Waddanka Republic
Waddanka Republic
Jamhuuriyad (Laatiin): waa nooc ka mid ah dawladaha dalka loo aqoonsan yahay "arrin guud", ma aha walwal gaar ah ama hantida taliyeyaasha. Hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee awooda jagada Jamhuuriyadda laguma dhaxlo. Waa qaab dawladeed oo madaxiisu yahay maamul aan dowlad ahayn. [1] [2] [3] Ingiriisi Maraykan ah, qeexidda jamhuuri waxay si gaar ah u eegaysaa qaab dawladeed oo qofkii la doortay uu wakiil ka yahay hay'adda muwaadiniinta [2] iyo awooda jimicsiga sida waafaqsan xeerka sharciga ee dastuurku leeyahay, oo ay ka mid tahay kala-takooridda awoodaha madaxweyne la soo doortay , oo loo yaqaano Jamhuuriyadda dastuuriga ah [4] [5] [6] [7] ama matalaad dimoqraadi ah [8] Ilaa 2017, 159 oo ka mid ah 206 dawlad-goboleed ee adduunka ah ayaa isticmaala ereyga "jumlada" iyaga oo qayb ka ah magacyadooda rasmiga ah - maahan dhammaan kuwani waa jumlado dareen ah in ay yeeshaan dowlado la doortay, mana aha erayga "jumlada" oo loo adeegsado magacyada dhammaan quruumaha leh xukuumadaha la doortay. Inkasta oo madax-hogaamiyeyaashu ay inta badan ku tilmaameen in ay xukumaan kaliya "oggolaanshaha xukunka", doorashooyinka waddamada qaarkood ayaa la ogaaday in la qabto wax badan oo loogu talagalay ujeedada "muujinta" marka loo eego ujeedada dhabta ah ee bixinta muwaadiniinta awood u leh inay doortaan madaxdooda.
Ereyga Jamhuuriyadda ayaa markii ugu horaysay c. 500 BC ee Rome, laakiin waqti ka dib ayaa ereyga loo beddelay isbeddello dhowr ah oo macnaha ah. Ugu horreyntii, ereyga Latin-ka ah ee dib-u-soo-noqoshada ayaa muujinaya "nooc ka mid ah dimuqraadiyadda" sida laga helay Rooma c. 500 BC illaa c. 27 BC. Xilligii hore ee Roomaaniga, awoodda qolka aristocratic ama patrician ee ku fadhiya dhammaan kuraasta rasmiga ah ee Roomaanku, waxaa hubiyey hay'adda qunsuliyadda, oo laba ka mid ah qunsuliyiin / madaxweyne ku doortay sannad walba muwaadiniinta xorta ah ama codsiyada Roomaanka. Erayga qadiimka ah ee Roomaanku wuxuu ka duwan yahay isticmaalka casriga ah ee ereyga, oo aan jirin jago hoggaaneed oo lagu xakameeyo kaliya "fasalka xukunka". [10] [11] Inta badan jamhuuri waa waddan madax bannaan, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira hay'ado dawlad hoose oo madax-bannaan oo loo yaqaan jamhuuriyada, ama leh dowladaha lagu sharaxay "Jamhuuriga" dabeecadda. Tusaale ahaan, Qodobka IV ee Dastuurka Mareykanka wuxuu "damaanad qaadayaa Dowlad kasta oo ku taala Ururka Midnimada Jamhuuriga ah". [12] Marka la barbardhigo, Midowgii hore ee Soofiyeetiga, oo naftiisa ku tilmaamay inuu yahay koox "Jamhuuriyiin" iyo sidoo kale "dowlad-goboleed federaal ah oo ka kooban 15 Jamhuuri", ayaa loo arkaa inuu yahay qaab dawladeed oo awood leh oo aan dowlad ahaan ahayn dawlad Waxaa loo arkaa in uu yahay madax-wayne, iyada oo nidaamkeeda doorashooyinka loo qaabeeyey si loo hubiyo in si toos ah loo damaanad-qaado doorashooyinka musharixiinta xukuumadda u xilsaartay. [13]
Liska Waddanka Republic
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- ↑ Joseph Lee, Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 300.
- ↑ Henry St. Amant Bradsher, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, Duke University Press, 1983.