Augusto Pinochet
Augusto Pinochet | |
|---|---|
 Sawirka rasmiga ah ee Augusto Pinochet, Template:C.. | |
| 29aad Madaxweynaha Chile | |
| Ambassador to Welcome | |
| Xafiiska 17 December 1974 – 11 March 1990 | |
| ka horeeyay | Salvador Allende |
| Ku xigay | Patricio Aylwin |
Kaligii taliye ka tirsan Xukumadda Chile (1973) | |
| Ambassador to Welcome | |
| Xafiiska 11 September 1973 – 11 March 1981 | |
| ka horeeyay | Position established |
| Ku xigay | José Toribio Merino |
| Senator-waligii-ee Chile | |
| Ambassador to Welcome | |
| Xafiiska 11 March 1998 – 4 July 2002 | |
| Ambassador to Welcome | |
| Xafiiska 23 August 1973 – 11 March 1998 | |
| Madaxweyne | Salvador Allende Himself Patricio Aylwin Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle |
| ka horeeyay | Carlos Prats |
| Ku xigay | Ricardo Izurieta |
| Faahfaahin shaqsiyadeed | |
| Dhashay | Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte 25 Nofeembar 1915 Valparaíso, Chile |
| Dhintay | 10. Diseembar 2006 (da'da 91jir) Santiago, Chile |
| Jinsiyadda | Chilean |
| Xaaska | Lucía Hiriart (g. 1943) |
| Ciyaalka | 5, including Inés Lucía Pinochet |
| Alma mater | Chilean War Academy |
| Shaqo |
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| Xirfad | Military |
| Saxiixa |  |
| Adeeg ciidan | |
| Daacadnimo |  Jili |
| Laanta/adeega |  Chilean Army |
| Inta sano u adeegaayay | 1931–1998 |
| Darajo |  Captain General |
| Cutubka |
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| Amarada |
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| Dagaalada | 1973 Chilean coup d'état Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990) |
Augusto Pinochet wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye reer Chile ah intii u dhaxeesay 1973 ilaa 1990, wuxuu xukuka kula wareegay afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay 11-kii Sebtember 1973 isagoo xilka ka qaaday madaxweynihii sida dimoqraadiga ah loo soo doortay Salvador Allende. Waxaa jira tobanaan hadaysan ahayn boqolaal kun oo dhibanayaal ah ee aan waxba galabsan intii uu socday xukunkiisa naxariis darada ah. Markii uu xukunka la wareegay, wuxuu silciyey bidixleyda, hantiwadaaga, iyo dadka ka soo horjeedo siyaasadiisa, taasoo keentay in la dilo 1,200 ilaa 3,200 oo qof, soo xirida dad badan oo gaaraya 80,000, iyo jirdil tobanaan kun ah. Marka loo eego dowladda Chile, tirada dadka la toogtay iyo kuwa la qasbay waxay ahaayeen 3,095.
Howlgalka Condor waxaa lagu aasaasay amarka nidaamka Pinochet dabayaaqadii Nofeembar 1975, dhalashadiisii 60aad. kaligi talisnimadiisii waxay si rasmi ah u dhammaatay 10-kii Maarso 1990-kii kadib 17 sano oo uu taliska foosha xun waday.
Dhaxal
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Sannadkii 1970kii, Salvador Allende's Unidad Popular ayaa ku guulaystay doorashooyinkii. Sida laga soo xigtay Altimir iyo Scott, sanadkaas Chile waxay horey u ahayd dalka labaad ee ugu saboolsan Latin America iyada oo kaliya 17% faqri qaraabo ah (sida ay qabaan kuwa kale qiyaastii 20%) iyo 6% saboolnimo buuxda. Tiradan ayaa lagu ilaalinayay iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay faa'iidooyin badan oo bulsheed iyo maalgashi ay samaysay dawladdu inkasta oo sicir-bararka iyo burburka dhaqaale uu sababay qalalaasaha bulshada ee dhaqdhaqaaqa garabka midig. Dawladda Allende, marka lagu daro fulinta dib-u-habaynta bulshada ee kala duwan ee caafimaadka, dugsiyada iyo qaybaha shaqada, bilaabay qaramaynta shirkadaha, soo bandhigay furiinka, oggolaaday waxbarasho midaysan fasalada bulshada kala duwan iyo tijaabiyey qorshaynta elektarooniga ah ee xilliyada gobolka go'doominta sida in 1972. Iyadoo ay sii xumaanayso xaaladda dhaqaale, kharibaad iyo xiisado, ciidamada oo uu hogaaminayay hogaamiyaha cusub ee la magacaabay Augusto d Coupta Chile 11/9/1973. Todobaadyadii ugu horeeyay maamulkaasi waxa lagu tilmaami jiray argagax iyo dil wadareed, bishii Oktoobar oo kaliya waxa kordhay sicir-bararka 88%, September ilaa December waxa uu kordhay 343% oo gaadhay 611%, marka loo eego qiyaasaha kale waxa uu gaadhay 1270%! (Gunter Frank iyo Andrè), Sicir-bararka ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah hoos u dhacay muddo dheer, laakiin muddo dheer xorriyadda ayaa ku dhawaad wax saameyn ah ku yeelan dhaqaalaha, sicir-bararka 2-da sano ee soo socda ayaa isku mid ah iyada oo lumiso dheeraad ah ee awoodda wax iibsiga ee fasallada ugu saboolsan ayaa sidoo kale sabab u ah dhammaadka siyaasadaha dib-u-qaybinta in inta lagu jiro muddada Allende loo oggolaaday in la gaaro muddada ugu yar ee sinnaan la'aanta ah ee Chilean 9 (79) laga bilaabo taariikhda Chile 19. Tacriifada waxa laga dhigay 90% kaliya 10%, laga bilaabo 1972 ilaa 1981 waxa la dhimay kharashaadka bulshada ee GDP 25.8% ilaa 14.3%, 1973 ilaa 1983 547 shirkado dawladeed iyo mid dawladeed ayaa la gaarsiiyey (96% wanaagsan). Sannadkii 1981-kii, waxaa billowday shirkado gaar loo leeyahay oo biyaha iyo hawlgabka, dib-u-habayntani waxay sii jiri doontaa maanta oo dib ayaa loo lafaguri doonaa. Xakamayntan xad-dhaafka ah ee aan ogolayn in si sax ah loo xakameeyo qoondaynta kheyraadka waxay ku dhammaatay abuurista xiisad saameyn xoog leh oo ka badan tii 1973, taasoo keentay hoos u dhac ku yimid GDP 15% (Klein) iyo sidoo kale shaqo la'aanta in ka badan 30% halka inta lagu jiro muddada Allende ay ahayd 3% kaliya, warshadaha ayaa si aad ah u soo gaaray siyaasadihii 1973 ee xoraynta dhaqaalaha. 177,000 oo shaqo ayaa lumay, bartamihii 80-meeyadii warshadaha ayaa hoos u dhacay boqolkiiba dhaqaalaha ilaa heerkii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (Frank). Shirkadaha laga xayuubiyay waxay soo saareen deyn aad u badan oo dhan 14 bilyan oo dollar, Pinochet laftiisa si uu u xaliyo dhibaatada waxaa lagu qasbay in uu qarameeyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah shirkadahaas, intii ay jirtay dowladdii 74% lacagta ay qoysasku helaan waxaa loo isticmaali jiray oo kaliya iibsashada rootiga taas oo ku qasabtay dadka in ay iska daayaan raaxaysiga sida hilibka iyo baska si ay u aadaan shaqada taas oo bedelkeeda xilligii Allende ay ka dhigan tahay 17% oo keliya kharashka guud. Sida laga soo xigtay Paarlberg, GDP-ga qof kasta wuxuu kor u kacay wax ka yar 2% xilligii kali-taliska, laakiin saameynta dadweynaha waxay ahayd mid aad u xun; intii lagu jiray mashaqadii 1982, sida uu sheegay Baanka Adduunka, 52% dadka reer Chile waxay ku noolaayeen wax ka yar $5.50 maalintii. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta dawladda Chile, 1987 45% dadku waxay ku noolaayeen saboolnimo marka la barbar dhigo 17% 1973. Bartamihii 1980-meeyadii ⅓ reer Chile waxay ahaayeen guri la'aan (Petras iyo Vieux), halka faqrigu labanlaabmay ama xitaa saddex jibaarmay sida ay qabaan Ferrera iyo Lachfield, sida laga soo xigtay Raczynski caydhnimada cuntada 1969 ilaa 32% 1983 halka sida laga soo xigtay Tiron (1990) faqriga Chile uu ka kordhay 28.5% 1970 ilaa 44.3% 1980kii. 10% ee ugu qanisan waxay arkeen dakhligoodu kor u kacay 83% intii lagu jiray nidaamka, laga bilaabo 1970 ilaa 1989 Chile waxay ka baxday kaalinta labaad ee saboolnimada ugu yar (12aad) ilaa toddobaad ee 13 ka mid ah wadamada Latin America, sidaas darteed waxay kordheen 5 boos, sidoo kale waxay ka tagtay Gini 0.547 (Ferrera iyo Lachfield). In ka badan 30 sano ka dib, siyaasadaha dhaqaale ee talisku waxa sii waday dawladihii isku dhafka ahaa, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa bidix-dhexe, iyada oo aan la helin natiijooyin fiican. Maanta, Chile waa dalka ay bilyaneerrada ku hayaan GDP ugu badan adduunka, 2013 sida laga soo xigtay Lopez et al. Kuwa ugu qanisan 1% waxay haysteen 31% GDP xittaa dib-u-qaybinta ka dib, dhab ahaantii, marka loo eego xogta CASEN, giniga dhabta ahi wuxuu noqonayaa 0.63! Sida laga soo xigtay Milanović, dadka ugu saboolsan 5% ee reer Chile waxay leeyihiin dakhli la mid ah kuwa ay wadaagaan Moldovan iyo Mongolian halka kuwa ugu qanisan 2% ay leeyihiin dakhli la mid ah kuwa dhigooda ah ee Jarmalka inkastoo tiradan ay tahay mid la dhayalsan karo. Marka loo eego xogta Fundación Sol, 0.001% dadweynaha (ku dhawaad 200 oo qof) ayaa leh 11.5% hantida guud, halka sida ku cad maqaal ku jira Diario Financiero ee 29/8/2019, Chile waa dalka la waraystay, halka, marka loo eego muwaadiniinta ugu badan, helitaanka guriyeynta ayaa ah mid aad u adag marka loo eego miisaaniyada 1% ee 2% Mushaharka dareeraha ah wuxuu ku baxaa gaadiidka oo keliya. Si loo barbardhigo USSR oo leh mushaharka ugu yar ee 1984 waxaad samayn kartaa 3700 safar tareenka dhulka hoostiisa ah halka Chile 2018 kaliya 261, USSR si aad u iibsato kiilo rooti ah maalintii waxaad ku bixisay 4% mushaharka ugu yar halka Chile 2018 ay ahayd 13%! Bishii Agoosto 2019, 90% dadka hawlgabka ah waxay heleen lacag la mid ah ⅔ dakhligooda ugu yar bishii, mushaharka gaajada. Haddii habka Argentine loo isticmaalo Chile 2013, 31.5% dadweynaha ayaa loo aqoonsan lahaa sabool, halka Argentina 27% loo aqoonsan lahaa sabool. Dhinacyada kale ee korodhka fayoobaanta, laga bilaabo 1982 ilaa 2014 (32 sano) ee Chile boqolkiiba guryaha leh telefishanku waxay kordheen boqolkiiba 27% ilaa 97%, marka la barbardhigo, 1960 ilaa 1989 (29 sano) ee Jarmalka Bari waxay ka korodhay 16.7% ilaa 96.2%, Chile waxay kor u kacday guriga 9% 32% 96% halka GDR ee 29 sano laga soo bilaabo 6.1% ilaa 99%, Chile boqolkiiba guryaha leh mishiinnada dharka ayaa kordhay 35% ilaa 93% halka GDR ay ka ahaayeen 6.2 ilaa 99%, halka kuwa leh baabuurta Chile ay kordheen min 18 ilaa 48% halka GDR ay ka ahaayeen 3.2 ilaa 54.3%. GDR-ku wuxuu ka sarre maray Chile dhammaan beerahaas meel ka sii xun.