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Itaala'aanta maskaxda

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Itaala'aanta maskaxda
Magacyo kaleMental breakdown, mental disability, mental disease, mental health condition, mental illness, nervous breakdown, psychiatric disability, psychiatric disorder, psychological disability, psychological disorder[1][2][3][4]
Takhasuska CaafimaadkaDhimmeerka, cilmiga nafsadda dhaqtariga
AstaamahaAgitation, anxiety, depression, mania, paranoia, psychosis
Dhibaato Ka DhalataCognitive impairment, social problems, suicide
NoocyadaAnxiety disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, substance use disorders
SababahaGenetic and environmental factors
TreatmentPsychotherapy and medications
DaawadaAntidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, stimulants
Joogtada18% per year (United States)[5]

Cudurka dhimmeerka (mental disorder), oo sidoo kale loogu yeero xanuunka dhimmeerka (mental illness),[6] xaaladda caafimaadka dhimmeerka,[7] ama naafanimada dhimmeerka,[2] waa hab-dhaqan ama qaab dhimmeer oo sababa dhib muuqda ama daciifnimo ku timaada shaqada qofka.[8] Cudurka dhimmeerka waxaa lagu gartaa sidoo kale muhiimad kiliiniko oo khalkhal ku haysa garashada qofka, nidaaminta shucuurta, ama hab-dhaqanka, inta badan muddada bulshada dhexdeeda ah.[9][10] Khalkhalkan oo kale wuxuu dhici karaa iyagoo ah dhacdooyin keliya, wuxuu noqon karaa mid joogto ah, ama wuxuu noqon karaa mid relapsing–remitting. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo kala duwan oo ah cudurada dhimmeerka, oo leh calaamado iyo astaamo aad ugu kala duwan cudurrada gaarka ah.[10][11] Cudurka dhimmeerka waa hal dhinac oo ka mid ah caafimaadka dhimmeerka.

Sababaha cudurada dhimmeerka inta badan ma cadda. Aragtiyuhu waxay ku jiraan natiijooyin ka soo baxay qaybo kala duwan. Xanuunada waxaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriiraan goobo gaar ah ama shaqooyin ka tirsan maskaxda. Xanuunada waxaa caadi ahaan lagu baaraa ama lagu qiimeeyaa khabiir ku takhasusay caafimaadka dhimmeerka, sida cilmi-nafsiga kiliinikada, dhakhtarka dhimmeerka, kalkaalisada dhimmeerka, ama shaqaalaha bulshada ee kiliinikada, iyadoo la adeegsanayo habab kala duwan sida imtixaannada cilmi-nafsiga, laakiin inta badan waxay ku tiirsan yihiin fiirinta iyo su'aalaha. Caadooyinka dhaqameed iyo kuwa diimeed, iyo sidoo kale shuruucda bulshada, waa in la tixgeliyo marka la samaynayo baaritaanka.[12]

Adeegyada cudurada dhimmeerka waxaa badanaa saldhig u ah isbitaallada dhimmeerka, klinikada bukaan-socodka, ama adeegyada caafimaadka dhimmeerka ee bulshada. Daawooyinka waxaa bixiya khubaro ku takhasusay caafimaadka dhimmeerka. Ikhtiyaarrada daawaynta ee caadiga ah waa daawaynta cilmi-nafsiga ama dawooyinka dhimmeerka, halka isbeddellada qaab-nololeedka, faragelinta bulshada, taageerada dhigaha, iyo is-caawinta ay sidoo kale yihiin ikhtiyaarro. Kiisaska tirada yar, waxaa jiri kara xabsi qasab ah ama daawayn qasab ah. Barnaamijyada ka hortagga waxaa la tusay inay yareeyaan niyad-jabka.[10][13]

Sannadkii 2019, cudurrada dhimmeerka ee caadiga ah ee adduunka oo dhan waxaa ka mid ah: niyad-jabka daran, kaas oo saameeya ku dhowaad 264 milyan oo qof; waalida, taas oo saameeya ku dhowaad 50 milyan; xanuunka labada-cirifoodka, kaas oo saameeya ku dhowaad 45 milyan; iyo skisofireeniya iyo psychoses-ka kale, kuwaas oo saameeya ku dhowaad 20 milyan oo qof.[10] Cudurada horumarinta neerfaha waxaa ka mid ah attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), xanuunka dusha autism-ka (autism), iyo naafanimada maskaxda, kuwaas oo bilowgoodu dhaco horraanta xilliga horumarinta.[14][10] Sumcad-xumada iyo takoorka waxay ku dari karaan dhibaatada iyo naafanimada la xiriirta cudurada dhimmeerka, taas oo horseedaysa dhaqdhaqaaqyo bulsho oo kala duwan oo isku dayaya inay kordhiyaan fahamka oo ay caqabad ku noqdaan saaridda bulshada.

Qeexitaan

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Qeexitaanka iyo kala-soocidda cudurada dhimmeerka waa arrimo muhiim u ah cilmi-baarayaasha iyo sidoo kale bixiyeyaasha adeegga iyo kuwa laga yaabo in la baaro. Si xaaladda dhimmeerku u noqoto mid loo kala saaro cudur ahaan, inta badan waxay u baahan tahay inay sababto shaqo-xumo.[15] Dokumentiyada kiliinikada caalamiga ah ee badankood waxay adeegsadaan erayga "disorder" (xanuun/khalkhal) dhimmeer, halka "illness" (cudur) ay sidoo kale caadi tahay. Waxaa la xusay in adeegsiga erayga "dhimmeer" (oo ah kan maskaxda) uusan si dhab ah uga dhignayn inuu ka soocan yahay maskaxda ama jirka, inkastoo kala-soocidda u dhaxaysa maskaxda iyo jidhka, iyo sidoo kale su'aasha dabeecaddooda aasaasiga ah, inta badan aan si ku filan loo baarin cilmiga dhimmeerka.[16]

Sida laga soo xigtay daabacaaddii afraad ee Buug-gacmeedka Diagnostic iyo Statistical ee Cudurada Dhimmeerka (DSM-IV), oo la daabacay 1964, cudurka dhimmeerku waa sindrome ama qaab cilmi-nafsiga ah oo la xiriira dhibaatada dhimmeerka (tusaale ahaan, iyada oo la marayo calaamad xanuun badan), naafannimo (daciifnimo hal ama in ka badan oo ah meelaha muhiimka ah ee shaqada), khatarta dhimashada oo kordhay, ama sababa khasaare weyn oo xagga madaxbannaanida ah; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ka saaraysaa jawaabaha caadiga ah sida tacsi/baroor ka timid luminta qof lo jecel yahay waxayna sidoo kale ka saaraysaa dabeecadda leexsan ee sababo siyaasadeed, diineed, ama bulsho oo aan ka soo bixin shaqo-xumo ku jirta qofka.[17]

Qeexitaanka DSM-IV wuxuu sheegayaa in, sida erayada caafimaadka badan, cudurka dhimmeerku "uu ka maqan yahay qeexitaan hawleed oo joogto ah oo daboolaya dhammaan xaaladaha". Waxay xusaysaa in heerar kala sooc oo kala duwan loo isticmaali karo qeexitaannada caafimaadka, oo ay ku jiraan cudur-sidaha, astaamaha, leexashada xadka caadiga ah, ama sababta asaasiga ah, iyo in sida oo kale ay tahay cudurada dhimmeerka, sidaas darteed mararka qaarkood hal nooc oo qeexitaan ah ayaa habboon oo mararka qaarkood mid kalena ah, iyadoo ku xiran xaaladda.[18]

Sannadkii 2013, American Psychiatric Association (APA) waxay dib u qeexday cudurada dhimmeerka ee DSM-5 iyada oo ah "sindrome lagu garto khalkhal muhiim ah oo kiliiniko ku jira garashada qofka, nidaaminta shucuurta, ama hab-dhaqanka kaas oo ka tarjumaya shaqo-xumo habraacyada nafsadda, bayoolajiga, ama horumarinta ee hooseeya shaqada dhimmeerka."[19] Qoraalka ugu dambeeya ee ICD-11 wuxuu ka kooban yahay qeexitaan aad u eg kan.[20]

Cudurka neerfaha

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"Nervous breakdown" halkaan ayaa loo soo toosiyay. For other uses, see Nervous breakdown (disambiguation).

Burburka dhimmeerka, burburka neerfaha ama dhibaato xagga caafimaadka dhimmeerka ah waa cudur dhimmeer oo daran, xadidan wakhti ahaan, kaas oo si kooban u muuqda sida niyad-jab daran oo walbahaar keeno, walwal, fikrado xun oo paranoid ah, ama kala tagid (dissociation) oo ku dhacda qof hore u shaqeynayay, ilaa heer uusan hadda awood u lahayn inuu shaqeeyo maalin-maalin ilaa cudurka laga xalliyo.[21] Burburka neerfaha waxaa inta badan si dhow loola xiriiriyaa gubashada nafsadda, culays shaqo oo xad-dhaaf ah, seexasho la'aan, iyo culaysyo la mid ah, kuwaas oo isku dari kara si ku-meel-gaar ah ugu buuxiya qof leh shaqooyin dhimmeer oo caafimaad qaba.[22] Burburka dhimmeerku wuxuu socon karaa saacado hal mar ah, ilaa bilo hal mar ah. Iyadoo waqtiyadan ay ku kala duwanaan karaan dad kala duwan, falcelintooda ku aaddan burburka dhimmeerku sidoo kale way kala duwanaan kartaa. Erayadan si rasmi ah looma qeexin iyada oo la marinayo habka baaritaanka caafimaadka sida DSM-5 ama ICD-10 waana kuwo ku dhow inay ka maqan yihiin suugaanta sayniska ee ku saabsan xanuunka dhimmeerka.[22][23] Marka lagu daro fikradda cudurka dhimmeerka, dadka qaar ayaa ku dooday in lagu laabto fikraddii hore ee cudurka neerfaha. Buuggiisa How Everyone Became Depressed: The Rise and Fall of the Nervous Breakdown (2013), Edward Shorter, oo ah borofisar ku takhasusay cilmiga dhimmeerka iyo taariikhda daawada, ayaa yiri:

Waxaan lahayn cudurka neerfaha qarniyo. Markaad aad u neerfoobto oo aadan shaqayn karin ... waa burbur neerfaha. Laakiin eraygaas wuxuu ka baxay daawada, inkasta oo uusan ka bixin habka aan u hadlayno.... Bukaan-socodka neerfaha ee wakhti hore waa kuwa niyad-jabka qaba ee maanta. Taasi waa war xun.... Waxaa jira cudur qoto dheer oo wsta niyad-jabka iyo astaamaha shucuurta. Waxaan cudurkan qoto dheer ugu yeeri karnaa wax kale, ama aan abuuri karnaa kelmado cusub, laakiin waxay u baahanahay inaan wadahadalka ka saarno niyad-jabka oo aan u wareejino cudurkan qoto dheer ee maskaxda iyo jirka. Taasi waa barta.

— Edward Shorter, Jaamacadda Toronto[24]

Marka la tirtirayo burburka neerfaha, cilmiga dhimmeerku wuxuu ku sigtay inuu yeesho burburkiisa neerfaha ee u gaarka ah.

— David Healy, MD, FRCPsych, Borofisarka Cilmiga Dhimmeerka, Jaamacadda Cardiff, Wales[25]

Tixraac

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  1. ↑ "Applying for Disability Benefits with a Mental Illness". mhamd.org. Mental Health Association of Maryland. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  2. 1 2 Psychiatric Disabilities (PDF) (Report). Judicial Branch of California. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  3. ↑ "Psychological Disabilities". ws.edu. Walters State Community College. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  4. ↑ "Mental illness – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  5. ↑ "Any Mental Illness (AMI) Among U.S. Adults". National Institute of Mental Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  6. ↑ "Mental Disorders". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ↑ Phelan, Jo C.; Link, Bruce G.; Stueve, Ann; Pescosolido, Bernice A. (2000). "Public Conceptions of Mental Illness in 1950 and 1996: What Is Mental Illness and Is It to be Feared?". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 41 (2): 188–207. doi:10.2307/2676305. ISSN 0022-1465. JSTOR 2676305.
  8. ↑ Bolton D (2008). What is Mental Disorder?: An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and Values. OUP Oxford. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-19-856592-5.
  9. ↑ Hofmann, Stefan G. (2014-07-01). "Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders". Behavior Therapy (in Ingiriisi). 45 (4): 576–587. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.001. ISSN 0005-7894. PMC 4234113. PMID 24912469.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Mental disorders". World Health Organization. 22 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ↑ "Mental disorders". World Health Organization. 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 101–05. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
  13. ↑ Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay "Jacka2017".
  14. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. p. 31. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
  15. ↑ Stein DJ (December 2013). "What is a mental disorder? A perspective from cognitive-affective science". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 58 (12): 656–62. doi:10.1177/070674371305801202. PMID 24331284.
  16. ↑ Karunamuni, N; Wood, T; Galante, J. (December 2025). "Exploring the mind-brain relationship to advance mental health research and practice". Current Psychology. 44 (24): 19088–19108. doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08345-2.
  17. ↑ Stein DJ, Phillips KA, Bolton D, Fulford KW, Sadler JZ, Kendler KS (November 2010). "What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V". Psychological Medicine. 40 (11). UK: Cambridge University Press: 1759–65. doi:10.1017/S0033291709992261. eISSN 1469-8978. ISSN 0033-2917. OCLC 01588231. PMC 3101504. PMID 20624327. In DSM-IV, each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one. Whatever its original cause, it must currently be considered a manifestation of behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual. Neither deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) nor conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.
  18. ↑ Stein DJ, Phillips KA, Bolton D, Fulford KW, Sadler JZ, Kendler KS (November 2010). "What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V". Psychological Medicine. 40 (11). UK: Cambridge University Press: 1759–65. doi:10.1017/S0033291709992261. eISSN 1469-8978. ISSN 0033-2917. OCLC 01588231. PMC 3101504. PMID 20624327. ... although this manual provides a classification of mental disorders, it must be admitted that no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of 'mental disorder.' The concept of mental disorder, like many other concepts in medicine and science, lacks a consistent operational definition that covers all situations. All medical conditions are defined on various levels of abstraction—for example, structural pathology (e.g., ulcerative colitis), symptom presentation (e.g., migraine), deviance from a physiological norm (e.g., hypertension), and etiology (e.g., pneumococcal pneumonia). Mental disorders have also been defined by a variety of concepts (e.g., distress, dyscontrol, disadvantage, disability, inflexibility, irrationality, syndromal pattern, etiology, and statistical deviation). Each is a useful indicator for a mental disorder, but none is equivalent to the concept, and different situations call for different definitions.
  19. ↑ "Use of the Manual". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.UseofDSM5. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  20. ↑ "Chapter 6 on mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders". ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, 2018 version. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  21. ↑ Healthdirect Australia (14 February 2019). "Nervous breakdown". www.healthdirect.gov.au (in Ingiriis Austaraaliyaan). Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  22. 1 2 Rapport LJ, Todd RM, Lumley MA, Fisicaro SA (October 1998). "The diagnostic meaning of "nervous breakdown" among lay populations". Journal of Personality Assessment. 71 (2): 242–52. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7102_11. PMID 9857496.
  23. ↑ Hall-Flavin, Daniel K. (26 October 2016). "Nervous Breakdown" Mayo Clinic.
  24. ↑ Shorter E (2013). How Everyone Became Depressed: The Rise and Fall of the Nervous Breakdown. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-997825-0.
  25. ↑ David Healy (2013) Pharmageddon, University of California Press ISBN 978-0-520-27576-8
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