[Bad|biyaha badaha]] dhulka."</ref> Wakhti yar gudaheed, waxaa kor u kici [[Heerkul|heerkulka]] oogada sare ee dhulka, sidoo kale isku-wareega [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon Ogsaydh CO<sub>2</sub>]] oo muhiim u ah nolosha [[Dhir|dhirta]] ayaa jaha wareeri iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah.

Dhirtu haday ka dhamaato dunida waxaa dhici in la waayo [[Hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] midaas oo sababaysa dhimashada [[Noole|noolaha]] oo dhan. Hal bilyan sano oo kale kadib, heerkulka maqaarka sare ee dhulka wuxuu gaadhi, ugu yaraan, 70 degree Salsiyas midan oo jaho-wareer ku keenaysa miisaanka iyo cufis-jiidadka dunida. Midabka qoraxdu wuxu noqon casaan 5 bilyan sano ka dib, isla markaan gacanka qoraxdu wuxuu gaadhi meel ka badan 250 jeer meesha uu hada joogo. Wakhtigan lama hubo, sida dhulku noqon, laakiin waxa la og yahay in wareega dhulku isbedeli sababto ah aad ayuu uga fogaani qoraxda. Mudo yar ka dib, bu'da qoraxdu waxay isku bedeli cadaan bilaa [[kul]] iyo [[ileys]] ah, halkaas ayaana ugu dambeeysa isku xidhnaanta [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]].<ref>J. Pearsall, The New Oxford Dictionary of English, Earth, Oxford University Press</ref>

==Qeeybaha dhulka==
[[File:Tectonic plates (empty).svg|thumb| samaysanka Tektonkiga iyo Qaaradaha [[duni]]da. ]]
Dhulku wuxuu u sameeyan yahay qaab wareegsan oo wax yar ka duwan [[goobo]]da lana odhan karo wuxuu u dhow yahay qaabka [[ukun]]ta,<ref>"[[goobo]]da lana odhan karo wuxuu u dhow yahay qaabka [[ukun]]ta"</ref> midaas oo ka dhigeeysa [[cidhif]]yada kuwo yara fidsan marka la bar-bar dhigo [[dhul badhe]]ha. Dhul badhuha ayaa 43 kilomitir ka dheer [[cidhif]]yada dunida taas ayaana keentay in u eekaado qaabka [[ukun]]ta.

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;"
|+ Kimikooyinka Oogada sare ee dhulka
!rowspan="2"|[[Isku dhis]]
!rowspan="2"|Formula
!colspan="2"|Ka kooban
|-
!style="font-size: smaller;"|Qaarad
!style="font-size: smaller;"|[[Bad]]aha
|-
|[[Silikoon|silica]]
|style="text-align: center;"|SiO<sub>2</sub>
|style="text-align: right;"|60.2%
|style="text-align: right;"|48.6%
|-
|[[Alumiiniyaam|alumina]]
|style="text-align: center;"|Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
|style="text-align: right;"|15.2%
|style="text-align: right;"|16.5%
|-
|[[Nuurad]]
|style="text-align: center;"|CaO
|style="text-align: right;"|5.5%
|style="text-align: right;"|12.3%
|-
|[[Magniisiyaam|MagniisiyaamOgsaydh]]
|style="text-align: center;"|MgO
|style="text-align: right;"|3.1%
|style="text-align: right;"|6.8%
|-
| [[Aayron|Aayron(II) ogsaydh]]
|style="text-align: center;"|FeO
|style="text-align: right;"|3.8%
|style="text-align: right;"|6.2%
|-
|[[Sodhiyaam|SodhiyamOgsaydh]]
|style="text-align: center;"|Na<sub>2</sub>O
|style="text-align: right;"|3.0%
|style="text-align: right;"|2.6%
|-
|[[Botashiyaam|BotashiyamOgsaydh]]
|style="text-align: center;"|K<sub>2</sub>O
|style="text-align: right;"|2.8%
|style="text-align: right;"|0.4%
|-
|[[Aayron|Aayron(III) ogsaydh]]
|style="text-align: center;"|Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
|style="text-align: right;"|2.5%
|style="text-align: right;"|2.3%
|-
|[[Biyo|Biyo H2O]]
|style="text-align: center;"|H<sub>2</sub>O
|style="text-align: right;"|1.4%
|style="text-align: right;"|1.1%
|-
|[[Kaarboon|Kaarbon Labo ogsaydh]]
|style="text-align: center;"|CO<sub>2</sub>
|style="text-align: right;"|1.2%
|style="text-align: right;"|1.4%
|-
|[[Titaaniyaam|Tiitaaniyaam labo ogsaydh]]
|style="text-align: center;"|TiO<sub>2</sub>
|style="text-align: right;"|0.7%
|style="text-align: right;"|1.4%
|-
|[[Fosforos|Fosforos pentogsaydh]]
|style="text-align: center;"|P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>
|style="text-align: right;"|0.2%
|style="text-align: right;"|0.3%
|-
!colspan="2"|Dhamaan
!style="text-align: right;"|99.6%
!style="text-align: right;"|99.9%
|}

===Qaab-dhismeedka dhulka===

Dhulku waa [[meere]] dhagaxleey (terrestrial) ah asagoo ugu xajmi iyo miisaan wayn [[meere|afarta meere]] ee la isku yidhaahdo [[Meere Dhagaxley]],<ref>"xajmi iyo miisaan wayn [[meere|afarta meere]] ee la isku yidhaahdo [[Meere Dhagaxley]]"</ref> taas oo macnaheedu tahay dhulku wuxuu ka sameeysan yahay jidh [[dhagax]]an ah si ka duwan meeraha [[Cirjeex]] oo [[hawo]] iyo [[neef]]o ka kooban. Dhulku wuxuu u sameeyan yahay qaab wareegsan oo u dhow qaabka [[ukun]]ta, midaas oo ka dhigeeysa [[cidhif]]yada kuwo yara fidsan marka la bar-bar dhigo [[dhul badhe]]ha. Taasi waxaa keenay wareega dhulku ku sameeyo xariijintiisa asagoo iska soo rogaaya [[Cidhifka Koonfur]] ilaa dhanka [[Cidhifka Waqooyi]]. Gacanka [[Dhul badhe]]ha dunidu 43 kilomitir ayuu ka dheer yahay [[cidhif]]yada. Tani waa sababta loo leeyahay dhulku wuxuu u sameeysan yahay si u dhow qaabka [[ukun]]ta. 

Isku-celiska gacanka goobada dhulku waa qiyaastii 12, 742 kilomitir. Barta ugu dheer oogada sare ee dhulku waa [[Buurta Everst]]<ref>"Barta ugu dheer oogada sare ee dhulku waa [[Buurta Everst]] oo [[biyo]]ha [[bad]]da ka sareeya 8,842 kilomitir"</ref> oo [[biyo]]ha [[bad]]da ka sareeya 8,842 kilomitir, halka meesha ugu hooseeysa tahay [[Dhufeeyska Mariyana]] oo ah god ka hooseeya 10,911 mitir oogada sare ee biyaha badda.<ref>"[[Dhufeeyska Mariyana]] oo ah god ka hooseeya 10,911 mitir"</ref> Qaab-dhismeedka dhulka ayaa loo kala saaraa [[sadex]] laamood, kuwaas oo kala ah [[Qolof Dhul]] ama (Earth's Crust), Qeeybta Dhexe e Dhulka ama (Mantle), iyo [[Ubuc Dhul]] (Core). 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:4px; margin-right:0; width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+ Lakabyada Jiyooloji ee Dhulka
|-
! rowspan="8" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center; padding:0;"|[[File:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.svg|250px|center]]<br />Qidcad dhulka oo muujinaysa qolofka sare ilaa ubucda dhexe.
!Dhererka hoose<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">km</span>
!style="vertical-align: bottom;"|Samayska Lakabka
!Culeyska<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">g/cm<sup>3</sup></span>
|-
|0–60
|style="text-align:left;"|Cirka<ref>Locally varies between 5 and 200&nbsp;km.</ref>
|—
|- style="background:#FEFEFE;"
|0–35
|style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"| Qolofta Dhulka<ref>Locally varies between 5 and 70&nbsp;km.</ref>
|2.2–2.9
|- style="background:#FEFEFE;"
|35–60
|style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"| Lakabka Labaad (mantle)
|3.4–4.4
|-
|&nbsp;&nbsp;35–2890
|style="text-align:left;"|Badhtanka Lakabka Labaad 
|3.4–5.6
|- style="background:#FEFEFE;"
|100–700
|style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"| Asthenosphere
|—
|-
|2890–5100
|style="text-align:left;"|Bu'da Sare
|9.9–12.2
|-
|5100–6378
|style="text-align:left;"|Ubucda dhexe
|12.8–13.1
|}

====Qolofka dhulka====

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;"
|+ Xadiga [[Curiye|Isku Dhiska Curiye]] & [[Macdan]]ta Qolofka Dhulka
!rowspan="1"|Isku dhis
!rowspan="1"|Tiro (%)
|-
|[[Silikoon|silica]] (SiO2) 
|style="text-align: right;"|60.2%
|-
|[[Alumiiniyaam|alumina]] (Al2O3) 
|style="text-align: right;"|15.2%
|-
|[[Nuurad]] (CaO) 
|style="text-align: right;"|5.5% 
|-
|[[Magniisiyaam|magnesiya]] (MgO) 
|style="text-align: right;"|3.1%
|-
|[[Aayron|Aayron(II)Ogsaydh]] (FeO) 
|style="text-align: right;"|3.8%
|-
|[[Sodhiyaam|sodhiyam Ogsaydh]] (Na2O) 
|style="text-align: right;"|3.0% 
|-
|[[Botashiyaam|Botashiyaam Ogsaydh]] (K2O) 
|style="text-align: right;"|2.8% 
|-
|[[Aayron|Aayron (III)
Ogsaydh]] (Fe2O3) 
|style="text-align: right;"|2.5%
|-
|[[Biyo]] (H2O) 
|style="text-align: right;"|1.4%
|-
|[[Kaarboon|Kaarboon-labo-Ogsaydh]]
(CO2) 
|style="text-align: right;"|1.2%
|-
|[[Titaaniyaam|Tiitaniyaam-labo-Ogsaydh]] (TiO2) 
|style="text-align: right;"|0.7%
|-
|[[Fosforos|Fosforos-pentOgsaydh]] (P2O2)
|style="text-align: right;"|0.2%
|}
[[Qolof Dhul]] ama (crust) waa lakabka ugu sareeya jidhka dhulka, midaas oo ka kooban [[dhagax]]aan, [[caro]] iyo [[macdan]]o kale.<ref>[[Qolof Dhul]]</ref> Xadiga [[curiye]]yaasha iyo [[macdan]]tu weey ku kala badan yihiin oogada dhulka; [[Isku dhis|isku dhisyada]] ugu badan waa:

::* ''Silica'' ([[Silikoon|SilikoonOgsaydh]]) (SiO<sup>2</sup>) 
::* ''Alumina'' ([[Alumiiniyaam|AlumiiniyamOgsaydh]]) 
::* [[Nuurad]] (lime) (CaO) 
::* ''Magnesiya'' ([[Magniisiyaam|MagniisiyaamOgsaydh]]) 
::* [[Aayron|Aayron(II)Ogsaydh]] 
::* [[Sodhiyaam|Sodhiyaam-Ogsaydh]]
::* [[Botashiyaam|Botshiyaam-Ogsaydh]] 
::* [[Aayron|Aayron(III)Ogsaydh]]
::* [[Biyo]] ([[H2O]])
::* [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon-labo-Ogsaydh]]
::* [[Titaaniyaam|Titaaniyaam(II)Ogsaydh]], iyo 
::* [[Fosforos|FosforosbentOgsaydh]]

Isku-xidhka [[curiye]]yaashan waxay noqonayaan 99.6% qolofta sare ee dhulka,<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163 The 'Highest' Spot on Earth, Npr.org]</ref>--> tirada yar ee kale waa [[hawo]]oyin iyo [[neef]]o ku dhex jira. Guud ahaan [[cuf]]ka [[duni]]du waa qiyaas ahaan 5.98 ×10 24 kg, kuwaas oo ka kooban inta ugu badan [[bir]]ta [[Aayron]] (32.1%), [[Ogsajiin]] (30.1%), [[Silikoon]] (15.1%), [[Magniisiyaam]] (13.9%), [[Salfar]] (2.9%), [[Nikel]] (1.8%), [[Kaalshiyaam]](1.5%), iyo [[Alumiiniyaam]] oo ah (1.4%); inta soo hadhay oo ah 1.2% waxay ka kooban yihiin [[isku dhis]] [[curiye]]yaal kale. Dhinaca kale, maadaama [[cuf]]ka gudaha dhulku aad u badan yahay waxaa la aaminsan yahay in badhtanka dhulku ka sameeysan yahay 88.8% [[bir]]ta [[Aayron]] (iron), iyo xoogaa yar oo [[Nikel]] 5.8%, [[Salfar]] (4.5%), iyo 1% [[curiye]]yaal kale ah.

====Lakabka dhexe dhulka====
[[File:Earth poster.svg|thumb|[[sadex|Sadexda Lakab]] ee dhismaha Dhulka: [[Qolof Dhul|Qolofka Dhulka]], Lakabka dhexe iyo [[Ubuc Dhul|Ubucda Dhulka]].]]
Qeybta dhexe ee dhulka loona yaqaano '''The mantle''' waa lakab dhagaxley ah oo saameyn ku leh miisaanka meeraha. Si la mid ah meerayaasha kale, dhulku wuxuu leeyahay jidh ka dhisan qeybo kala duwan. Lakabka sare, [[Qolof dhul|oogada dhulka]], waxaa ku xiga lakabkan ''The mantle'' oo ka samaysan maqaar [[dhagax|dhagaxaan Silika]] ah oo leh qiyaastii qaro (thick) 2,900 km (1,800 mile) ah taas oo u dhiganta 84% cufka dhulka.<ref>"[[Qolof dhul|oogada dhulka]]"</ref> Lakabkani waa [[caro]] adke ku dahaaran bu'da dhexe ee [[Ubuc Dhul|Ubucda dhulka]] oo ah [[dareere|dareere kulul]] oo qani ku ah [[Aayron|birta Aayronta]] iyo [[Nikel|birta Nikelka ah]], taas oo ah qiyaastii 15% cufka dhulka.

Lakabkani wuxuu ka bilaabmaa 75 km marka dhulka hoos loo galo ilaa 2'900 km dherer hoos ah. Waxaana ku xiga lakabka aadka u kulul ee bu'da dhulka. Ayadoo ka tixraacayo [[Isku dhis|isku dhisyada]] iyo [[curiye]]yaasha uu ka kooban yahay ayaa lakabkan waxaa loo qeybiyaa dhowr nooc: mantleka sare (kaas oo ka bilaabmaya 75 km ilaa 410 km), qeybta dhexe (410–660 km), mantleka hoose (oo ka bilaabma 660 km ilaa 2891 km), iyo xadka bu'da iyo mantleka (oo leh qaro dhan qiyaastii ~200 km).

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;"
|+ Samayska Lakabka Dhexe ee Dhulka ([[Curiye|Curiyayaasha]] & [[Isku dhis]]yada)
!rowspan="1"|Curiye
!rowspan="1"|Tiro (%)
!rowspan="1"|Iskudhis
!rowspan="1"|Tiro (%)
|-
|[[Ogsajiin]] 
|style="text-align: right;"|44.8
|-
|[[Silikoon]] 
|style="text-align: right;"|21.5
|[[Silikoon|SiO2]] 
|style="text-align: right;"|46
|-
|[[Magniisiyaam]]
|style="text-align: right;"|22.8
|[[Magniisiyaam|MgO]]
|style="text-align: right;"|37.8
|-
|[[Aayron]]
|style="text-align: right;"|5.5
|[[Aayron|FeO]]
|style="text-align: right;"|7.5
|-
|[[Alumiiniyaam]]
|style="text-align: right;"|2.2
|[[Alumiiniyaam|Al2O3]]
|style="text-align: right;"|4.2
|-
|[[Kaalshiyaam]]
|style="text-align: right;"|2.3
|[[Kaalshiyaam|CaO]]
|style="text-align: right;"|3.2
|-
|[[Sodhiyaam]]
|style="text-align: right;"|0.3
|[[Sodhiyaam|Na2O]]
|style="text-align: right;"|0.4
|-
|[[Botashiyaam]]
|style="text-align: right;"|0.03
|[[Botashiyaam|K2O]]
|style="text-align: right;"|0.04
|-
|Isku Gayn
|style="text-align: right;"|99.7
|Isku Gayn
|style="text-align: right;"|99.1
|}

====Ubuc dhul====
[[Ubuc Dhul|Ubucda dhulka]], loo yaqaano (Earth's Core) waa bu'da ama lakabka dhexe ee meeraha dunida. Qaybtani waa dareere aad u kulul oo leh qiyaastii qaro (thick) dhan 2,266 km (1,408 mi) taas oo kooban birta Aayron iyo Nikel. Ubucda dhulku waxay ka hooseysaa lakabka labaad ee mantleka. Bu'da dhulku waxay oogada sare ka hooseeysaa dherer dhan 2,890 km (1,800 mi) oo ah meesha Ubucda dhulku ka bilaabanto, ilaa 5,150 km (3,200 mi) oo ah badhtanka dhulka. [[Heerkul]]ka ubucda dhulku waxa uu ka bilaabmaa 4400&nbsp;°C (8000&nbsp;°F) maqaarka ubucda ilaa 5,430&nbsp;°C oo ah bu'da dhexe iyo meesha ugu [[Kul|kuleylka]] badan dhulka. Dhinaca kale, cadaadiska (pressure) [[Ubuc Dhul|Ubucda dhulku]] waa inta u dhexeeysa 330 ilaa 360 gigapascals (3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm).<ref>"[[Heerkul]]ka ubucda dhulku waxa uu ka bilaabmaa 4400&nbsp;°C"</ref>

Ubucda dhulku waxay ka samaysan tahay isku dhisyo badan oo u badan [[Nikel]] iyo [[Aayron]]. Sidoo kale, [[Dahab]] iyo [[Balatiiniyaam]] badan ayaa iyagana laga helaa badhtamaha dhulka. Guud ahaan, bu'da dhulka la'aanteed nolosha dunidu waxay noqon lahayd nooc kale, sababtoo ah lakabkani waa sal-dhiga magnetka (magnetic field) dhulka.

===Wareega dhulka===
[[File:Ap 16 view of Earth during TLC.jpg|thumb|Sawir dhulka oo uu qaaday Apollo 17.]]
Dhulku wuxuu ku wareegaa qoraxda asagoo u jira masaafo dhan 150 milyan kilomitir wakhti dhan 365.2564 maalmaha qoraxda, hal sano.
Wareegan waxaa keena mid kale oo dhulku ku wareego xariijintiisa, asagoo ka soo wareegaya bari ilaa dhanka galbeed. Midan oo qaadata wakhti dhan 24 saac ayaa dhalisa habeenka iyo maalinta. Inta uu ku gudo jiro wareega qoraxda, dhulku wuxuu ku socdaa xawaare ah 29.8 km/ilbiriqsi oo u dhiganta 107,000 km saacadiiba. Dayaxa oo ah mid ku wareega dhulka wakhti 27.32 maalmood ah ayaa u jira dunida masaafo dhan 384,000 km. Marka la isku daro wareega dhulka iyo dayaxa ku sameeyaan qoraxda, bisha dayaxa ilaa bisheeda kale waa wakhti ah 29.53 maalmood, waa waxa aan u naqaano '''hal bil'''. 
Guud ahaan, wareega dhulka xariijintiisa, kan uu ku wareego qoraxda iyo wareega dayaxu ku sameeyo dhulka dhamaantood waa kuwo lid ku ah wareega saacada (counterclockwise). Wareegyada dhulka iyo dayaxu waxay mararka qaar keenaan [[Qorax Madoowaad|qorax madoowaad]] iyo [[Dayax Madoowaad|dayax madoowaad]].

===Dayaxa dhulka===
[[File:Full moon partially obscured by atmosphere.jpg|thumb|[[Dayax]] Dhulka oo si fiican looga arko Oogada sare ee [[duni]]da.]]
[[File:Moons of solar system-en.svg|thumb|Dayax/Bil]]
Dayaxu waa duni yar oo ka samaysan dhagaxaan, kuna wareegta dhulka, taas oo leh dherer dhan rubuc gacanka dhulka. 
[[Dayax|Dayaxa dhulku]] waa kan ugu weeyn<ref>weeyn dhamaan [[dayaxa meere|dayaxyada]] meereyaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> dhamaan [[dayaxa meere|dayaxyada]] meereyaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] kaas oo la odhan karo wuxuu ka wayn yahay meereyaasha yaryar qaarkood. Cufis-jiidadka u dhexeeya dhulka iyo dayaxa ayaa keena [[bad|mowjadaha badaha]], taas mi la mid ah ayaa keentay isku-xidhnaanshaha labadooda. Dayaxa oo ku socda xawaare dhan 1.022 kilomitir ilbiriqsigiiba, ayaa waxay ku qaadataa [[maalin|27 maalmood]], [[saacad|7 saacadood]] iyo [[daqiiqad|43 daqiiqo]] in uu hal mar ku wareego dhulka.365.24 solar days).

Dhinaca kale, isku wareega dayaxu (circumference) waa 10, 921 km; [[cuf]]kiisuna waa 2.1958 ×<br /><span>10<sup>10</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span> halka [[mug]]iisu yahay 7.3477 ×<br /><span>10<sup>22</sup> kg</sup></span>. Maadaama dayaxa cirkiisu aad u khafiif yahay falaadhaha qoraxduna toos u soo taabtaan oogada dayaxa ayaa [[heerkul]]kiisu aad u sareeyaa ugu yaraan waa 100 Kalfin ugu badnaana wuxuu gaadhaa 390 K. Jidhka dayaxu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay [[Isku dhis|iskudhisyo]] kala duwan kuwaas oo u badan [[curiye]]yaasha kala ah: [[curiye|Argon]], [[Hiliyaam]], [[Sodhiyaam]], [[Botashiyaam]], [[Haydarojiin]] iyo [[Raadhoon]]. Markii ugu horeeysay taariikhda bani-aadamka, sanadkii 1959kii ayaa [[Dayax Gacmeed]] [[Ruush]]ku leeyahay tagay dayaxa. Ka dib, 1968dii ayaa qofkii ugu horeeyay cagaha saaray dayaxa kaas oo ka socday Dawladda [[Maraykan]]ka. Sanadkii 2004 wixii ka dambeeyay ayaa wadanada [[Jabaan]], [[Hindiya]], [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Yurub]] saldhigyo ka sameeysteen dayaxa.<ref>"[[Jabaan]], [[Hindiya]], [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Yurub]] saldhigyo ka sameeysteen dayaxa."</ref> 

Inkasto dayaxu lahayn [[cir|cir sare]] oo ka difaaca [[kul]]ka [[qorax]]da, cilmi baadhis la sameeyay waxay muujisay in dayaxu leeyahay [[biyo]] laga heli karo [[cidhif]]yada dayaxa iyo oogada sare dhexdeeda.<ref>Ptolemy's Almagest, Ptolemy, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press 1998</ref>

===Qaaradaha dunida===
{| class= "wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 1em;"
|+ Suxuunta Tektoniga ugu Muhiimsan Dhulka
|-
|colspan±"2" style="front-size: smaller; text-align: center;"|[[File:Tectonic plates (empty).svg|upright=1.5|
alt=Shows the extent and boundaries of tectonic
plates, with superimposed outlines of the
continents they support]]
|-
!Magaca Saxanka
!Baaxada<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup></span>
|-
| {{legend|#fee6aa|[[Baasifig|Saxanka Baasifiga]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"|103.3
|-
| {{legend|#fb9a7a|[[Afrika|Saxanka Afrika]]}} || style="text-align: center;"| 78.0
|-
| {{legend|#ac8d7f|[[Woqooyiga Ameerika|Saxanka Waqooyi Amerika]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"| 75.9
|-
| {{legend|#7fa172|[[Aasiya|Saxanka YuroAasiya]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"| 67.8
|-
| {{legend|#8a9dbe|[[Antiarktis|Saxanka Antaraktika]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"| 60.9
|-
| {{legend|#fcb482|[[Ooshiyaaniya|Saxanka IndoUstaraliya]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"| 47.2
|-
| {{legend|#ad82b0|[[Ameerikada koonfureed|Saxanka Amerika]]}} || style="text-align: center;"| 43.6
|}

Lakabka sare ee [[Qolof Dhul|qolofka dhulka]], loo yaqaano ''the lithosphere'', waxaa loo qeeybiyaa waaxyo lagu magacaabo ''tectonic plates'' kuwaas oo maamula qaabka iyo naqshada [[Qaarad|qaaraduhu]] u samaysan yihiin. [[Dhulgariir]]ka, foolkaanaha (volcano), [[Buur|dhismaha buuraha]], iyo kala soocida [[Bad|badaha]] dhamaantood waxaa keena tectonic plateka.<ref>"[[Buur|dhismaha buuraha]], iyo kala soocida [[Bad|badaha]]"</ref> Qaab-dhismeeydka saxannada sameeya qaaraha dhulku waa [[todoba]], kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Baasifig|Saxanka Baasifiga]], [[Waqooyiga Ameerika|Saxanka Waqooyi Amerika]], [[Aasiya|Saxanka YuroAasiya]], [[Afrika|Saxanka Afrika]],
[[Antiarktis|Saxanka Antaraktika]], [[Ooshiyaaniya|Saxanka Indo-Ustaraliya]], iyo [[Ameerikada koonfureed|Saxanka Koonfur Amerika]]. Intaas waxa soo raaca [[Saxanka Carabta]], [[Saxanka-Kaariibiyanka]], [[Saxanka Iskotiya]] ee koonfurta [[Badweyn|Badweynta Atlaantika]].
[[File:Continental models-Australia.gif|thumb|Maab midabaysan oo muujinaya gobolada [[Qaaradaha|Qaaradaha dunida]]. 
Qaaradaha qaar ayagoo isku-dhegan ayaa labo loo kala qeybiyay, sida YuroAasiya oo loo kala saaro [[Yurub]] (midabka cas) iyo [[Aasiya]] (midabka oranjiga). Dhinaca kale, qaaradaha [[Woqooyiga Ameerika|Waqooyiga Amerika]] & [[Ameerikada koonfureed|koonfurta Amerika]] mararka qaar waxa la xisaabiyaa hal qaarad ahaan.]] Qaab-dhismeedka tectonik plateska ayaa keenay qaab-dhismeedka [[qaaradaha]]. Sidas darteed, guud ahaan Dhulku wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[Qaaradaha|todoba qaaradood]] oo magac ahaan kala ah: [[Afrika|Qaarada Afrika]], [[Aasiya|Qaarada Aasiya]], [[Waqooyiga Ameerika|Waqooyiga Amerika]], [[Ameerikada koonfureed|Koonfurta Amerika]], [[Yurub|Qaarada Yurub]], [[Ooshiyaaniya|Qaarada Ustaraliya]] oo loo yaqaano ''Ooshiyaaniya'' isla markaana soo raacaan gasiiradaha yaryar ee u dhow, iyo [[Antiarktis|Qaarada Antaraktika]] ee barafka ah.

===Qoraxda dhulka===
[[File:Planets_and_sun_size_comparison.jpg|thumb|Qoraxda marka la barbar dhigo xajmiga meerayaasha.]]
[[Qorax]]du (sun) waa [[xidig]]ta iftiimisa, kulaylka gaadhiisa isla markaana [[cufisjiidad]] ku heeysa dhamaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Miisaanka iyo cufka qoraxdu wuxuu la mid yahay 332,900 kan meeraha [[dhul]]ka.<ref>Miisaanka iyo cufka qoraxdu wuxuu la mid yahay 332,900</ref> Sidoo kale, bu'da dhexe ee qoraxda waxaa ka yimaada [[heerkul]]ka, falaadhaha radiationka, elektaromagnetik radiation, iyo 400 ilaa 700 nm oo falaadhaha [[ileys]]ka muuqda ah. Cadaymo la arkey waxay xaqiijiyeen in barta qoraxdu ku taalo suurto gelisay in [[dhul]]ka ka jirto [[nolol]]i. 
[[File:Solar Life Cycle.svg|thumb|upright=2|center|wakhti dhan 14 bilyan sano oo muujinaya da'da Qoraxda. Hada Qoraxdu waxay jirtaa 4.6 bilyan sano, markeey gaadho 6 bilyan sano si tartiib ah ayay u casaani taas oo muujineeysa in awoodeedu soo yaraaneyso. Markey 10 bilyan sano gaadho weey cadaani dhamaanteed - markan qoraxdu weey dhimatey.]] Jiritaanka meerayashu waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha [[qorax]]da. Haddii isbedel ku yimaado qoraxda nolosha dhulka iyo waxkasta weey doorsoomayaan. Sida la qiyaasayo, [[Hal]] [[bilyan]]<ref>[[Hal]] [[bilyan]] sano</ref> sano ka dib, midabka qoraxdu waa isbedeli iftiinkuna waa sii kordhi sababto ah [[Hiliyaam]]ta bu'da qoraxda ayaa sii kordheeysa taas oo keeni doonta in 10% kordho iftiinka, heerkulka iyo falaadhaha khatarta ah ee ka soo baxa qoraxda; halka 3.5 bilyan sano ka dib ay badan doonto 40%.

[[Aqoon|Aqoonyahanada Cimiladu]] waxay sheegeen isbedelkaas [[Qorax|qoraxda]] ku yimid wakhtigaas sare u qaadi [[Ileys|ilayska halista]] ah ee "radiation" taas oo lumin doonto [[Bad|biyaha badaha]] dhulka. Wakhti yar gudaheed, waxaa kor u kici [[Heerkul|heerkulka]] oogada sare ee dhulka, sidoo kale isku-wareega [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon Ogsaydh CO<sub>2</sub>]] oo muhiim u ah nolosha [[Dhir|dhirta]] ayaa jaha wareeri iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah.<ref>"[[Dhir|dhirta]] iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah."</ref> Dhirtu haday ka dhamaato dunida waxaa dhici in la waayo [[Hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] midaas oo sababaysa dhimashada [[Noole|noolaha]] oo dhan. Hal bilyan sano oo kale kadib, heerkulka maqaarka sare ee dhulka wuxuu gaadhi, ugu yaraan, 70 degree Salsiyas midan oo jaho-wareer ku keenaysa miisaanka iyo cufis-jiidadka dunida. Midabka qoraxdu wuxu noqon casaan 5 bilyan sano ka dib, isla markaan gacanka qoraxdu wuxuu gaadhi meel ka badan 250 jeer meesha uu hada joogo. Wakhtigan lama hubo, sida dhulku noqon, laakiin waxa la og yahay in wareega dhulku isbedeli sababto ah aad ayuu uga fogaani qoraxda. Mudo yar ka dib, bu'da qoraxdu waxay isku bedeli cadaan bilaa [[kul]] iyo [[ileys]]<ref>"[[kul]] iyo [[ileys]] ah"</ref> ah, halkaas ayaana ugu dambeeysa isku xidhnaanta [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]].

==Cimilada dunida==
===Cirka dhulka===
[[File:Earth in ultraviolet from the Moon (S72-40821).jpg|thumb|right|Sawirka dhulka oo laga sawiray dayaxa dushiisa.]]
Cadaadiska [[Cir|oogada cirka]] isku cel-celiskiisu waa 101.325 [[kPa]], laga soo bilaabo dherer dhan 8.5 km. Waxaanay ka kooban tahay 78% [[nitrojiin]] iyo 21% [[Ogsajiin]] ah, iyo xoogaa yar oo uumi biyo ah iyo [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon labo Ogsaydh]] iyo neefo kale. 
Dhererka cirku u jiro oogada dhulka waa kala duwan tahay, waa 8 km cidhifyada iyo 17 km dhulbadhaha. Maqaarka cirku aad ayuu muhiim ugu yahay nolosha dhulka, caawinta wareega biyaha sida roobka iyo difaacida falaadhaha khatarta badan ee ka yimaada qoraxda ayaa ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka cirka. Sidoo kale, aqalkacagaaran (greenhouse) oo ka samaysan uumi biyo, kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh, miithayn (methane) iyo ozoneka oo masuul ka ah dheelitirka [[heerkul]]ka dunida ayaa ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka cirku u leeyahay dhulka.

=== Cimilada dhulka ===
Cirka dhulku ma lahan wax xad ah, si tartiib ah ayuu u noqonayaa khafiif sababo la xidhiidha wasakhowga hawada darteed. 3/4 muga cirka dunidu wuxuu u jiraa oogada dhulka 11 km oo kali ah, kuleylka ka imanaya qoraxda markuu soo gaadho meeshan wuxuu keenaa in hawadu kala baxdo ka dib ku qaboowda lakabka saree cirka. Taas ayaa keenta isbedelka cimilada, sida roobka, dabaylaha IWM.<ref>"isbedelka cimilada, sida roobka, dabaylaha IWM."</ref> Badaha waaweyn ayaguna qayb ayay ka yihiin isbedelka cimilada, sababto ah uumiga biyuhu wuxu ka yimaada badaha, kuwaas oo ku qabooba cirka dibna ugu soo noqda dhulka ayagoo roob ah. 

Biyaha roobka ayaa sameeya wabiyada iyo haraha leh biyaha macaan. Isku-wareega biyaha ee noocan (water cycle) ayaa si fiican u taageera nolosha iyo dhulkaba. Cimilada dhulka waxaa loo kala saari karaa waaxyo badan ayadoo la tixraacayo [[heerkul]]ka iyo roobka. Nooca ugu caansan kala saarka cimilada, '''Köppen climate classification''' oo uu sameeyay Wladimir Köppen, ayaa loo kala saaraa [[shan|shan qaybood]] oo kala ah: saxare qalayl ah, torobika (tropics), dhulka sareeya, qaboow-dhexe iyo qaboowga cidhifyada, kuwaas oo weli la sii qeeybiyo. Habka sameeynta cuntada ee dhirta (Photosynthesis) ayaa asna kaalin libaax ka qaata dheelitirka hawooyinka cirka, sababto ah dhirtu waxay isticmaashaa kaarboon-labo-ogsaydhka kuna sii daysaa cirka ogsajiin saafi ah. 
[[Haydarojiin]] oo ayadu ku badan cirka ayaa [[falgal|la falgasha]] [[Ogsajiin]]ta dhirtu soo daysto taas oo ayadna dhalisa [[Isku dhis|isku dhisyo]] biyo ah oo keena [[roob]].<ref>[http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes, International Astronomical Union, 2006]</ref>

==Nolosha dunida==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;"
|+ Qiyaasta Isticmaalka Dhulka Dunida (2000)
!rowspan="1"|Isticmaalka Dhulka
!rowspan="1"|Mha (Milyan Hectars)
|-
|Dhulka La Beerto
|style="text-align: right;"|1,510–1,611
|-
|Dhul Daaqsiin
|style="text-align: right;"|2,500–3,410
|-
|Kaymaha Dabiiciga
|style="text-align: right;"|3,143–3,871
|-
|Keymaha La Beeray
|style="text-align: right;"|126–215
|-
|Deegaanada La Degan Yahay
|style="text-align: right;"|66–351
|-
|Deegaanada aan La Isticmaalin
|style="text-align: right;"|356–445
|}
[[File:EilatFringingReef.jpg|thumb|left|Xadka u dhexeeya biyaha iyo dhulka: Xeebta.]]
Nolosha [[Meere|meeraha]] dhulka guud ahaan loo yaqaano "biosphere",<ref>"[[Meere|meeraha]] dhulka guud ahaan loo yaqaano "biosphere""</ref> ayaa waxa la aaminsan yahay ineey bilaabantay (qiyaastii) 3.5 [[bilyan|bilyan sanno]] ka hor. Meelaha lagu noolyahay waxaa loo kala saaraa nidaamka ay u taageerayaan nolosha [[xayawaan]]ka ama [[dhir]]ta. Oogada dhulka waxa kala sooca kala duwanaanshaha [[Lool|loolalka]] iyo [[Dhig|dhigaha]] (latitude and longitude) iyo jooga dhulka ka sareeyo biyaha badda. Meelaha qaar, sida [[Cidhif|cidhifyada aduunka]], saxaraha aadka u kulul iyo buuraha dhaadheer nolosha xayawaanka iyo dhirtu aad ayay ugu yartahay. 
Sidaas ay tahay, waxaa jira [[Milyan|malaayiin]] nooc oo [[noole]] ah, dhir iyo xayawaan, oo ku baahsan oogada dhulka iyo [[Biyo|biyaha badaha]].<ref>[http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union]</ref>

===Kheyraadka dabiiciga iyo isticmaalka dhulka===
Oogada dhulka waxaa laga helaa khayraad dabiici ah oo faa'iido badan u leh bani-aadamka. Qaar ka mid ah khayraadkaas waa mid aan la cusboonaysiin karin, sida [[macdan]]ta iyo [[Shidaal]]ka,<ref>[[macdan]]ta iyo [[Shidaal]]ka</ref> kuwaas oon wakhti dheer qaata samaysankooda. Sidoo kale, xadi badan oo [[Shidaal|shidaal qeyriin]] ah ayaa laga helaa dhulka kuwaas oo marka la warshadeeynayo loo kala saaro [[Dhuxul Dhagax]], [[Shidaal|Betrool]], [[Neef|Gaaska dabiiciga]], methane iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Khayraadkan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in laga sameeyo awood iyo shidaal ay ku shaqeeyaan alaabta Aadamuhu sameystay. Sidoo kale, inta u badan [Curiye|curiyeyaasha]] waxaa laga qodaa [[Qolof Dhul|oogada dhulka]].

Waxaa intaas dheer in dhulku yahay isha khayraadka taageerta nolosha, sida cuntada, daawooyinka, alwaaxa wax lagu dhiso, Ogsajiinta IWM. 
Nolosha dhulka dushiisa (The land-based ecosystem) waxay ku tiirsan tahay carada sare iyo biyaha, halka nolosha badaha dhexdooda (oceanic ecosystem) ku xidhan tahay milanka nafaqada ka timaada oogada dhulka.<ref>[http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ Pluto and the Solar System, IAU]</ref> Sanadkii 1980, 5,053 Mha (Milyan Hegtar) oo oogada dhulka ahi waxay ahayd ''Keymo'', halka 6,788 Mha ay ahayd dhul-daaqsiimeed, iyo 1,501 Mha oo ahayd dhul-qodaal midho laga beero. Guud ahaan dhulku waa hooyga [[Xayawaan|xayawaanka dhul jooga]] ah - Aadamuhu ka midka yihiin halkaas oo guryo iyo meelo lagu noolaado laga dhisay.

===Khatarta dabiiciga===
[[File:MSH80_eruption_mount_st_helens_05-18-80.jpg|thumb|Foolkaano khatar badan oo cirka gaadhay.]]
Meelo badan oo oogada dhulka ah ayaa khatar badan isla markaana noloshu aad u adag tahay amaba aan la degenayn. 
Sida deegaanada cimiladu aadka u sareeyso ama hooseeyso, tusaale ahaan saxaraha iyo cidhifyada dunida. Sidoo kale, khatarta waxaa ka mid ah duufaanada, daadadka, dabaylaha waawayn, dhulgariirka, foolkaanaha, abaaraha, sunaamida IWM kuwaas oo ku xidhan cimilada.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170331081504/https://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/ NASA Staff Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20e]</ref> Dhinaca kale, waxaa jira khatar badan oo Aadame-samee ah. Waxa ka mid ah wasakhowga hawada, wasakhowga biyaha, roobka asiidha leh, walxaha [[sun]]ta ah, xaalufinta keymaha (deforestation), tafiir-go'a xayawaanka duurjoogta ah, nabaadguurka carada iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Sida Jumciyada Quruumaha ka Dhaxaysa (UN) sheegtay, warshadaha aadamuhu samaystay halis ayay ku hayan dhulka kuwaas oo hawada ku sii daaya Kaarbon-labo-ogsaydh keentay in dunidu kululaato (global warming). Taas oo sabab u ah isbedelka cimilada iyo dhalaalka barafka cidhifyada.

== Bani' aadamka ==
[[File:AS08-13-2329.jpg|thumb|Sawirkii ugu horeeyay ee Astronaut ka qaado dhulka.]]
Bani' aadamka oo ah hogaanka dhamaan nolosha ka jirta dhulka ayaa 2011dii lagu qiyaasaa [[todoba|todoba bilyan]] oo qof kuwaas oo degan [[qaaradaha]] dunida. Sidoo kale, sanadka 2050ka ayaa lagu wadaa in tirada dadku gaadhi doonto 9.2 bilyan. Deegaanada bani-aadamku weey kala duwan yihiin, qaarada [[Aasiya]] ayaana ugu shacab badan. Dhinaca kale, sanadka 2020ka waxaa lagu wadaa 60% shacabka dunidu ku noolaan doonaan magaalooyinka. Waxa lagu qiyaasaa in 1/8 oogada dhulku ku haboon tahay in bani'aadamku ku noolaadaan taas oo kalabadh ah saxare iyo buuro dhaadheer. Taariikh ahaan, aadamuhu waligood waxay u noolaayeen qoysas, guutooyin, qabiilo, shacabyo, iyo wadano. Ma jirto maamul guud oo ka dhexeeya aadamaha, laakiin sanadkii 1945tii ayaa la dhisay urur u dhexeeya dhamaan Dawladdaha dunida, waa [[Qaramada Midoobay|Jumciyada Quruumaha Midoobay]] (UN).<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Johnson Michele, NASA Discovers First Earth-size Planets Beyond Our Solar System, NASA, 20 December 2011 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html |access-date=15 Bisha Koobaad 2014 |archive-date=16 Bisha Shanaad 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516230313/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>Hand Eric Kepler discovers first Earth-sized exoplanets 20 December 2011</ref>
[[File:STS-130_Endeavour_flyaround_5.jpg|thumb|Saldhiga guud ee Hawada Sare.]]
Dhacdooyinka taariikhiga ah ee bani-aadamku sameeyay waxaa ka mid ah in dayaxa la tagay, meerayaal kale la soo sahamiyey, dayax gacmeedyo la diray. Qofkii ugu horeeyay ee dunida ka baxa waa Yuri Gagarin (April 12, 1961). Sanadkii 2010ka gebi ahaan dadka hawada sare tagay waa 487 qof, 12 ka mid ah dayaxa ayay dul socdeen. Masaafada ugu dheer ee aadamuhu ka gaadheen hawada sare waa 400,171 km, taas oo ahayd socdaalkii Apollo 13 sanadkii 1970kii.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7380/full/nature10684.html D. Kubas, J.-P. Beaulieu, M. Dominik, K. Horne, J. Greenhill, J. Wambsganss, J. Menzies, A. Williams, U. G. Jørgensen, A. Udalski, D. P. Bennett, M. D. Albrow, V. Batista, S. Brillant, J. A. R. Caldwell, A. Cole, Ch. Coutures, K. H. Cook, S. Dieters, D. Dominis Prester, J. Donatowicz, P. Fouqué, K. Hill, N. Kains et al.]</ref>Sahaminta Meereyaasha

==Qoraalol la mid ah==
* [[Docay]]
* [[Raage]]
* [[Farraare]]
* [[Cirjeex]]
* [[Uraano]]
* [[Bluto]]
* [[Waxaraxir]]
* [[Meere]] 
* [[Dhul badhe]] 
* [[Cilmiga Xidigaha|Cilmiga xidigaha]]
* [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay|Bahda qoraxdu midaysay]]
* [[Qorax]]
* [[Koon]]
* [[Neefaha Waawayn]]
* [[Meere]]
{{commons|Earth}}
{{icon|portal}} [[Portal:Dhul]]

==Tixraac==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]
[[Category:Koon]]
[[Category:Xiddigis]]
[[Category:Juquraafi]]
[[Category:Cilmi Falag]]
[[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]]
[[Category:Dayaxa Meere]]
[[Category:Cilmi Falag]]
[[Category:Saynis]]
[[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]]
[[Category:Xiddigis]]
[[Category:Cilmi Fallag]]
[[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]
[[Category:Meere]]
[[Category:Koon]]
[[Category:Saynis]]
[[Category:Ilbaxnimo]]
[[Category:Dhul]]
[[Category:Juqraafi]]
[[Category:Noole]]
[[Category:Nolol]]