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Al-Caadil Abuu Bakar

Ka Wikipedia
Sayf ad-Din Abuu Bakar
Al-Malik al-Adil

Saphadin (Seeftii Diinta)

Adeegaha Labada Masaajid ee Barayaysan
Al Adil Sayf al Din Abu Bakr Muhammad I, isagoo ah Gudoomiyaha Mesobotaamiya, 1194-1199. Lacagta Mayafariqin. Taariikhdu waa AH 591 (1194-1195 Ciise Dabadii)
Suldaanka Masar
Xilka1200 – Ogosto 1218
Ka horeeyayAl-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad
Ku xigayAl-Kamil
Amiirka Dimishiq
Reign1196 – Ogosto 1218
Ka horeeyayAl-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din
Ku xigayal-Mu'azzam
DhashayJuun 1145
Dhintey31 August 1218(1218-08-31) (Da’weyn 73)
IssueMalik Al-Kamil
Dayfa Khatun
Al-Mu'azzam Isa
Al-Awhad Ayyub
Al-Muzaffar Ghazi
Al-Ashraf Musa
As-Salih Ismail[1]
Magaca oo dhameestiran
Al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Abu-Bakr Ahmed ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub
SaldanadAyyubiyiinta
AaboNajm ad-Din Ayyub
DiintaSunni Islam

Al-Adil I (Af Carabi: العادل, magaciisa oo buuxaana yahay al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Abu-Bakr Ahmed ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub, Af Carabi: الملك العادل سيف الدين أبو بكر بن أيوب,‎ "Axmed, ina Najm ad-Din Ayyub, aabbihii Bakr, Boqorkii Caddaaladda ahaa, Seeftii Diinta"; 1145 – 31 Ogosto 1218) wuxuu ahaa Suldaankii afraad ee Masar iyo Suuriya, waana walaalkii Salaxudiin, kaas oo asaasay Suldaanadii Masar iyo boqortooyadii Ayyubiyiinta. Saliibiyiintu waxay u garanayeen magaca Saphadin (oo laga soo qaatay laqabkiisa ama magac-sharaftiisa Sayf ad-Din, oo macnaheedu yahay "Seeftii Diinta"), magacaas oo weli looga yaqaanno Dunida Galbeedka. Maamule iyo qabanqaabiye hibo leh oo waxtar badan,[2] Al-Adil wuxuu taageero milateri iyo mid madani oo muhiim ah siiyay ololihii weynaa ee Salaxudiin (tusaale hore oo wasiir dagaal oo weyn). Sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa jeneraal iyo istiraatiijiyad yaal karti leh, isaga ayaana gacan weyn ka gaystay isbeddelkii Khilaafadii Faadumiyiinta ee Qaahira ee daciiftay loogu beddelay Suldaanadii Ayyubiyiinta ee Masar. ​

Bilowgii noloshiisa

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

​ Al-Adil wuxuu ahaa wiil uu dhalay Najm ad-Din Ayyub, wuxuuna xubin ka ahaa qoyska Kurdida[3][4] ee Ayyubiyiinta iyo walaalka ka yar Salaxudiin. Wuxuu dhashay bishii Juun 1145, waxaana suurtagal ah inay ahayd Dimishiq. Markii ugu horreysay wuxuu magac ku yeeshay isagoo sarkaal ka ah ciidankii Nur ad-Din Zengi xilligii ololihii saddexaad iyo kii ugu dambeeyay ee adeerkiis Shirkuh ee Masar (1168–1169); geeridii Nuuraddiin ka dib 1174, Al-Adil wuxuu Masar u maamulay walaalkiis Salaxudiin isagoo abaabulay ilaha dhaqaale ee ballaaran ee dalkaas si uu u taageero ololihii walaalkiis ee Suuriya iyo dagaalkii uu kula jiray Saliibiyiinta (1175–1183). Wuxuu ahaa gudoomiyaha Xalab (1183–1186) laakiin wuxuu ku laabtay maamulka Masar xilligii Saliibiyadii Saddexaad (1186–1192); isagoo ahaa gudoomiyaha gobollada woqooyi ee Salaxudiin (1192–1193), wuxuu xakameeyay kacdoonkii 'Izz Al-Din ee Musul ka dib geeridii Salaxudiin (Maarso 1193). Markii uu Salaxudiin dhintay wuxuu ahaa gudoomiyaha Dimishiq. ​Sannadkii 1190, Boqor Richard I ee England wuxuu u soo jeediyay Al-Adil inuu guursado walaashiis ka yar Joan of England, ka dibna gabadha uu adeerka u ahaa ee Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany, laakiin labaduba ma suurtoobin, maadaama Al-Adil uusan wax xiiso ah u muujin Masiixiyadda.[5][6] ​

Halgankii dhaxalka Salaxudiin

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Lacag bir ah oo laga soo saaray Dimishiq laguna soo saaray magaca Suldaan Al-Adil sannadkii 1201
Lacagta Al Adil Sayf al Din Abu Bakr Muhammad I. Isagoo ah Gudoomiyaha Mesobotaamiya (1194–1199). Mayyafariqin. Taariikhdu waa AH 591 (1194-1195 Ciise Dabadii).

​Su'aasha muhiimka ah ee hortaalay qoyska talada hayay ee Ayyubiyiinta geeridii Salaxudiin ka dib waxay ahayd in awooddu ay ku dhex jirto wiilashii Salaxudiin, iyo in si ballaaran loogu qaybiyo laamaha kala duwan ee qoyska, iyo xataa in lagu ururiyo gacanta al-Adil laftiisa. Salaxudiin wuxuu ka dalbaday dhammaan Amiirrada inay u dhaaradaan daacadnimo wiilkiisa al-Afdal Cali, laakiin geeridiisii ka dib qaar ka mid ah wiilashiisii kale ma ay aqbalin hoggaanka al-Afdal.[7] Muranadii xigay, al-Adil wuxuu badanaa isku arkay booska dhex-dhexaadiye daacad ah oo u dhexeeya al-Afdal Cali iyo walaalkiis al-Aziz Uthman, isagoo isku dayaya inuu nabadda ilaaliyo.[7] Ugu dambayntii se, al-Adil wuxuu go'aansaday in al-Afdal Cali uusan u qalmin xukunka, wuxuuna taageeray al-Aziz Cuthmaan si uu Suldaan ugu noqdo meeshiisa, isagoo walaalkiis ku khasbay inuu musaafur ku baxo.[8] Geeridii al-Aziz Cuthmaan ee 1198 ka dib shil faras ayaa markale furay halgankii boqortooyada. Al-Afdal Cali waxaa looga yeeray Masar si uu wakiil ugu noqdo qofkii baddalay al-Aziz Cuthmaan oo ahaa 12-jir, al-Mansur Mohammed. Isagoo ka duulaya awooddaas, wuxuu ku biiray walaalkiis az-Zahir Ghazi si ay isugu dayaan inay al-Adil ka saaraan Dimishiq, taas oo ay go'doomiyeen.[8] Al-Adil, isagoo xirfad u adeegsanaya wuxuu isku dhuftay wiilashii uu adeerka u ahaa, wuxuuna ka weeciyay dadkii u dhashay ee labada dhinacba raacsanaa. Imaatinka al-Kaamil, oo ahaa wiilka al-Adil, oo keenay gurmad Dimishiq iyo khilaafyadii socday waxay keentay in go'doomintii la soo afjaro bishii Diseembar 1199. Al-Afdal wuxuu u dib guraday Masar, laakiin adeerkiis ayaa eryaday oo kaga adkaaday ciidankiisii meesha Bilbeis. Isagoo u cararaya Qaahira, al-Afdal wuxuu codsaday nabad ku salaysan shuruud kasta oo uu ka heli karo al-Adil; isagoo laga xayuubiyay Masar waxaa loo ballanqaaday magaalooyinka Samosata iyo Mayyafaraqin. 17 Febraayo 1200 al-Adil wuxuu isu magacaabay 'suldaan'. Al-Afdal waxaa u diiday inuu maamulo Mayyafaraqin wiil kale oo uu dhalay al-Adil oo la yiraahdo al-Auhad. Al-Afdal wuxuu mar kale xulafo la noqday az-Zahir, labadii walaalaha ahaana waxay mar kale go'doomiyeen Dimishiq. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khilaaf ayaa markale ka dhex qarxay, iyadoo al-Afdal ugu dambayntii lumiyay rabitaankii ahaa inuu sii wado dagaalka. Al-Adil wuxuu u xaqiijiyay al-Afdal xukunka Samosata, Saruj iyo tiro magaalooyin kale ah. Az-Zahir wuxuu qirtay sarraynta adeerkiis guga 1202, al-Adil-na wuxuu ku guulaystay inuu awooddiisa ku baahiyo dhammaan dhulalkii Ayyubiyiinta.[9] ​

Xukunka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Guushii ka dib, wuxuu si xikmad leh oo wanaagsan u xukumay Masar iyo Suuriya ku dhowaad labaatan sano, isagoo dhiirigeliyay ganacsiga iyo xiriirka wanaagsan ee lala leeyahay Maamuladii Saliibiyiinta (1200–1217). Inta badan xukunkiisa si kastaba ha ahaatee, ninka sida rasmiga ah Masar u xukumayay wuxuu ahaa wiilkiisa Al-Kamil.[10] ​Xukunkii al Adil guud ahaan wuxuu ahaa mid xoojin ah marka loo eego ballaarinta. Wuxuu ku jiray dabayaaqadii kontomeeyadiisa markii uu awooddiisa xoojiyay, markaasna wuxuu ku dhowaad labaatan sano ku jiray dagaal joogto ah. Welwelkiisii ugu horreeyay wuxuu ahaa inuu dib u dhis ku sameeyo khasnaddiisa, taas oo uu walaalkiis kaga tagay iyadoo eber ah ka dib dhismihii boqortooyada, dagaaladii Saliibiyiinta iyo halgankii ka dhex jiray boqortooyada Ayyubiyiinta dhexdeeda. Al-Adil wuxuu isbeddel ku sameeyay lacagta iyo nidaamka canshuuraha labadaba.[10] Waxtarka tallaabooyinkii uu qaaday waxaa laga dhex arki karaa soo kabashadii degdegga ahayd ee ay Masar ka samaysay dhulgariir dhacay 1200 (597) iyo fatahaaddii yara weyd ee webiga Niil intii u dhaxaysay 1199 iyo 1202 (595–98). Abaartii iyo macaluushii ka dhalatay waxay ahaayeen khataro daran, laakiin tallaabooyin kala duwan oo uu qaaday oo ay ku jirtay u diridda askartiisa si ay dhulka u fashaan, al-Adil wuxuu xaqiijiyay xasilloonida bulsho iyo tan siyaasadeed iyo waliba soo kabashada dhaqaalaha.[10] ​In laga fogaado saliibiyad cusub waxay ahayd welwelka labaad ee ugu weyn ee xukunkii al-Adil, si uuna u gaaro ujeedkaas wuxuu dhiirigeliyay ganacsiga lala leeyahay baayacmushtarka Yurub, isagoo xisaabinaya haddii magaalooyinka ganacsiga ee badda Mediterraneanka ay dan ka leeyihiin ganacsi nabdoon inay ka fogaan doonaan taageerada saliibiyad cusub. Kuma uusan guulaysan dhammaan arrintan, waxaana jiray weeraro dhinaca badda ah oo ay Faranjigu ku qaadeen Rosetta sannadkii 1204 (600) iyo Damietta sannadkii 1211 (607).[10] ​Welwelkiisii saddexaad wuxuu ahaa inuu sii haysto hoggaanka dhulalka Ayyubiyiinta isagoon adeegsan xoog. Wuxuu noqday diblomaasi ku xeel dheer dhinacaas wuxuuna ku guulaystay inuu iska ilaaliyo iska horimaad kasta wixii ka dambeeyay 1201. Waxaa si gaar ah muhiim u ahaa guurka gabadhiisa Dayfa Khatun ee wiilka Salaxudiin Az-Zahir Ghazi ee Xalab sannadkii 1212, taas oo calaamad u ahayd dhammaadkii loolankii u dhexeeyay labada laamood ee qoyska.[11] Al-Adil wuxuu kaloo qaatay barnaamij ballaaran oo dib loogu dhisayo difaacyada dhammaan dhulalkiisa, qalcadda weyn ee Dimishiq waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah guulihiisii ugu caansanaa ee dhinacaas.[12] ​Himilada dhul-ballaarsiga ee Al-Adil waxay ku foornayd meel ka fog xarumaha ugu waaweyn ee xukunka Ayyubiyiinta, ee koonfurta Anatolia iyo woqooyiga Mesopotamia. Wuxuu muddo ka dib ku guulaystay inuu gacanta ku dhigo inta badan dhulalkii hore ee Zengiyiinta, marka laga reebo Musul iyo Sinjar, iyo waliba gobolka ku wareegsan Harta Van.[12] Wuxuu qabsaday Ahlat 1207 wuxuuna soo afjaray xukunkii Ahlatshahs. ​

Geerida iyo dhaxalka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Qabriga Al-Adil I ee ku yaal Madrasada Al-Adiliyah ee Dimishiq

Mid ka mid ah ujeedooyinka ugu waaweyn ee siyaasadda dibadda ee al-Adil waxay ahayd in laga fogaado kicinidda ama bilaabidda Saliibiyad cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bishii Sebtembar 1217 (Jumaada II 612) ciidan cusub oo Saliibiyiin ah ayaa soo caga dhigtay Akko. Al-Adil gabi ahaanba diyaar uma ahayn weerarkan, in kasta oo uu ahaa toddobaatan iyo laba jir haddana si degdeg ah ayuu ciidankiisii u geeyay Falastiin si uu ula dagaalamo. Ololihii Falastiin uma keenin wax guul ah oo xusid mudan si kasta ha ahaatee, bishii Ogosto 1218 (Jumaada 1 615) wuxuu helay warka naxdinta leh ee ahaa in ciidan labaad oo Saliibiyiin ah ay ku soo degeen Masar oo ay weerarayeen Damietta.[13] Wuu xanuunsaday wuxuuna dhintay isagoo ololaha ku jira (Ogosto 1218) waxaana baddalay wiilkiisa Malik Al-Kamil. ​Xukunkii Al Adil wuxuu ahaa mid go'aamiye u ahaa qaabka boqortooyada Ayyubiyiinta sannado badan oo soo socda. Isaga ka dib, dhaxalka Masar iyo darajada sare ee Suldaannimada waxay ku dhex jirtay wiilka ugu weyn ee faraciisa. Faraciisa ayaa sidoo kale maamulayay qalcadda muhiimka ah ee xadka ku taal ee Mayyafariqin ee ku taal waqooyiga fog ee bariga fog ee dhulka Ayyubiyiinta. Meelaha kale, faracii Salaxudiin waxay sii haysteen Xalab, qoyska walaalkii kale ee Al-Adil Nur ad-Din Shahanshah waxay haysteen Baalbek iyo Xamaa. Xoms waxaa haystay faraca adeerka Al-Adil ee Shirkuh. Dimishiq waxay noqotay goobta ugu weyn ee loolanka ka dhashay laamaha kala duwan ee qoyska, iyadoo gacanta dhowr jeer laysu dhaafay ka hor intaan xukunkii Ayyubiyiinta dhammaan.[14] ​

Qoyska

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Al-Caadil wuxuu dhalay 16 wiil, oo ay ka mid yihiin Malik Al-Kamil, Malik Al-Ashraf Musa, Al-Awhad Ayyub, Al-Mu'azzam Isa, iyo Al-Muzaffar Ghazi, iyo dhowr gabdhood oo ay ka mid yihiin, Dayfa Khatun, Malika Khatun, Zahra Khatun, Ghaziya Khatun iyo Malika Adliya Ghaziya Khatun.[1]

Tixraac

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. 1 2 "Eyyubi Ailesi Kadınları". kaynakca.hacettepe.edu.tr (in Turkish). pp. 320–342. Archived from the original on 2024-01-05. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
  2. ↑ From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1160 by R. Stephen Humphreys, SUNY Press 1977, p. 155
  3. ↑ Humphreys, R. S. "AYYUBIDS", Encyclopædia Iranica; "AYYUBIDS (Ar. Banū Ayyūb), a Kurdish family who first became prominent as members of the Zangid military establishment in Syria in the mid-sixth/twelfth century."
  4. ↑ Mazaheri, Mas‘ud Habibi; Gholami, Rahim. "Ayyūbids", Encyclopaedia Islamica; "Ayyūbids, a dynasty of Kurdish origin that ruled Egypt, Syria, the Jazīra and the Yemen in the 6th/12th and 7th/13th centuries."
  5. ↑ "A Bit of History WebSite". Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
  6. ↑ The Angevin Empire
  7. 1 2 Runciman, Steven (1954). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79.
  8. 1 2 Runciman, Steven (1954). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 81.
  9. ↑ Humphreys, R. S. (1997) From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, SUNY Press, pp. 111–122
  10. 1 2 3 4 Petry, Carl F., ed. (1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN 0-521-47137-0.
  11. ↑ From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 by R. Stephen Humphreys p.155
  12. 1 2 Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan, eds. (2004). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 748. ISBN 978-1-13905403-4.
  13. ↑ From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 by R. Stephen Humphreys, p. 160
  14. ↑ Lane-Poole, Stanley, The Mohammedan Dynasties, Constable, London 1894 p.77

​*Nicolle, David (2008). The Second Crusade. Osprey Publishing.

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Al-Caadil Abuu Bakar
Born: Juun 1145 Died: Ogosto 1218
Regnal titles
xilka kaga horeeyey
Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din		 Amiirka Dimishiq
1196 – Ogosto 1218		 Xilka  kala wareegay
al-Mu'azzam
xilka kaga horeeyey
al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad		 Suldaanka Masar
1200 – Ogosto 1218		 Xilka  kala wareegay
al-Kamil

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