U bood nuxurka

Jasiiradda Balkaan

Bedel linkiga
Laga soo xigtay Wikipedia, Insaykalobeedhiya xorta ah
Jasiiradda Balkaan
The Balkan Peninsula according to Prof. R. J. Crampton
Geographical map of the Balkan Peninsula
Khariidad
Juquraafi
GoobtaKoon-bari Bari Europe
Meesha ugu sarreysa sareynta2,925 m (9596 ft)
Meesha ugu sarreysa bartaMusala (Bulgaria)
Maamulka

Erayga Balkan (/ˈbɔːlkənz/) BAWL-kənz, (/ˈbɒlkənz/) BOL-kənz </ref>), oo qayb ahaan u dhigma Jasiiradda Balkan, waa deegaan juqraafi ah oo ku yaalla koon-bari Bari Yurub oo leh qeexitaanno juqraafi iyo taariikheed oo kala duwan.[1][2][3] Gobolku magaciisa wuxuu ka qaataa Buuraha Balkan ee dherisan dhammaan Bulgaria.[4] Jasiiradda Balkan waxaa xudduud la leh Adriatic Sea oo dhanka waqooyi-galbeed kaga beegan, Ionian Sea oo dhanka koon-galbeed kaga beegan, Aegean Sea oo dhanka koonfureed kaga beegan, Turkish Straits oo dhanka bari kaga beegan, iyo Black Sea oo dhanka waqooyi-bari kaga beegan. Xudduuda waqooyi ee jasiiradda waxaa loo qeexaa si kala duwan.[5] Meesha ugu sarreysa ee Balkans waa Musala, 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), oo ku taalla silsiladda buuraleyda Rila, Bulgaria.

Fikradda Jasiiradda Balkan waxaa abuuray juqraafiyaha Jarmalka ah August Zeune sannadkii 1808,[6] kaasoo si khaldan u tixgeliyey Buuraha Balkan inay yihiin n galka buuraleyda ee ugu muhiimsan koon-bari Bari Yurub ee ka soo fidaya Badda Adriatic ilaa Badda Madow. Qarnigii 19-aad ereyga Jasiiradda Balkan wuxuu ahaa mid la macne ah Rumelia, qaybaha Yurub ee ahaa gobollada Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta xilligaas. Wax lahayd qeexitaan siyaasadeed intii ay ahaan lahayd mid juqraafi ah, taas oo sii xoogaysatay intii lagu jiray aasaaskii Yugoslaafiya horraantii qarnigii 20-aad. Qeexitaanka xudduudaha dabiiciga ah ee Jasiiradda Balkan ma waafaqsana qeexitaanka farsamo ee jasiiradda; sidaas darteed juqraafaayeyaasha casriga ah waxay diidaan fikradda Jasiiradda Balkan, halka culimada taariikhdu ay badanaa kaga hadlaan Balkans sidii gobol. Eraygani wuxuu helay macne sumcad xumo iyo aflagaado ah oo la xiriira habka Balkanization.[5][7] Gobolka waxaa sidoo kale loogu yeeri karaa Yurubta Koon-bari Bari.

Xudduudaha qaranka ee Balkans, oo ay sabab u tahay qeexitaanno badan oo is khilaafaya, waa kuwo aad loogu murmo, iyada oo aan jirin heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qaybaha ay ka kooban tahay. Sida ku cad qeexitaannada badankood, ereygu wuxuu ka kooban yahay Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia (oo keliya aagga koonfureed ee wabiyada Sava iyo Kupa), dhulka weyn ee Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania (oo keliya Northern Dobruja), Serbia (oo keliya aagga koonfureed ee wabiga Danube), Slovenia (qiyaasta hoose ee koon-galbeed) iyo East Thrace ee ku taalla Turkey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qeexitaanno kale oo ballaaran ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jira dhulka harsan ee Romania iyo Serbia. Intaa waxaa dheer, qeexitaanno qaar ayaa waxaa ku jira Hungary iyo Moldova sababo la xiriira arrimo dhaqameed iyo kuwo taariikheed. Gobolka Trieste ee waqooyi-bari Italy, inkasta oo qeexitaanno qaar ay ku taallo jasiiradda juqraafiyaha ah, haddana guud ahaan waa laga saaray Balkans marka laga eego xaalad goboleed.

Magaca

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Asalka erayga

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Asalka erayga Balkan waa mid aan caddayn; waxaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriirto luqadda Turkish bālk 'dhiiqo' (laga soo bilaabo Proto-Turkic *bal 'dhiiqo, dhoobo; walax culus ama dhegdheg leh', eeg sidoo kale Turkic bal 'malab'), iyo suufijinta Turkish -an 'kayn dhiiqo leh'[8] ama Faaris bālā-khāna 'guri weyn oo sarreeya'.[9] Waxaa loo isticmaali jiray inta badan xilligii Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Labada Ottoman Turkish iyo Turkish-ka casriga ah, balkan waxaa loola jeedaa 'silsilad buuro kaymo leh'.[10][11][12]

Magacyadii taariikhiga ahaa iyo macnaha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Laga soo bilaabo qadiimiga ilaa qarniyadii dhexe ee horraanta

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Gobolka maanta loo yaqaanno Balkans waa inta badan ilbaxnimadii duqda ahayd ee Danube (taas oo ahayd tii ugu da'da weynayd Yurub),[13] oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno ilbaxnimadii Yurubta Duqda ah, taas oo gaartay heerkeedii ugu sarreeyay int u dhaxaysay 5000 iyo 3500 C.H.[14]

Laga soo bilaabo xilligii qadiimiga ahaa ee classic ilaa Qarniyadii Dhexe, Buuraha Balkan waxaa loogu yeeri jiray magaca Thracian[15] ee Haemus.[16]

Sida ku cad khuraafaadka Giriigga, boqorka Thracian Haemus waxaa Zeus u beddelay buur ciqaab ahaan buurtiina waxay ku hartay magaciisii.[17] Nidaam magac oo roon ayaa sidoo kale la soo jeediyay. D. Dechev wuxuu u arkaa in Haemus (Αἷμος) laga soo qaatay erayga Thracian *saimon, oo macnaheedu yahay 'dhabarka buurta'.[18] Suurtagalnimada saddexaad ayaa ah in "Haemus" (Αἵμος) uu ka soo jeedo erayga Giriigga ah ee haima (αἷμα) oo macnaheedu yahay 'dhiig'. Khuraafaadku wuxuu la xiriiraa dagaal dhex maray Zeus iyo bahalkii/ninkii weynaa ee Typhon. Zeus wuxuu dhaawacay Typhon oo wata hillaac dhiiggii Typhonna wuxuu ku dhacay buuraha, taas oo siiyay magacooda.[19]

Qarniyadii Dhexe ee dambe iyo xilligii Cusmaaniyiinta

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Xusidda ugu horreysa ee magaca waxay ka muuqataa khariidad Carabi ah oo qarnigii 14-aad ah, taas oo Buuraha Haemus loogu yeero Balkan.[20] Markii ugu horreysay ee la xaqiijiyo in magaca "Balkan" loo isticmaalay Galbeedka silsiladda buuraleyda ee Bulgaria waxay ahayd warqad la diray 1565 oo loo diray Pope Innocent VIII waxaa qoray Filippo Buonaccorsi, oo ahaa aqoonyahan Talyaani ah, qoraa iyo diblomaasi.[21] Cusmaaniyiintu waxay marka ugu horreysa ku xuseen dukumenti taariikhdiisu tahay 1565.[9] Ma jirin wax isticmaal ah oo kale oo la diiwaangeliyey oo eraygan loogu isticmaalay in lagu tixraaco gobolka ka hor inta aan la gaarin waqtigaas, inkasta oo qabiilooyin kale oo Turkic ah ay horay ugu degeen ama ay soo mareen gobolka.[9] Waxaa sidoo kale jirta sheegasho ku saabsan asal hore oo Bulgar Turkic ah oo erayga ka mid ah oo caan ka ah Bulgaria, si kastaba ha ahaatee waa sheegasho aan cilmiyeysnayn oo keliya.[9] Erayga waxaa ay Cusmaaniyiintu u isticmaaleen Rumelia macnihiisa guud ee buurta, sida ku jirta Kod̲j̲a-Balkan, Čatal-Balkan, iyo Ungurus-Balkani̊, laakiin gaar ahaan waxaa lagu dabaqay buurta Haemus.[22][23] Magacu weli wuxuu ku sugan yahay Aasiyada Dhexe oo wata Balkan Daglary (Buuraha Balkan)[24] iyo Balkan Region ee Turkmenistan. Safarka Ingiriiska ah John Bacon Sawrey Morritt ayaa ku soo bandhigay eraygan suugaanta Ingiriiska dhamaadkii qarnigii 18-aad, qoraaya kalena waxay bilaabeen inay magaca ku dabaqaan aagga ballaaran ee u dhexeeya Badda Adriatic iyo Badda Madow. Fikradda "Balkans" waxaa abuuray juqraafiyaha Jarmalka ah August Zeune sannadkii 1808,[25] kaasoo si khaldan u tixgeliyey nidaamka buuraleyda dhexe ee Yurubta Koon-bari oo ka soo fidaya Badda Adriatic ilaa Badda Madow.[26][27][5] Intii lagu jiray 1820-meeyadii, "Balkan wuxuu noqday erayga la door biday inkasta oo aanu weli ahayn mid gaar ah oo ay weheliso Haemus oo ay isticmaali jireen dadka safarka ah ee Ingiriiska... Dadka safarka ah ee Ruushka ee aan culayska ku hayn toponymy-ga qadiimiga ah, Balkan wuxuu ahaa erayga la door biday".[28] Buugaagta Yurub ee la daabacay ilaa dhammaadkii 1800-meeyadii waxaa sidoo kale loogu yiqiin Jasiiradda Illyrian ama Illyrische Halbinsel ee Jarmalka.[29]

Isbeddelka macnaha qarniyadii 19-aad iyo 20-aad

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Khariidadda Jasiiradda Balkan ee laga soo bilaabo 1918 oo si weyn ugu saleysan Jovan Cvijić

Erayga si caadi ah looma isticmaali jirin suugaanta juqraafiyada illaa badhtamihii qarnigii 19-aad sababtoo ah, markaas horeba, saynisyahano sida Carl Ritter waxay ka digeen in qaybta koonfureed ee Buuraha Balkan oo keliya loo tixgeliyo inay tahay jasiirad waxayna ku taliyeen in loo bixiyo "Jasiiradda Giriigga". Juqraafiyeyaasha kale ee caanka ah ee aan ku raacsanayn Zeune waxay ahaayeen Hermann Wagner, Theobald Fischer, Marion Newbigin, iyo Albrecht Penck, halka diblomaasiga Austria Johann Georg von Hahn, sannadkii 1869, isla dhulkaas, uu isticmaalay erayga Südosteuropäische Halbinsel ('Jasiiradda Yurubta Koon-bari'). Sabab kale oo aan si weyn loogu aqbalin sida qeexitaanka Turkida Yurub ee xilligaas ay ahayd inay lahayd baaxad dhul oo la mid ah.[caddayn loo baahan yahay] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib Shirweynihii Berlin (1878) waxaa jirtay baahi siyaasadeed oo loo qabay eray cusub oo tartiib tartiib ah "Balkans" dib loogu soo nooleeyay, laakiin khariirado badan, xudduuda waqooyi waxay ahayd Serbia iyo Montenegro isla markaana Giriiggu ma jirin (waxay muujinaysaa oo keliya qaybaha Yurub ee ay markaas hayssteen Cusmaaniyiintu), halka khariiradaha Yugoslaafiyana ay ku jireen Croatia iyo Bosnia. Xilligaas, Jasiiradda Balkan sidoo kale waxaa loo fahmay inay tahay mid la macne ah Rumelia ama Turkiga Yurub, iyo, macnaheeda ugu ballaaran, waxay daboolaysay xudduudaha dhammaan gobollada hore ee Cusmaaniyiinta ee Yurub.[5][27][30]

Isticmaalka eraygu wuxuu isbeddelay dhammaadkii qarnigii 19-aad iyo horraantii qarnigii 20-aad, markii ay qaateen juqraafiyeyaasha Serbia, ugu caansanaa Jovan Cvijić.[26] Waxaa lagu sameeyay sababayn siyaasadeed oo caddayn u ah Waddaniyadda Serbia ee dhulka oo dhan ee Slawga Koonfureed, waxaana sidoo kale ku jiray daraasado anthropologi iyo etnologi ah oo ku saabsan Slawga Koonfureed oo lagu sheegtay aragtiyo waddaniyadeed iyo jinsiyeed oo kala duwan.[26] Siyaasadaha caynkaas ah iyo khariiradaha Yugoslaafiyada erayga waxaa loo sarreeysiiyay heerka casriga ah ee gobol juqraafi ah.[27] Eraygu wuxuu helay tilmaamo waddaniyadeed siyaasadeed oo ka fog macnihiisa juqraafi ee bilowga ah,[5] oo ka soo unkamay isbeddelladii siyaasadeed ee dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad ilaa abuuritaanka Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka ka dib Yugoslavia (bilowgii Boqortooyada Serbs, Croats iyo Slovenes 1918).[27] Ka dib kala diristii Yugoslaafiyada oo bilaabatay bishii Juun 1991, erayga Balkans wuxuu helay macne siyaasadeed oo xun, gaar ahaan Croatia iyo Slovenia, iyo sidoo kale adeegsiga caadiga ah ee adduunka oo dhan ee loogu talagalay isku dhacyada dagaalka iyo kala qaybsanaanta dhulka.[26][27]

Yurubta Koon-bari Bari

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Qayb ahaan waxaa sabab u ah macnaha taariikhiga ah iyo kan siyaasadeed ee erayga Balkans,[31] gaar ahaan tan iyo markii ay dhaceen isku dhacyadii militariga ee 1990-meeyadii ee Yugoslaafiyada qaybteeda galbeed, erayga Yurubta Koon-bari Bari wuxuu noqonayaa mid si aad u weyn u caan baxaya.[27][32] Hindise ay lahayd Midowga Yurub (EU) oo soo baxay 1999 ayaa la yiraahdaa Heshiiska Xasiloonida ee Yurubta Koon-bari Bari. Wargeyska internetka ee Balkan Times ayaa dib loo magacaabay Southeast European Times sannadkii 2003.[xigasho u-baahan]

Hadda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Luqadaha kale ee Balkans, gobolka ama jasiiradda waxaa loo yaqaanaa:

  • Luqadaha Slavic:
  • Luqadaha Romance:
  • Luqadaha kale:
    • Af Albaaniya: Gadishulli Ballkanik iyo Siujdhesa e Ballkanit
    • Greek: Βαλκανική χερσόνησος, oo la isticmaalay alifbeetada laatiinka: Valkaniki chersonisos
    • Af Hangari: Balkán-félsziget ama Balkán
    • Af Turki: Balkan Yarımadası ama Balkanlar

Tixraac

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ Gray, Colin S.; Sloan, Geoffrey (2014). Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. Routledge. ISBN 9781135265021. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  2. ↑ "Balkans". Encyclopædia Britannica. 
  3. ↑ Richard T. Schaefer (2008). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Sage. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2.
  4. ↑ Niktalab, Poopak (2024). Over the Alps: History of Children and Youth Literature in Europe (in Faarisi) (1st ed.). Tehran, Iran: Faradid Publisher. p. 6. ISBN 9786225740457.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Alexander Vezenkov (2017). "Entangled Geographies of the Balkans: The Boundaries of the Region and the Limits of the Discipline". In Roumen Dontchev Daskalov, Tchavdar Marinov (ed.). Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Four: Concepts, Approaches, and (Self-) Representations. Brill. pp. 115–256. ISBN 978-90-04-33782-4.
  6. ↑ Olga M. Tomic (2006). Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4020-4488-5.
  7. ↑ Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Routledge. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-1-134-58328-7.
  8. ↑ Current Trends in Altaic Linguistics; European Balkan(s), Turkic bal(yk) and the Problem of Their Original Meanings Archived 10 Luuliyo 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Marek Stachowski, Jagiellonian University, p. 618.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Todorova, Maria N. (1997). Imagining the Balkans. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 27. ISBN 9780195087512.
  10. ↑ "Balkan". Encarta World English Dictionary. Microsoft Corporation.  Archived Abriil 12, 2009 // Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ "balkan". Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. Türk Dil Kurumu. “Sarp ve ormanlık sıradağ” 
  12. ↑ Kélékian, Diran (1911). "بالقان balqan". Dictionnaire Turc-Français (in Faransiis). Mihran. p. 247. Chaîne de montagnes couveres de forêts. Geogr. Le mont Hæmus; le Balkan.
  13. ↑ Haarmann, Harald (2020). The Mystery of the Danube Civilisation. Marix Verlag. ISBN 9783843806466.
  14. ↑ Anthony, David (2010). Anthony, David; Chi, Jennifer (eds.). The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC. New York University, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. p. 29. ISBN 9780691143880.
  15. ↑ "Bulgaria". Hemus – a Thracian name. Indiana University. 1986. p. 54.
  16. ↑ Balkan Studies. 1986.
  17. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.87–89
  18. ↑ Decev, D (1986). Balkan Studies. University of Michigan. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  19. ↑ Apollodorus (1976). Gods and Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0870232060. Retrieved 12 September 2014. Haemus bloody zeus typhon.
  20. ↑ Dobrev, Ivan (1989). Проиcхождение географического названия Балкан – Sixieme Congres international d'etudes du Sud-Est Europeen (in Faransiis). Sofia: Ed.de l'Académie bulgare des Sciences.
  21. ↑ Todorova, Maria (2009). Imagining the Balkans. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-538786-5.
  22. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Editors: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online Reference Works.
  23. ↑ Inalcık, Halil (2012-04-24). "Balkan – Brill Reference". Brillonline.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  24. ↑ "Balkan Mountains". World Land Features Database. Land.WorldCityDB.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
  25. ↑ Pavic, Silvia (22 November 2000). "Some Thoughts About The Balkans". About, Inc. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay "Somek15".
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay "Altić11".
  28. ↑ Todorova, Maria (2009). Imagining the Balkans. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780195087512.
  29. ↑ Illyrische Halbinsel. 1851.
  30. ↑ Vezenkov, Alexander (2006). "History against Geography: Should We Always Think of the Balkans As Part of Europe?". Junior Visiting Fellows' Conferences. XXI (4). Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  31. ↑ "Balkanize". merriam-webster.com.
  32. ↑ Bideleux, Robert; Ian Jeffries (2007). A history of Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-415-36627-4.
Waxaa laga keenay "https://so.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jasiiradda_Balkaan&oldid=309493"