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Tunisiya

Bedel linkiga
Ka Wikipedia
(Waxaa laga soo toosiyay Tuuniisiya)
Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya
  • الجمهورية التونسية  (Af-Carabi)
    al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah
Calanka Tunisiya
Calanka
Astaanta ee Tunisiya
Astaanta
Hal-ku-dheg: حرية، نظام، عدالة
"Ḥurrīyah, Niẓām, 'Adālah"
"Xorriyad, Kala-danbaysi, Caddaalad"
Heesta qaranka: حماة الحمى
"Humat al-Hima"
(Af Ingiriis: "Difaacayaasha Gidgiga")
Muuji khariidadda Tunisiya
CaasimaddaTunis
36°49′N 10°11′E / 36.817°N 10.183°E / 36.817; 10.183
Magaalada ugu weyncaasimadda
Luuqadaha rasmiga ahCarabi[1]
Af-goobalka maxaliga ahAf-Carabiga Tunisiya[2] Lahjadaha laga tirada badan yahay : Af-Berberka Jerba (Chelha) Af-Berberka Matmata Af-Carabiga Yuhuudda-Tunisiya (UNESCO CR) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Luqadaha qalaadFransiis iyo Ingiriisi[lower-alpha 1]
Qaybaha qowmiyadaha
(2021)[14]
Diinta
[14]
 DadkaReer Tunisiya
DawladdaMidaysan jamhuuriyad madaxweyne
Kais Saied
Sara Zaafarani
Sharci-dejintaBaarlamaan
• Aqalka sare
Golaha Qaranka ee Gobollada iyo Degmooyinka
• Aqalka hoose
Golaha Wakiilada Shacabka
Aasaaska
800
1229
15 Luulyo 1705
12 Maayo 1881
20 Maarso 1956
25 Luulyo 1957
Bedka
• Wadarta
163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi) (91aad)
• Biyo (%)
5.04
Dadka
• Tiro-koobkii 2024
11,972,169[20]
• Cufnaanta
79/km2 (204.6/sq mi) (134aad)
Wax soo saar (PPP)Qiyaastii 2025 
• Wadarta
Increase $183.73 bilyan[21] (84aad)
• Qofkiiba
Increase $14,780[21] (111aad)
Wax soo saar (magac ahaan)Qiyaastii 2025 
• Wadarta
Increase $56.290 bilyan[21] (90aad)
• Qofkiiba
Increase $4,530[21] (121aad)
Qaybsiga (2021)33.7[22]
sinnaan la'aan dhexdhexaad ah
Kobaca (2023)0.746[23]
sarreeya (105aad)
LacagtaDinaarka Tunisiya (TND)
SaacaddaUTC+1 (CET)
Qaabka taariikhdadd/mm/yyyy
Koodhka wicitaanka+216
Furaha Internetka

Tunisiya,[lower-alpha 2] si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya,[lower-alpha 3][26] waa dal ku yaal gobolka Maghrib ee Waqooyiga Afrika. Waxaa xudduud la wadaaga Aljeeriya dhanka galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed, Liibiya dhanka koonfur-bari, iyo Bada Dhexe dhanka waqooyi iyo bari. Tunisiya waxay sidoo kale xudduud baddeed la wadaagtaa Talyaaniga iyada oo loo marayo jasiiradaha Sisili iyo Sardiniya dhanka waqooyi iyo Malta dhanka bari. Waxay leedahay goobo qadiimi ah oo laga qoday oo ku saabsan Kartaaj kuwaas oo dib u dhacaya qarnigii 9aad BC, iyo sidoo kale Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan. Waxay caan ku tahay dhismaheeda qadiimiga ah, suuqyada, iyo xeebaha buluugga ah, waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxaddiisu tahay 163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi), waxayna leedahay dad gaaraya 12.1 milyan. Waxay ka kooban tahay dhammaadka bari ee Buuraha Atlas iyo cirifka waqooyi ee saxaraha Saxaraha Weyn; inta badan dhulkeeda soo harayna waa dhul la beeri karo. Xeebteeda oo dhererkeedu yahay 1,300 km (810 mi) waxaa ku jira isku-xirka Afrikaanka ee qeybaha galbeed iyo bari ee Dooxada Badda Dhexe. Tunisiya waa hoyga dhibicda ugu waqooyisaneysa Afrika, oo ah Cape Angela. Waxay ku taal xeebta waqooyi-bari, Tunis waa caasimadda dalka, taas oo dalka la fkiisa loogu magac daray Tunis. Luqadda rasmiga ah ee Tunisiya waa Carabi. Inta guud ee dadka Tunisiya waa Carab iyo Muslimiin. Af-goobalka Af-Carabiga Tunisiya waa luqadda ugu hadalka badan, Fransiiska wuxuu u adeegaa sidii luqad maamul iyo mid waxbarasho xaaladaha qaar, laakiin ma laha maqaam rasmi ah.

Laga soo bilaabo xilligii qadiimiga ahaa ee hore, Tunisiya waxaa degganaa dadka u dhashay gobolka ee Berber. Foinikiyiinta, oo ah dad Semiig ah, waxay bilaabeen inay yimaadaan qarnigii 12aad BC, iyagoo degey xeebta oo aasaasay dhowr degmo, kuwaas oo Kartaaj ay u soo baxday inay noqoto dalka ugu awoodda badnaa qarnigii 7aad BC. Faracyadii ka yimid degeyaashii Foinikiyiinta waxaa loo yaqaannay Dadka Punic. Kartaaj-tii Qadiimiga ahayd waxay ahayd boqortooyo ganacsi weyn iyo xafiiltan ciidan la lahayd Jamhuuriyadda Roomanka ilaa 146 BC markii lagu jabiyay Roomaanka kuwaas oo haystay Tunisiya inta badan 800-da sano ee soo socota. Roomaanku waxay soo hordhigeen Masiixiyadda waxayna ka tageen hiddo dhisid ah sida Amphitheatre of El Jem. Qarnigii 7aad AD, Muslimiinta Carabta ayaa qabsaday Tunisiya waxayna la degeen qabiilooyinkooda iyo qoysaskooda, iyagoo keenay Islaam iyo Dhaqanka Carabta. Ka dib guurid weyn oo Hijradii Carabta ee qabiilooyinka Banu Hilal iyo Banu Sulaym qarniyadii 11aad-12aad ayaa dardargelisay geeddi-socodkan. Qiyaastii qarnigii 15aad, gobolka Tunisiya ee maanta wuxuu horey u ahaa mid ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba Caraboobay.[27] Ka dib, sanadkii 1546, Boqortooyadii Cusmaniyiinta ayaa aasaastay maamul, iyadoo haysatay ilaa 1881, markii Fransiisku qabsaday Tunisiya. Sanadkii 1956, Tunisiya waxay qaadatay madax-bannaanida iyadoo ah Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya. Maanta, dhaqanka Tunisiya iyo aqoonsigeedu waxay ku salaysan yihiin isgoyskan qarniyada badan qaatay ee dhaqamada iyo qoomiyadaha kala duwan.

Sanadkii 2011, Kacdoonkii Tunisiya, kaas oo ay kicisay qanacnaan la'aan ku saabsan xorriyad la'aanta iyo demoqraadiyadda hoos timaada xukunkii 24-ka sano ahaa ee Madaxweyne Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, ayaa afgembiyay nidaamkiisii wuxuuna horseeday dhaqdhaqaaqa ballaran ee Gu'gii Carabta ee gobolka oo dhan. Doorashooyin baarlamaani ah oo xisbiyo badan oo xor ah doorashooyin ayaa la qabtay wax yar ka dib; dalku wuxuu haddana u codeeyay baarlamaan 26 Oktoobar 2014,[28] iyo madaxweyne 23 Noofambar 2014.[29] Gobolka 2014 ilaa 2020, waxaa loo tixgeliyey dalka kaliya ee demoqraaddiga ah ee Caalamka Carabta, sida uu qabo The Economist Democracy Index.[30][lower-alpha 4] Ka dib dib-u-dhac demoqraadi ah oo ka dhacay hoos timaada Madaxweyne Kais Saied, Tunisiya waxaa loo qiimeeyay nidaam isku-dhaf ah sanadkii 2022[31] laga bilaabo 2025 ma laha doorashooyin xor iyo cadaalad ah sida uu qabo Freedom House.[32] Waa mid ka mid ah waddamada tirada yar ee Afrika ee aadka ugu sarreeya Heerka Horumarka Aadanaha, iyadoo leh mid ka mid ah dakhliga qofkiiba ugu sarreeya qaaradda, iyadoo ku jirta kaalinta 129aad ee dakhliga qofkiiba ee GDP.

Tunisiya waxay si fiican ugu dhex weydaysan tahay beesha caalamka. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Ururka Carabta, Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka, Midowga Afrika, Suuqa Wadajirka ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-la-safan, Maxkamadda Dembiyada Caalamiga ah, Kooxda 77, iyo kuwa kale. Waxay xiriir dhow oo dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed la leedahay qaar ka mid ah waddamada Yurub, gaar ahaan Faransiiska iyo Talyaaniga,[33][34] sababo la xiriira isku dhawaanshahooda dhuleed. Tunisiya waxay sidoo kale leedahay heshiis iskaashi ay la leedahay Midowga Yurub waxayna gaartay maqaamka isbahaysi weyn oo aan NATO ahayn ee Maraykanka.

Asalka magaca

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Erayga Tunisia wuxuu ka yimid Tunis, oo ah xarun magaalo oo dhexe iyo caasimadda Tunisiya-da casriga ah. Qaabka hadda jira ee magaca, oo wata horgalaheeda Laatiinka ee -ia, wuxuu ka yimid Fransiiska Tunisie,[35][36] kaas oo isna guud ahaan lala xiriiriyo xididka Berberiga ee ⵜⵏⵙ, loona qoro tns, oo macnaheedu yahay "in la dego" ama "xero".[37] Mararka qaarkood waxaa sidoo kale lala xiriiriyaa ilaahadda Kartaaj ee Tanith (ama Tunit),[35][38] iyo magaalada qadiimiga ah ee Tynes.[39][40]

Erayga ka dhashay Fransiiska ee Tunisie waxaa lagu qaatay joogitaanka luqadaha Yurub qaarkood iyadoo isbeddel yar lagu sameeyay, iyadoo la keenay magac gooni ah oo loo bixiyay dalka. Luqadaha kale waxay magaca uga tageen sidii uu ahaa, sida Ruushka Туни́с (Tunís) iyo Isbaanishka Túnez. Xaaladdan, magaca isku midka ah ayaa loo adeegsadaa dalka iyo magaaladaba, sida Carabiga تونس, waxaana kaliya oo lagu kala garan karaa macnaha qoraalka.[35]

Ingiriiska dhexdiisa, Tunisiya ka hor madax-bannaanida waxaa sidoo jiid badanaa loogu yeeri jiray si fudud "Tunis", magacaas oo sii jiray ilaa 1940-meeyadii;[lower-alpha 5] iyadoo uu jiro saamaynta Fransiiska, erayga cusub ee "Tunisia", oo laga soo qaatay Tunisie, ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u hirgalay.[35] Sifada "Tunisian" waxay markii ugu horreysay ka soo muuqatay Ingiriiska sanadkii 1825;[46] qaabkii sifaale ee ka horreeyay wuxuu ahaa "Tunisine".[47]

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ "Dastuurka Tunisiya, Qodobka 1" (PDF). 26 January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Turjumaadda Jaamacadda Bern: "Tunisiya waa Dawlad xor ah, madax-bannaan oo madax-bannaan; diinteedu waa Islaamka, luqaddeedu waa Carabi, foomkeeduna waa Jamhuuriyadda."
  2. ↑ Arabic, Tunisian Spoken. Ethnologue (19 February 1999). Retrieved on 5 September 2015.
  3. ↑ "Atlas of the world's languages in danger : North Africa and the Middle East".
  4. ↑ "Endangered Languages".
  5. ↑ "Tunisia Language Status".
  6. ↑ "OLAC resources in and about the Nafusi language".
  7. ↑ "Language Classification".
  8. ↑ "Languages of Tunisia".
  9. ↑ "What Languages Are Spoken In Tunisia?".
  10. ↑ Stone, Russell A.; Simmons, John (1976). Change in Tunisia: Studies in the Social Sciences (in Ingiriisi). SUNY Press. ISBN 9780873953115.
  11. ↑ Gabsi, Z. (2003). An outline of the Shilha (Berber) vernacular of Douiret (Southern Tunisia). PhD Thesis, Western Sydney University.
  12. ↑ "CurriculumOFENGLISH" (PDF). 2019.
  13. ↑ Abdeljaoued, Marii (2023). "English-medium instruction in Tunisia: Perspectives of students". Frontiers in Psychology. 14 1112255. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1112255. PMC 10063842. PMID 37008855.
  14. 1 2 3 "Tunisia CIA World Factbook". 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021.
  15. ↑ "Berbers Populations Distribution". 12 March 2004.
  16. ↑ "Q&A: The Berbers". 12 March 2004.
  17. ↑ "The Jews of Tunisia". www.pjvoice.com.
  18. ↑ "New survey reveals drop-off in religiosity across Arab world, especially North Africa".
  19. ↑ "2. Young adults around the world are less religious by several measures". 13 June 2018.
  20. ↑ "National Institute of Statistics".
  21. 1 2 3 4 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025" (in Ingiriisi).
  22. ↑ "GINI index". World Bank. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  23. ↑ Human Development Report 2025 - A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI. United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  24. ↑ "Report on the Delegation of تونس". Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. 2010. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  25. ↑ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
  26. ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia" (in Ingiriis Maraykan). Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  27. ↑ Holes, Clive (2018). Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches (in Ingiriisi). Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-100506-0.
  28. ↑ "Tunisie: les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre" [Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November]. Jeune Afrique (in Faransiis). 25 June 2014.
  29. ↑ "Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll". BBC News. 23 November 2014.
  30. ↑ "Democracy Index 2021". The Economist. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  31. ↑ "Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge". Economist Intelligence Unit. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  32. ↑ "Tunisia: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report". Freedom House (in Ingiriisi). Retrieved 2025-11-03.
  33. ↑ (in Af Faransiis) "Pourquoi l'Italie de Matteo Renzi se tourne vers la Tunisie avant l'Europe". JOL Journalism Online Press (28 February 2014). Archived 10 Agoosto 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.
  34. ↑ Ghanmi, Monia (12 September 2014). "La Tunisie renforce ses relations avec l'Italie" [Tunisia strengthens relations with Italy]. Magharebia (in Faransiis). Archived from the original on 14 September 2014.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Room, Adrian (2006). "Tunisia". Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites. McFarland. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.
  36. ↑ Everett-Heath, John (2005). "Tunisia". The Concise Dictionary of World Place-names. Oxford University Press. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-19-860537-9.
  37. ↑ Rossi, Peter M.; White, Wayne Edward (1980). Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal. Pierian Press, University of Michigan. p. 132.
  38. ↑ Taylor, Isaac (2008). Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-559-29668-0.
  39. ↑ Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Brill. p. 838. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
  40. ↑ Livy (2006). Yardley, John & Hoyos, Dexter (eds.). History of Rome. Vol. Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-one to Thirty. Oxford University Press. p. 705. ISBN 978-0-19-283159-0.
  41. ↑ Template:Cite EB9
  42. ↑ "Tunisia". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th) XXVII. (1911). Cambridge University Press. 
  43. ↑ "Tunis". The New International Encyclopædia. Vol. XIX. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1905. p. 535.
  44. ↑ "Tunis". The New International Encyclopædia. Vol. XXII. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1916. p. 545.
  45. ↑ "Tunis". The New International Encyclopædia. Vol. XXV. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1928. p. 1311.
  46. ↑ Template:Cite OED2
  47. ↑ Template:Cite OED2
  1. ↑ Ingiriisiga waxaa lagu dhigaa laga bilaabo fasalka afraad,[12] waxaana jira koror la dareemi karo oo ku yimid adeegsigeeda dhalinyarada dhexdeeda iyo baahida sii kordheysa ee suuqa shaqada.[13]
  2. ↑ Ku dhawaaqida: UK: /tjuːˈnɪziə, -ˈnɪs-/, US: /-ˈniːʒə, -ˈniːʃə, -ˈnɪʒə, -ˈnɪʃə/;[25] Af Carabi: تونس Tūnisⓘ, pronounced [tuː.nɪs]
  3. ↑ Af Carabi: الجمهورية التونسية al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīyaⓘ; Af Faransiis: République tunisienne. Magaca rasmiga ah ee af-Carabiga maxaliga ah wuxuu u turjumayaa si aad ugu dhow "Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya", sidoo kale turjumaadda rasmiga ah ee Fransiiska ee inta badan la isticmaalo, laakiin turjumaadda Ingiriiska ee "Republic of Tunisia" waxaa Ingiriis ahaan u adeegsada xitaa dawladda Tunisiya ujeeddooyin rasmi ah (tusaale ahaan, magaca ay adeegsato safaaradda Tunisiya ee Washington, D.C.)
  4. ↑ Lubnaan iyo Ciraaq waa demoqraadiyado qirasho siyasadeed ah.
  5. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica waxay u qornayd "TUNIS, Regency of, formerly one of the Barbary states of north Africa, but since 1881 a dependency of France,..." daabacaadeedii sagaaad ee 1875–1889,[41] laakiin kabaalkii 1902–1903 (daabacaadda tobnaad) iyo daabacaadeedii caanka ahayd ee kow iyo tobnaad (oo u qornayd "TUNISIA (Regency of Tunis), a country of North Africa, under the protection of France,..."[42]). Daabacaadihii New International Encyclopedia ee 1905 iyo 1916 waxay u qornaayeen "TUNIS (Fr. Tunisie). A French protectorate in North Africa.",[43][44] halka kabaalkii 1928 uu u qornaa "TUNIS or Tunisia. A French protectorate in North Africa..."[45]
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