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Sulaalada Walashma

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(Waxaa laga soo toosiyay Boqortooyadii Walashma)

Sulaalada Walashma (Af Ingiriis : Walashma dynasty) waxay ahayd Sulaalad Somaliyeed[1] oo Muslim ahaa taasi oo ka talin jirtey Geeska Afrika 1197-1577. Sida lagu sheegay buugaag wakhti hore la qoray, waxay maamuli jireen Saldanadii Awfat iyo Barr Sa'ad al Din kuwaasi oo uga talin jirey dhulka maanta loo yaqaano Soomaalya, Jabuuti, Itoobiya, Eretareya iyo Suudaan.[2]

Asalka

Boqorkii ugu horeeyey ee boqortooyadu waxu ahaa Cumar Walasma. Sheekh Yusuf al Kawneyn oo loo yaqaano Aw Barkhadle ayaa ka mid ah awoowayaashisii.[3] Abtirsiintiisa waxaa lagu qoray kutub badan oo mid ka mid ah la odhan jiray "Tarik al Muluk" :

"Cumar ibn Dunya'xuur ibn Axmed ibn Maxamed ibn Xameed ibn Maxamuud ibn Yusuf Barkhadle.."[4]

Sida qabiilada somaliyeed intooda badan, reer Walashma waxay ku abtirsiin jireen Akil ibn Abi Dhaalib waxayna ahaayeen Banuu Xaashem.[5][6] Qowmiyadda Argobbada iyo Hararida ee Itoobiya ku nool oo Xabeshida kamid ah ayaa sheegata boqortooyada Walashma balse taariikhyahannadu waxay dhawaan ogaadeen in uusan jirin wax xiriir ah oo ka dhexeeya dadka reer Awfat berigi dhexe iyo dadka Xabeshida.[7]

Luuqada

Boqorradii Walashma waxay ku hadli jireen Af Carabiga[8] iyo Af Soomaaliga.

Eray Abtir

Magaca Walashma wuxuu ka yimid Carabiga "Wali' Asma"; Wali macnahiisu waa taliye amba maamulka,[9][10] 'asma'na waxay la macno tahay sare.[11] Markaa macnaha Wali' Asma waa taliyaha ugu sarreeya. Taariikhyahan Carbeed ee al Qalqashandi ayaa sheegay in hogaamiye kasta oo Muslim ah oo ka taliya Geeska Afrika (marka laga reebo Banaadiriga) uu garwaaqsan yahay sarraynta Awfat, boqorrada Walashma ayaa awood ku lahaa dhammaan boqorradaas muslimiinta ah :

".. Arrimahoodana isagay u taallo. Dhammaantood waxay ku heshiiyeen in la weyneeyo Suldaanka Awfaat oo ay u hoggaansameen.."[12]

Saldanadii Awfaat

Qarnigii 13-aad Cumar Walashma iyo reerkiisii waxay ka soo hayaameen dhulka Soomaali-bariga ah oo ay u guureen gobollada Galbeedka halkaas oo ay degeen gobol la odhan jiray Awfaat oo u dhexeeya Shewa iyo Awdal.[13] Suldhaan Cumar wuxuu bilaabay qabshashadii Boqortooyadii ugu xooga badnayd muslimiinta Geeska Afrika oo ahayd Saldanada Shewa dhamaadkii sanadkii 1276 balse wuxuu dhintay waxyar kadib, wiilkiisa Cali aya markaas noqday boqorkii Awfaat oo dhameeyay dagaalkaas. Suldaan Cali waxa kale oo uu qabsaday gobollo badan oo muslimiin ah sida Hubat, Mura iyo Awdal, ganacsiga dekedda Saylac ee Awdal ayaa boqortooyada ka dhigay mid taajir ah.[14]


Taariikhyahan Al-Makrizi waxuu sheegay in Boqorkii Xabashida Sayf Caraad uu soo weeraray Awfaat oo uu ka adkaaday Suldaan Qaat Cali oo uu boqortooyo dhawr iyo toban sano xukumayay qarnigii 14aad.[15] Xaaqul Diin II oo uu awoow u ahaa ayaa ahaa qofkii ugu horeeyay ee bilaabay jihaadka ka dhanka ah Xabashida, kana xoreeyay maamulkooda. Boqortooyadu waxay ku dhammaatay walaalkiisi oo la odhan jiray Sacad Al-diin oo ay Xabashidu Saylac ku dileen bilowgii qarnigii 15-aad, wiilashiisa waxay u qaxeen Yaman oo ay dib ugu soo noqdeen Siyaara si ay ula dagaallamaan Xabashida.[16]

Suldhaanadii Awfaat

Magaaca Reign[17] Note
1 Suldhaan ʿUmar bin Dunya-Xuuri 1197–1276 Aasaasihii sulaalada, magaciisa kale wuxuu ahaa "Adūnyo" amba "Wilinwīl". Wuxuu bilaabay Qabshashadii Saldanadii Shewa ee uu wiilkiisu dhameeyay. Sheekha Yuusuf al-Kowneyn waa awoowihiisa 5aad.
2 Suldhaan ʿAli "Basiye" Naḥwi bin Cumar 1276–1295 InaankaʿCumar bin Dunya-Xuur, wuxuu dhameeyay Qabashadii Shewa oo uu gubay caasimadoodii taas oo soo afjartay Saldanadii Shewa. Wuxuu kaloo qabsaday gobolka Awdal.
3 Suldhaan Xuusayn bin Cumar 1295–1300 Inaankii Cumar bin Dunya-Xuuri, wax badan lagama yaqaano mamuulkiisa.
4 Suldhaan Nasr Al-Diin bin Cali 1300–1307 Inaankii Cali bin Cumar, wax badan lagama yaqaano mamuulkiisa.
5 Suldhaan Jamal Al-Diin bin Cali 12??–12?? Inaankii Cali bin Cumar, .
6 Sulṭān Mansur ʿAli 12??–12?? Son of ʿAli "Baziyu" ʿUmar
7 Sulṭān Jamal Al-Diin ʿAli 12??–12?? Son of ʿAli "Baziyu" ʿUmar
8 Sulṭān Abūd JamaladDīn 12??–12?? Son of JamaladDīn ʿAli
9 Sulṭān Zubēr Abūd 12??–13?? Son of Abūd JamaladDīn
10 Māti Layla Abūd 13??–13?? Daughter of Abūd JamaladDīn
11 Sulṭān ḤaqqudDīn Naḥwi 13??–1328 Son of Naḥwi Mansur, grandson of Mansur ʿUmar
12 Sulṭān SabiradDīn Maḥamed "Waqōyi" Naḥwi 1328–1332 Son of Naḥwi Mansur, defeated by Emperor Amde Seyon of Abyssinia, who replaced him with his brother JamaladDīn as a vassal.
13 Sulṭān JamaladDīn Naḥwi 1332–13?? Son of Naḥwi Mansur, vassal king under Amde Seyon
14 Sulṭān NasradDīn Naḥwi 13??–13?? Son of Naḥwi Mansur, vassal king under Amde Seyon
15 Sulṭān "Qāt" ʿAli SabiradDīn Maḥamed 13??–13?? Son of SabiradDīn Maḥamed Naḥwi, rebelled against Emperor Newaya Krestos after the death of Amde Seyon, but the rebellion failed and he was replaced with his brother Aḥmed
16 Sulṭān Aḥmed "Harbi Arʿēd" ʿAli 13??–13?? Son of ʿAli SabiradDīn Maḥamed, accepted the role of vassal and did not continue to rebel against Newaya Krestos, and is subsequently regarded very poorly by Muslim historians
17 Sulṭān Ḥaqquddīn Aḥmed 13??–1374 Son of Aḥmed ʿAli
18 Sulṭān SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed 1374–1403 Son of Aḥmed ʿAli, killed in the Abyssinian invasion of Ifat under Dawit I or Yeshaq I[lower-alpha 1]

Sidoo kale fiiri

Tixraac

  1. ↑ Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1969). Area Handbook for Somalia: Co-authors: Irving Kaplan [et Al.] Research and Writing Were Completed on June 15, 1969. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 32.
  2. ↑ Jyee, Dr. Ravi (2016). WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES. New Delhi, India: AFRO-ASIAN-AMERICAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, OCCUPATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ACCORD). p. 360.
  3. ↑ Lewis, Ioan M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: popular Islam in a clan-based society (1. Red Sea Press ed.). Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press [u.a.] p. 92
  4. ↑ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 160
  5. ↑ M. Elfasi, Ivan Hrbek (1988). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, General History of Africa, Volume 3. UNESCO. pp. 580–582
  6. ↑ Mekonnen, Yohannes (29 January 2013). Ethiopia: the Land, Its People, History and Culture. Yohannes Mekonnen
  7. ↑ Chekroun, Amélie (23 February 2023). La Conquête de l'Éthiopie - Un jihad au XVIe siècle (in French). CNRS editions. p. 179
  8. ↑ Giyorgis, Asma (1999). Aṣma Giyorgis and his work: history of the Gāllā and the kingdom of Šawā. Medical verlag. p. 257
  9. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wali
  10. ↑ https://myislam.org/99-names-of-allah/al-wali/#:~:text=Al%2DWali%20Meaning%3A,will%20based%20on%20His%20judgment.
  11. ↑ https://www.behindthename.com/name/asma
  12. ↑ https://dn790004.ca.archive.org/0/items/FP11609/suaa05.pdf
  13. ↑ https://journals.openedition.org/anisl/4054
  14. ↑ Amélie Chekroun, La Conquête de l'Éthiopie - Un jihad au XVIe siècle, p. 92
  15. ↑ Al-Maqrizi, الإلمام بأخبار من بأرض الحبشة من ملوك الإسلام
  16. ↑ F.X. Fauvelle, B. Hirsch, A. Chekroun, Le sultanat de l’Awfāt, sa capitale et la nécropole des Walasma.
  17. ↑ E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday & Today, p. 161 (Tarikh Walasma).
  18. ↑ Trimingham 1976, p. 74, note 4 explains the discrepancy in the sources.


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