U bood nuxurka

Sao Tome iyo Prinsipe

Bedel linkiga
Ka Wikipedia
(Waxaa laga soo toosiyay Sao Tome and Principe)
Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Sao Tome iyo Principe
República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe  (Af-Boortaqiis)
Calanka São Tomé and Príncipe
Calanka
Astaanta ee São Tomé and Príncipe
Astaanta
Hal-ku-dheg: "Unidade, Disciplina, Trabalho" (Af-Boortaqiis)
("Midnimo, Anshax, Shaqo")
Heesta qaranka: "Independência Total" (Af-Boortaqiis)
("Madaxbannaanida Sifaysan")
Location of Sao Tome iyo Prinsipe (dark blue)in Africa (light blue)
Location of Sao Tome iyo Prinsipe (dark blue)

in Africa (light blue)

CaasimaddaSão Tomé
0°20′N 6°44′E / 0.333°N 6.733°E / 0.333; 6.733
Magaalada ugu weyncaasimadda
Luuqadaha gobolka ee la aqoonsan yahay
Luqadda rasmiga ah
iyo luqadda qaranka		Boortaqiis
Diinta
(2020)[1]
 Dadka
  • Reer São Tomé[2]
  • Santomean
DawladdaJamhuuriyad nus-madaxtooyo oo midaysan nus-madaxtooyo[3]
Carlos Vila Nova
Américo Ramos
Sharci-dejintaAqlaka Qaranka
Madaxbannaanida 
ka qaadatay Boortaqiiska
• La siiyay
12 July 1975
• La aqbalay inuu ku biiro Qaramada Midoobay
16 September 1975
22 August 1990
Bedka
• Wadarta
964[4] km2 (372 sq mi) (171aad)
• Biyo (%)
mid aan la xusi karin
Dadka
• Qiyaastii 2023
220,372[5] (175aad)
• Cufnaanta
199.7/km2 (517.2/sq mi) (69aad)
Wax soo saar (PPP)Qiyaastii 2024 
• Wadarta
Increase $1 bilyan[6]
• Qofkiiba
Increase $4,238[6]
Wax soo saar (magac ahaan)Qiyaastii 2024 
• Wadarta
Increase $751 milyan[6]
• Qofkiiba
Increase $3,167[6]
Qaybsiga (2017)40.7[7]
sinnaan la'aan dhexdhexaad ah
Kobaca (2023)0.637[8]
dhexdhexaad (141aad)
LacagtaDobra (STN)
SaacaddaUTC+0 (GMT)
Qaabka taariikhdadd/mm/yyyy
Koodhka wicitaanka+239
Koodhka ISO 3166ST
Furaha Internetka.st

São Tomé and Príncipe,[lower-alpha 1] si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Sao Tome and Principe,[lower-alpha 2] waa dal jasiirad ah oo ku yaal Gacanka Guinea, ee ka baxsan xeebta galbeed ee dhul-baraha ee Bartamaha Afrika. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba gasaaladood oo ku wareegsan labada jasiiradood ee ugu waaweyn ee São Tomé iyo Príncipe, kuwaas oo isu jira qiyaastii 81 nautical miles (150 km; 93 mi) iyo qiyaastii 135 and 121 nautical miles (250 and 224 km; 155 and 139 mi) meel ka baxsan xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee Gabon. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad tiradoodu gaadhayso 201,800 (qiyaastii rasmiga ahayd ee 2018),[10] São Tomé and Príncipe waa dalka labaad ee ugu yar uguna dadka yar dhinaca dawladaha madaxabannaan ee Afrika marka laga reebo Seychelles.

Jasiiraduhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo aanay cidna deggenayn ilaa thariikh-baadhayaashii Boortaqiiska ee João de Santarém iyo Pedro Escobar ay noqdeen kuwii ugu horreeyay ee ogaaday 21kii Diisambar 1470.[11] Si tartiib-tartiib ah ayaa loo gumeystay oo loo degay intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii 16aad, waxayna si wadajir ah u adeegeen sidii xarun ganacsi oo muhiim u ah ganacsiga addoomaha ee Atlaantigga. Ciidda fulkaanaha ee hodanka ah iyo u dhawaanshaha dhul-baraha ayaa ka dhigay São Tomé and Príncipe mid ku habboon beerista sokorta, taas oo ay markii dambe ku xigtay dalagyada lacagta lagu beddelto ee ay ka mid yihiin bunka iyo kookaha. Dhaqaalaha beero-weynta ee faa'iidada badan lahaa wuxuu aad ugu tiirsanaa addoomihii Afrikaanka ahaa. Wareegyadii rabshadaha bulshada iyo xasillooni-darrada dhaqaale ee ka dhacay qarniyadii 19aad iyo 20aad waxay ku dhammaadeen madaxbannaanidii nabdoonayd ee sannadkii 1975 iyadoo uu dalku noqday dawlad hantiwadaag ah oo hal xisbi leh, taas oo jirtay ilaa 1990. Tan iyo xilligaas, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay ku baaqday mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu xasilloon uguna dimuqraaddisan Afrika. São Tomé and Príncipe waa dhaqaale soo koraya oo leh Tusaha Horumarka Aadanaha oo dhexdhexaad ah.

Dadka São Tomé and Príncipe badankoodu waxay ka soo jeedaan Afrikaan iyo mestiço (dad iska dhal ah oo isugu jira reer Yurub iyo Afrikaan), iyadoo inta badanna ay ku dhaqmaan Masiixiyadda. Dhaxalkii xukunkii Boortaqiiska wuxuu sidoo kale ka muuqdaa dhaqanka, caadooyinka, iyo muusigga dalka, kuwaas oo isku dhex qasa saamaynta reer Yurub iyo tan Afrikaanka ah. São Tomé and Príncipe waa mid ka mid ah dawladaha aasaasay Ururka Waddamada Ku Hadla Luqadda Boortaqiiska.

Taariikhda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Khariidaddii São Tomé oo uu sameeyay Johannes Vingboons (1665)

Jasiiradaha ka kooban São Tomé and Príncipe waxay weyshoobeen qiyaastii 30 milyan oo sano ka hor sababo la xidhiidha hawlo fulkaano ah oo ka dhacay biyo aad u mool dheer oo ku teedsan Khadka Cameroon.[12] Muddo ka dib, is-dhexgalka biyaha badda iyo xilliyadii qaraxyo fulkaano ah waxay jasiiradaha ku keeneen dhagaxaan dab-beereed iyo kuwo fulkaano oo aad u kala duwan oo leh isku-dhafnaan adblock ah oo macdan ah.[12]

Imaatinka Yurubiyiinta

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Jasiiradaha São Tomé and Príncipe ma ay deggenayn cidna markii ay Boortaqiisku yimiideen 21kii Diisambar 1470.[11] Reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee xeebta cagta saara waxay ahaayeen João de Santarém iyo Pêro Escobar.[11] Bad-maaxiinta Boortaqiiska ayaa baadhay jasiiradaha waxayna go'aansadeen inay noqon lahaayeen meelo wanaagsan oo fadhi u ah ganacsiga ay la leeyihiin dhulka weyn.

Taariikhda imaatinka reer Yurub mararka qaar waxaa lagu sheegaa 21ka Diisambar (Maalintii St Thomas) 1471, ee São Tomé; iyo 17ka Janaayo (Maalintii St Antony) 1472, ee Príncipe, in kasta oo ilo kale ay sheegayaan sannado kale oo ka duwan agagaarka waqtigaas. Príncipe markii hore waxaa loo bixiyay Santo Antão ("Saint Anthony"), iyadoo magaca loo beddelay 1502 oo laga dhigay Ilha do Príncipe ("Jasiiraddii Amiirka"), iyadoo loo tixraacayo Amiirka Boortaqiiska oo la siin jiray canshuurta laga qaado dalagga sokorta ee jasiiradda.

Deegaankii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee São Tomé waxaa aasaasay 1493kii Álvaro Caminha, oo dhulkaas hantidooda hadiyad ahaan uga helay boqortooyada.[13] Príncipe waxaa la degay sannadkii 1500 iyadoo la raacay habayn la mid ah. Soo jiidashada dadka deegaanka waxay noqotay mid adag, si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badanna dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay waxay ahaayeen "kuwo aan la rabbin" oo laga soo tarxiilay Boortaqiiska, kuwaas oo u badnaa Yuhuudda Sephardic.[14] 2,000 oo carruur Yuhuud ah, oo siddeed sano jir iyo ka yar ah, ayaa laga soo kaxeeyay jasiiradda Iberian si ay uga shaqeeyaan beerihii sokorta.[15] Muddo ka dib, dadkii degay waxay ogaadeen in ciidda fulkaanaha ee gobolku ay ku habboon tahay beeraha, gaar ahaan koritaanka sokorta.

Portuguese Sao Tomé and Principe

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Sannadkii 1515, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay noqdeen xarumo lagu kaydiyo addoomaha ee ganacsiga addoomaha xeebaha kaas oo xaruntiisu ahayd Elmina.[16]

Beerista sokorta waxay ahayd hawl u baahan cudud shaqaale oo aad u badan, Boortaqiiskuna wuxuu bilaabay inuu addoonsado tiro badan oo Afrikaan ah oo laga keenay qaaradda. Marxaladihii hore ee kor u kaca sokorta, hantida jasiiradaha ku taal waxay lahayd qiimo yar, iyadoo wax-beeristu ay ahayd mid ku kooban isticmaalka deegaanka oo qudha. Inkasta oo dhaqaaluhu uu inta badan ku tiirsanaa marinka addoomaha, cuntooyin badan ayaa durba la soo dhoofin jiray.[17] Markii uu dhulka deegaanka lahaa ee Álvaro Borges dhintay 1504, dhulkiisii la nadiifiyay iyo xoolihiisii la rabbeeyay waxaa lagu iibiyay oo kaliya 13,000 réis, oo ah qiyaastii qiimaha saddex addoon.[18] Sida uu sheegay Valentim Fernandes agagaarkii 1506, São Tomé waxay lahayd beero sonkor ah oo ka badan kuwa Madeira "kuwaas oo ay durba ka soo saari jireen rami,"[19] laakiin jasiiraddu ma lahayn tas-hiilaad loogu talagalay wax-soo-saarka sokorta ee warshadaha.[17]

São Sebastião Museum ee ku yaal São Tomé

Horumarka dhaqaalaha ee qarnigii 16aad

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

São Tomé waxay aragtay horumar dhaqaale oo weyn ka dib markii la soo hordhigay mashiinka sokorta oo ku shaqeeya biyaha sannadkii 1515, taas oo horseedday beerista ballaadhan ee sokorta:[20] "Beeruhu way sii fidsanayaan mashiinnada sokortana sidoo kale. Waqtigan, kaliya laba mashiin oo sokor ah ayaa halkan ku yaal saddex kalena waa la dhisayaa, iyadoo la tirinayo mashiinka qandaraaslayaasha, kaas oo weyn. Sidoo kale, xaaladihii lagama maarmaanka ahaa waa ay jiraan, sida durdurrada iyo alwaaxda, si loo awoodo in la dhiso kuwo kale oo badan. Oo [sokorta] cawsduurradeedu waa kuwa ugu waaweyn ee aan weli noloshayda ku arko."[xigasho u-baahan] Beerihii sokorta waxaa lagu agaasimay cududda addoomaha, badhtamihii qarnigii 16aadna, dadkii degay ee Boortaqiiska ahaa waxay jasiiradaha u beddeleen dalka ugu horreeya ee Afrika u dhoofiya sokorta.[21]

Addoomaha ku sugan São Tomé waxaa laga keenay Xeebta Addoomaha ee Galbeedka Afrika, dusha sare ee Niger, jasiiradda Fernando Po, iyo dambarkiiba laga keenay Kongo iyo Angola.[22] Qarnigii 16aad, addoomaha waxaa laga soo dhoofin jiray lagana dhoofin jiray Boortaqiiska, Elmina, Boqortooyada Kongo, Angola, iyo Ameerikada Isbaanishka. Sannadkii 1510, waxaa la sheegay in 10,000 ilaa 12,000 oo addoon uu soo dhoofsaday Boortaqiisku.[23] Sannadkii 1516, São Tomé waxay heshay 4,072 oo addoon iyada oo ujeeddadu ahayd in dib loo dhoofiyo.[23] Intii u dhaxeysay 1519 ilaa 1540, jasiiraddu waxay ahayd xarunta ganacsiga addoomaha ee u dhaxeeyay Elmina iyo dusha sare ee Niger.[24] Intii lagu guda jiray bilowgii ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad, São Tomé waxay si goor goor ah addoomo ula ganacsan jirtay Angola iyo Boqortooyada Kongo.[25] Sannadkii 1525 São Tomé waxay bilowday inay addoomo u kala goyso Ameerikada Isbaanishka, inta badanna Kariibiyaanka iyo Brazil.[26] Intii u dhaxeysay 1532 ilaa 1536, São Tomé waxay celcelis ahaan sannadkii u dirtay 342 addoon dhanka Antilles.[27] Ka hor 1580, jasiiraddu waxay lahayd 75 boqolkiiba waxyaabaha ay soo dhoofisay Brazil, kuwaas oo u badnaa addoomo.[27] Ganacsiga addoomaha wuxuu ahaa tiir-dhexaadka dhaqaalaha São Tomé ilaa ka dib 1600.

Xoogagga awoodda ee São Tomé qarnigii 16aad waxay ahaayeen kuwo si layaab leh u kala duwan iyadoo ay ka qaybqaadanayeen dadka xorta ah ee mulattos ah iyo muwaadiniinta madow ee maamulka. Dadka deegaanka ee ikhtiyaarkooda ku yimid waxay ka fogaadeen São Tomé sababo la xidhiidha cudurrada iyo cuntada yarida, sidaas darteed boqortooyadii Boortaqiisku waxay dadka la xukumay u tarxiiltay jasiiradda waxayna dhiirrigelisay xidhiidhada qowmiyadaha kala duwan si loo sugo mustaqbalka gumeysiga. Addoonsigu sidoo kale ma ahayn mid joogto ah, sida lagu muujiyay amarkii boqortooyo ee 1515 kaas oo bixiyay xorriyadda xaasaska Afrikaanka ah ee dadkii degay ee caddaan ahaa iyo carruurtooda iska dhalay qowmiyadaha kala duwan.[28] Sannadkii 1517, amar kale ayaa xorreeyay addoomihii lab ahaa ee markii hore jasiiradda la yimid dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay.[28] Sannadkii 1520 ka dib, axdi boqortooyo ayaa u oggolaaday mulattos-ka xorta ah, ee iska leh hantida isla markaana guursaday inay qaban karaan xafiisyada guud.[28] Waxaa xigay amar sannadkii 1546 kaas oo dhaliyay isla-jirnaan madani ah oo dhexmarta mulattos-kan aqoonta leh iyo dadkii degay ee caddaan ahaa,[28] iyadoo u oggolaanaysa mulattos-ka xorta ah iyo muwaadiniinta madow fursado ay kor ugu kacaan isla markaana ay kaga qaybqaataan siyaasadda deegaanka iyo ganacsiga. Kala qaybsanaanta bulshada waxay keentay khilaafaad joogto ah oo dhexmara golayaasha magaalooyinka ee gumeysiga iyo gudoomiyaha iyo hoggaamiyaha diinta,[29] iyadoo ay jirtay xasillooni-darro siyaasadeed oo joogto ah.

Qabsashadii São Tomé oo uu sameeyay Cornelis Jol oo ka tirsanaa Dutch West India Company sannadkii 1641

Markii hore, addoonsiga ka jiray São Tomé wuxuu ahaa mid ka dabacsan. Badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, tijaabiye Boortaqiis ah oo aan magaciisa la sheegin ayaa xusay in addoomaha loo shaqaaleysiin jiray sidii lammaane, ay dhisan jireen meelaha ay degayaan, isla markaana ay si madaxbannaan u shaqaysan jireen usbuucii mar si ay u beertaan cuntadooda u gaarka ah.[30] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamkan addoonsiga ee aadka u dabacsanaa ma uu sii waarin ka dib markii la soo hordhigay beerihii waaweynaa. Intii lagu guda jiray, addoomuhu waxay badanaa u baxsan jireen dhanka kaymaha buuraha ee aan lagu noolaan karin ee ku yaal gudaha jasiiradda.[31] Intii u dhaxeysay 1514 iyo 1527, shan boqolkiiba addoomihii la keenay São Tomé ayaa baxsaday, badanaaba si ay u gaajoodaan,[31][32] in kasta oo sannadihii 1531–1535 ay jirtay cunto yari weyn xitaa beerihii waaweynaa dhexdiisa.[32] Ugu dambeyntii, dadka Maroon-ta ah waxay ka dhex sameysteen gudaha jasiiradda deegaanno loo yaqaanno macambos.[32]

Kacdoonnada addoonsiga

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Calaamadihii ugu horreeyay ee kacdoonka addoomaha waxay bilowdeen 1530-aadkii, markii kooxaha maroon-ta ah ay u abaabulmeen inay weeraraan beerihii waaweynaa, kuwaas oo qaarkood laga guuray.[32] Cabasho rasmi ah ayaa waxaa gudbiyay maamulka Boortaqiiska ee deegaanka sannadkii 1531 iyagoo ka xun in dad badan oo degganaa iyo muwaadiniin madow ah lagu dilayo weerarada, iyo in jasiiradda la waayi doono haddii dhibaatadaas aan la xallin.[32] Sannadkii 1533 'dagaalkii baadiyaha', 'kabtankii baadiyaha' ayaa hoggaamiyay unugyo ciidan si ay u cabudhiyaan maroon-ta. Dhacdo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dagaalka xorriyadda ee maroon-ta waxay dhacday 1549, markii laba nin oo sheegtay inay ku dhasheen xorriyad laga soo kaxeeyay macambos iyadoo uu keenay beeralay mulatto ah oo hodan ah oo magaciisa la yidhaahdo Ana de Chaves.[32] Iyadoo la helayo taageerada de Chaves, labadii nin waxay codsi u gudan jireen boqorka si loogu dhawaaqo inay xor yihiin, codsigiina waa la oggolaaday. Tiradii ugu badnaayd ee maroon-ta waxay ku soo beegantay xilligii kor u kaca sokorta ee badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, maadaama beerihii waaweynaa ay ka buuxeen addoomo.[32] Intii u dhaxeysay 1587 iyo 1590, in badan oo ka mid ah addoomihii baxsaday ayaa looga adkaaday dagaal kale oo baadiyaha ah.[33] Sannadkii 1593, gudoomiyuhu wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in ciidammadii maroon-ta ah ku dhawaad gebi ahaanba la tirtiray.[34] Sidaas eraygaas, tirada maroon-ta ah waxay ka fogeeyeen dadkii degay gobollada koonfureed iyo kuwa galbeedka.

Kacdoonkii ugu weynaa ee addoomaha wuxuu dhacay bishii Luulyo 1595, markii dawladdu ay daciiftay sababo la xidhiidha khilaafaad u dhaxeeyay hoggaamiyaha diinta iyo gudoomiyaha. Addoon deegaanka ah oo magaciisa la yidhaahdo Amador ayaa qoray 5,000 oo addoon si ay u weeraraan uuna u burburiyaan beerihii waaweynaa, mashiinnada sokorta, iyo guryaha dadkii degay.[33] Kacdoonkii Amador wuxuu saddex weerar ku qaaday magaalada wuxuuna burburiyay 60 ka mid ah 85 mashiin oo sokor ah oo jasiiradda ku yaallay, laakiin waxaa looga adkaaday ciidanka deegaanka saddex usbuuc ka dib.[35] Laba boqol oo addoon ayaa lagu dilay dagaalka, Amador iyo hoggaamiyayaashii kale ee jabhadda waa la dilay,[35] halka intii kale ee addoomaha ahna loo oggolaaday cafis laguna celiyay beerihii waaweynaa. Kacdoonno ka yar kuwaas oo addoomo ah ayaa xigay qarniyadii 17aad iyo 18aad.[35]

Qarniyadii 18aad, 19aad iyo 20aad

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Ugu dambeyntii, tartanka uga imanayay gumeysigii soo saarayay sokorta ee ku yaallay Cawlan Galbeed wuxuu bilaabay inuu saameyn ku yeesho jasiiradaha. Tirada weyn ee addoomaha ah waxay sidoo kale noqotay mid adag in la xakameeyo, iyadoo Boortaqiisku aanu awoodin inuu hanti badan geliyo dadaalkaas.[xigasho u-baahan] Beerista sokorta sidaas darteed way hoos u dhacday 100kii sano ee xigay, badhtamihii qarnigii 17aadna, São Tomé waxay inta badan noqotay meel ay maraan maraakiibta ku hawlan ganacsiga addoomaha ee u dhaxeeya qaaradda Afrika iyo Ameerika.[xigasho u-baahan]

Khadiidka tareenka ee São Tomé and Príncipe c. 1919

Bilowgii qarnigii 19aad, laba dalag oo cusub oo lacag lagu beddelto, bunka iyo kookaha, ayaa la soo hordhigay.[36]:2 Sannadkii 1905, São Tomé waxay noqotay dalka ugu weyn dunida ee soo saara kookaha, kaas oo weli ah dalagga ugu muhiimsan dalka.[37][38]

Nidaamka roças, kaas oo siiyay maamulayaasha beerihii waaweynaa awood heer sare ah, wuxuu keenay xadgudubyo ka dhanka ah shaqaalaha beeraha ee Afrikaanka ah. Inkasta oo Boortaqiisku uu si rasmi ah u tirtiray addoonsiga sannadkii 1876, dhaqanka shaqada khasabka ah ee lacagta la siiyo wuu sii socday. Scientific American waxay ku diiwaangelisay erayo iyo sawirro sii wadista isticmaalka addoomaha ee São Tomé cadadkeedii 13ka Maarso 1897.[xigasho u-baahan]

U fiirsashada madoobaadkii qorraxda ee 29kii May 1919 ee ka dhacay Príncipe oo uu sameeyay Sir Arthur Eddington waxay bixisay mid ka mid ah tijaabooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee Albert Einstein ee aragtiyada guud ee isu-sheegidda.

Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, khilaaf caalami ah oo si weyn loo baahiyay ayaa ka dhashay eedaymo sheegayay in shaqaalaha qandaraaska ee reer Angola ah lagu hayay shaqo khasab ah iyo xaalado shaqo oo aan lagu qanci karin. Rabshado shaqo oo goor goor ah iyo qanacnaan la'aan ayaa sii socday ilaa qarnigii 20aad, iyadoo ay ku dhammaatay kacdoon rabshado wata sannadkii 1953 kaas oo dhowr boqol oo shaqaale Afrikaan ah lagu dilay iska horimaad dhexmaray iyaga iyo taliyayaashoodii Boortaqiiska. Sannad-guurada "Xasuuqii Batepá" waxaa weli si rasmi ah u xusa dawladda.

Madaxbannaani

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Kaniisadda Our Lady of Grace Cathedral ee ku taal São Tomé

Dhammaadkii 1590-aadkii, markii waddamada kale ee soo koraya ee qaaradda Afrika ay dalbanayeen madaxbannaanidooda, koox yar oo reer São Tomé ah ayaa sameeyay Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP), kaas oo ugu dambeyntii saldhig ka samaystay dalka deriska ah ee Gabon. Iyada oo la helayo dardar intii lagu guda jiray 1690-aadkii, dhacdooyinka waxay u guureen si dhakhso ah ka dib markii la riday xukunkii kalitaliska ahaa ee Caetano ee Boortaqiiska bishii Abriil 1974.[39]

Nidaamkii cusbaa ee Boortaqiisku wuxuu ka go'naa inuu kala diro gumeysigiisii dibadda. Bishii Nofembar 1974, wakiilladiisu waxay Algiers kula kulmeen MLSTP waxayna ka shaqeeyeen heshiis ku saabsan wareejinta madaxbannaanida. Ka dib muddo dawlad ku-meel-gaadh ah ah, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay gaadheen madaxbannaanida 12kii Luulyo 1975, iyagoo u doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay Xoghayaha Guud ee MLSTP Manuel Pinto da Costa.

Sannadkii 1990, São Tomé waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu horreeyay ee Afrika ee mara horumar dimuqraaddi ah, iyo isbeddellada dastuurka—oo ay ku jirto sharciyeynta xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee mucaaradka—waxay horseedday doorashooyin dhacay 1991 kuwaas oo ahaa kuwo aan rabshado lahayn, xor ah, isla markaana hufan. Miguel Trovoada, oo ahaa ra'iisul wasaarihii hore oo musaafuris ku maqnaa tan iyo 1986, ayaa u soo laabtay sidii mushaxax madaxbannaan waxaana loo doortay madaxweyne. Trovoada waxaa dib loo doortay doorashadiisii labaad ee madaxtooyada ee xisbiyada badan ee São Tomé sannadkii 1996.

Xisbiga Party of Democratic Convergence wuxuu ku guulaystay aqlabiyadda kuraasta Aqlaka Qaranka, iyadoo MLSTP ay noqotay xisbi mucaarad ah oo muhiim ah isla markaana cod weyn leh. Doorashooyinka dawladdaha hoose ayaa xigay dhammaadkii 1992, kuwaas oo MLSTP ay ku guulaysatay aqlabiyadda kuraasta shan ka mid ah toddobada gole ee gobolka. Doorashooyinkii hore ee baarlamaanka bishii Oktoobar 1994, MLSTP waxay ku guulaysatay kuraas badan oo baarlamaanka ah. Waxay dib u heshay aqlabiyad sugan oo kuraasta ah doorashooyinkii bishii Nofembar 1998.

Qarnigii 21aad

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Doorashooyinkii madaxtooyada ee 2001, mushaxaxii ay taageerayeen xisbiga Independent Democratic Action, Fradique de Menezes, ayaa lagu doortay wareeggii ugu horreeyay waxaana la caleemo-saaray 3dii Sebtembar.[40] Doorashooyinkii baarlamaanka waxaa la qabtay bishii Maarso 2002. Afartii sano ee xigtay, taxane dawladood oo cimri gaaban oo ay hoggaaminayeen mucaaradka ayaa la dhisay.[xigasho u-baahan]

Bishii Luulyo 2003, ciidanku waxay la wareegeen awoodda muddo hal usbuuc ah, iyagoo ka cabanaya laaluush iyo in dakhliga saliidda ee soo socda aan si cadaalad ah loo qaybin doonin. Heshiis ayaa laga wadahadlay kaas oo Madaxweyne de Menezes loogu soo celiyay xafiiska.[41] Bishii Maarso 2006, muddadii wada-jirka maamulka way dhammaatay, markii isbahaysi taageersan madaxweynaha uu ku guulaystay kuraas ku filan doorashooyinkii Aqlaka Qaranka si loo dhiso dawlad cusub.[42]

Doorashadii madaxtooyada ee 30kii Luulyo 2006 presidential election, Fradique de Menezes wuxuu si fudud ugu guulaystay muddo xileedkiisii labaad ee shan sano ah, isagoo ka guulaystay laba mushaxax oo kale, kuwaas oo kala ahaa Patrice Trovoada (wiilka madaxweynihii hore Miguel Trovoada) iyo mushaxaxa madaxbannaan ee Nilo Guimarães.[43] Doorashooyinka dawladdaha hoose, oo ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay tan iyo 1992, waxay dhaceen 27kii Ogosto 2006 waxaana ku awood batay xubnaha isbahaysiga talada haya.[44] 12kii Febraayo 2009, afgambi ayaa la isku dayay in xilka looga tuuro Madaxweyne Fradique de Menezes. Kooxdii qorshaysay waa la xidhay, laakiin markii dambe waxay cafis ka heleen Madaxweyne de Menezes.[45]

Evaristo Carvalho wuxuu noqday Madaxweynaha São Tomé and Príncipe doorashooyinkii 2016, ka dib markii uu ka guulaystay Madaxweynihii xilka hayay ee Manuel Pinto da Costa.[46] Madaxweyne Carvalho waa sidoo kale madaxweyne ku-xigeenka xisbiga Independent Democratic Action (ADI). Patrice Emery Trovoada wuxuu noqday ra'iisul wasiire sannadkii 2014; isagu waa sidoo kale hoggaamiyaha xisbiga Independent Democratic Action (ADI).[47] Bishii Diisambar 2018, Jorge Bom Jesus, oo ahaa hoggaamiyaha Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democráta (MLSTP-PSD), ayaa loo dhaariyay inuu noqdo ra'iisul wasiirka cusub.[48]

Bishii Sebtembar 2021, mushaxaxii xisbiga mucaaradka ee dhexe-midig ee Independent Democratic Action (ADI), Carlos Vila Nova, wuxuu ku guulaystay doorashadii madaxtooyada.[49]

Muuqaalka Praia Inhame, Caué District, São Tomé

Bishii Sebtembar 2022, xisbiga mucaaradka ee Independent Democratic Action (ADI), oo uu hoggaaminayay ra'iisul wasaarihii hore ee Patrice Trovoada, wuxuu ku guulaystay doorashada isagoo ka guulaystay xisbiga talada hayay ee Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD) ee Ra'iisul Wasiire Jorge Bom Jesus.[50] Bishii Nofembar ee sannadkaas, dawladda iyo ciidanku waxay fashiliyeen isku-day afgambi,[51] ka dib markii Patrice Trovoada uu ra'iisul wasiirka São Tomé and Príncipe u magacaabay Carlos Vila Nova.[52] Ilza Amado Vaz waxay si kooban u adeegtay sidii badalkii Trovoada laga bilaabo 9kii Janaayo 2025 ilaa intii uu Américo Ramos magacaabista ka helayay 12kii Janaayo.[53]

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ "Religions in Sao Tome and Principe | PEW-GRF". Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  2. ↑ "Nationality". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  3. ↑ Amorim Neto, Octávio; Costa Lobo, Marina (2010). "Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries". SSRN 1644026.
  4. ↑ Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay "cia1".
  5. ↑ "Sao Tome and Principe". The World Factbook (2026 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023. (Archived 2023 edition.)
  6. 1 2 3 4 "World Economic Outlook April 2024 (São Tomé and Príncipe)". International Monetary Fund. April 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  7. ↑ "GINI index coefficient". CIA Factbook. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  8. ↑ "Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  9. ↑ "São Tomé and Príncipe". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  10. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, marka ay ahayd 13 May 2018.
  11. 1 2 3 "St Thomas (Gulf of Guinea)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th) 24. (1911). Cambridge University Press. 
  12. 1 2 Lee, Der-Chuen; Halliday, Alex N.; Fitton, J. Godfrey; Poli, Giampero (May 1994). "Isotopic variations with distance and time in the volcanic islands of the Cameroon line: evidence for a mantle plume origin". Earth and Planetary Science Letters (in Ingiriisi). 123 (1–3): 119–138. Bibcode:1994E&PSL.123..119L. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90262-3. ISSN 0012-821X.
  13. ↑ Stojković, Dragan (November 2020). "Najmanje države na svijetu: Sv. Toma i Princip (džepni globus)" [Smallest Countries in the World: São Tomé and Príncipe (The Pocket Globe)]. Bijela pčela: List za svu djecu (in Seerbiyaan) (261). Rijeka: Prosvjeta: 20–31.
  14. ↑ hersh (29 December 2024). "The Underground Railroad of Portuguese Jews | Aish". Aish.com (in Ingiriis Maraykan). Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 16 September 2025.
  15. ↑ Allen, Theodore (1997). The invention of the white race (Second ed.). London: Verso. p. 5. ISBN 9781844677719. OCLC 738350824.
  16. ↑ Ivor Wilks and Akan Wangara (January 1997). "Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries". In Peter John Bakewell (ed.). Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas. Aldershot: Variorum. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-86078-513-2.
  17. 1 2 Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." African Economic History 39 (2011): 41. Template:JSTOR.
  18. ↑ Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (hereinafter cited as TT), Corpo Chronológico, II, 15–77, inventory of the assets belonging to Álvaro Borges, 4 November 1507, a published copy of which is found in PMA, vol. V, 221–243.
  19. ↑ Th. Monod, A. Teixeira da Mota, and R. Mauny, eds., Description de la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique par Valentim Fernandes (Bissau: Centro de Estudos da Guiñé Portuguesa, 1951), 11
  20. ↑ Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." African Economic History 39 (2011): 43. Template:JSTOR.
  21. ↑ "As roças vâo em crescimento e os engenhos de açticaragora somente dois e fazem-se très com o dos tratadores [conassi há grande aparelho, assi de ribeiras como de lenha, par canas, as mais façanhosas que em minha vida vi": Letter from Segura to the monarch, 15 March 1517, in Antonio Brásio, édAfricana (hereinafter referred to as
  22. ↑ Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." The International Journal of African Historical Studies 6, no. 3 (1973): 462. Template:Doi.
  23. 1 2 SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 66. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. Template:JSTOR.
  24. ↑ Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." The International Journal of African Historical Studies 6, no. 3 (1973): 467. Template:Doi.
  25. ↑ SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 67. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. Template:JSTOR.
  26. ↑ Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." The International Journal of African Historical Studies 6, no. 3 (1973): 466. Template:Doi.
  27. 1 2 SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 68. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. Template:JSTOR.
  28. 1 2 3 4 SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 59. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. Template:JSTOR.
  29. ↑ Seibert, Gerhard. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 60. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. Template:JSTOR.
  30. ↑ For an English translation, see John William Blake, trans., ed., Europeans in West Africa, 1450–1560 (London, 1942), 145ff.
  31. 1 2 SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 63. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. Template:JSTOR.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 64. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. Template:JSTOR.
  33. 1 2 SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 65. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. Template:JSTOR.
  34. ↑ Caldeira,‘Rebelião e Outras Formas de Resistência’, 111.
  35. 1 2 3 "Sao Tome and Principe country profile". BBC News (in Ingiriis Biritish). 9 July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2025.
  36. ↑ Wikle, Thomas A. (2021). "Chocolate and the Ugly Secret of Cacao Production on São Tomé Island". Focus on Geography (in Ingiriisi). 64. New York: 1–18. doi:10.21690/foge/2021.64.2f (inactive 6 April 2026). ProQuest 2562738496.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Abriil 2026 (link)
  37. ↑ Clarence-Smith, W. G. (2000). Cocoa and Chocolate, 1765–1914 (in Ingiriisi). Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-415-21576-3. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  38. ↑ "Sao Tome and Principe – Agricultural Sectors and Agribuiness" (in Ingiriisi). International Trade Administration. 11 August 2022.
  39. ↑ “Sao Tome and Principe Country Profile.” BBC News, BBC, 19 July 2023, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493.
  40. ↑ "stp004 Fradique de Menezes new president on Sao Tomé". www.afrol.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  41. ↑ Seibert, Gerald (2003). "The Bloodless Coup of July 2003 in São Tomé e Príncipe". Lusotopie. 10 (1): 245–260. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  42. ↑ Gerhard Seibert (2006), Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe, Leiden: Brill.
  43. ↑ "Incumbent wins vote". The New Humanitarian (in Ingiriisi). 2 August 2006. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  44. ↑ "27 August 2006 Local Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe". africanelections.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  45. ↑ Sao Tome president pardons coup plotter. Orange Botswana Portal. 7 January 2010.
  46. ↑ "Sao Tome's ex-prime minister elected president in one-man race". Reuters (in Ingiriisi). 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  47. ↑ "Sao Tome and Principe country profile". BBC News. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  48. ↑ "Jorge Bom Jesus inaugurated as prime minister". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  49. ↑ "Opposition candidate Carlos Vila Nova wins Sao Tome presidency: partial results". Africanews (in Ingiriisi). 6 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  50. ↑ "Sao Tome opposition wins legislative vote". Africanews. n.d. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  51. ↑ "Sao Tome and Principe government thwarts overnight coup attempt". Reuters (in Ingiriisi). 25 November 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  52. ↑ Boechat, Geraldine. "Patrice Trovoada takes office as Prime minister of Sao Tome and Principe – Medafrica Times". Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  53. ↑ "Sao Tome and Principe's president appoints central bank governor as new PM". english.news.cn.
  1. ↑ /ˌsaʊ təˈmeɪ ... ˈprɪnsɪpeɪ/ ⓘ sow-_-tə-MAY-_..._-PRIN-si;[9] Af Bortaqiis: São Tomé e Príncipe, pronounced [sɐ̃w tuˈmɛ i ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ]; Ingiriisi: "Saint Thomas iyo Amiirkii".
  2. ↑ Af Bortaqiis: República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe.
Cillad tixraac: Calaamadaha <ref> ayaa jira koox la magacaabay "lower-alpha", laakiin lama helin calaamadda u dhiganta. <references group="lower-alpha"/>.
Waxaa laga keenay "https://so.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sao_Tome_iyo_Prinsipe&oldid=300614"